CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION (a) Six hundred twenty three cubic metres of a fuel gas are passed through a meter at 0.35 kg/cm’ ga., 9.4 C. Barometer, 755 mm Hg. Find the commercial sales volume of this gas. (b) Tank contains 214 m3 of fuel oll at 11.7 C.5.G. = 0.945. Find the volume and weight ofthis quantity of oll measured at 15.6 C/ 15.6 C. Solution: (a) For fuel gas 5 ko lem? 1.03 kg/em*™ 7, =9.44273.15=275.55 K V, = 623m For commercial sales volume, V>. At 15.6 Cand 1.03 ke/em2. 1p, =1.03 kg/em? =760 mm Hg 7, =15.6+273.15 = 288.75 K Then PM. t h (760, _ (1014.3)(623) 288.75 27555 V,=871.30m? (answer) Ds (760 mm Ha) +756 mm Hg =10143 mm Hg (b) For fuel oi W=56, -7Vqq =0.945(.81 N/m? )214 m?) W=19839kN — (answer) ene Ves SGse%u 6, =—Sss_ Tro.0007ar ooss-——__Ssx___ Troa007L17 156) 56... 09424 1383.9) Yas : Taman enim Vee =2146m? (answer) (a) At a natural gas metering station the temperature is steady at 23.9 C during a period in which 1281 m’ are registered. Pressure in meter averages 0.84 kg/cm’ ga. Barometer, 775 mm Hg. Find the commercial sales volume of this gas. (b) How much volume (m’) will 3785 liters fuel oil of 18° Be’ at 15.6°/15.6° occupy when heated to 37.8 C? Solutior (a) For fuel gas 0.84 kg/em* Psy 03 ka/om? 7, =23.9 4273.15 =297.05K V,=1281m° (760 mm Hg) +775 mm Hg = 13948 mm HgCHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION For commercial sales volume, V2. At 15.6 C and 1.03 kg/cm’. 1, =1.03 kg/m? ~760 mm Hg 1, =15.64273.15=788,75K (13948)(1281) 288.75 297.05 V, =2285.3cm’ (answer) (b) For fuel oil. 56,,- 20-0, Be+130 18+130 m= 56 Pisa = 0.946(0.0 ko/t}3785 L)~3580.6 ko 0.946 For volume at 37.8 C Vig = SGP, SGus5 0.000747 0.946 10,000737.8~15.6) m SGnsPu 3580.6 kg ~ [e515 \.0 kg/l) Vj) =3843.9L (answer) During a gas calorimeter test there was a 7.62 C rise of water temperature. While 56.63 liters gas registered on the meter, 6.78 kg water were collected. Meter pressure, 203 mmHg; temperature, 27.8 C. Find Qs, corrected to 762 mm and 15.6 C. Solution: (6.78ka)4.187 ks/kg ~C7.62¢) % (56.631 Q, =3.82ki/L at 203 mm He (gage) and 27.8 C. Correct to 762 mm Hg at 15.6 C (p2 and ta) SGy, 0.9315 Vana = \ Pat. ,-(82 sy BE) 7 (762\27.8+273.15) a= 682 “0 (203+760N15.6+ 273.15) Q,=3.15 K/L Given this proximate analysis data sheet, get the complete proximate analysis, air-dried basis, to nearest 0.1%CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Air-Dried Sample Test Moisture Moisture and Ash Volatile Crucible weight, g 16.025 17.176 15.821 Crucible veoet (Gal 17.116 18.155 16.862 Final 17.094 17842 15.936 Solution: Air-Dried Sample Experiment for moistu = (17.116-17.094)/(17.116 ~ 16.025) = 0.02 Molsture and Volatile Matter experiment: = (18.155 ~ 17:842)/(18.155 ~ 17.176) = 0.32 Ash experiment = (16.862 15 936)/(16.852 15.821) = 0.89 For 100 g sample Moisture = 0.02 (100) = 2.g Moisture and Volatile = 0.32 (100) = 32 g Ash = (100 ~ 32)(0.89)= 60.5 @ Then Proximate Analysis: (answer) Ash = 60.5 / 100 = 60.5% Fixed Carbon = 100 ~ 2 ~ 30-60. The following are the results of a proximate analysis test run on air-dried coal. All weights in grams. Calculate the proximate analysis of dry coal and of as-fired coal. em Empty crucible Crucible and coal Moisture test 13.001, 14.686 14.610 Moisture and volatile 30.275 33.603 32.522 test Ash test 1255 12.800 T1378 (as-fired moisture test) 14.420 15.928 15.906 Solution: Dry Coal Moisture test: += (14.686-14.610)/(14.686 — 13.001) = 0.045 Moisture and Volatile Matter experiment: = (83.603 ~ 32,522}/(33.603 ~ 30.275) = 0.325 Ash experiment = (12.800 - 11.378)/(12.800 ~ 11.255) = 0.92 For 100 g sample Moisture = 0.045 (100) = 4. Moisture and Volatile = 0.325 (100) = 32.5 g Ash = (100~32.5)(0.9CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Then Proximate Analysis: (answer) Moisture = 4.5 / 100 = 4.5% Volatile = (32.5 - 4.5)/100 = 28% Ash = 62.1./ 100 = 62.1% Fixed Carbon = 1004.5 ~ 28 ~ 62.1 = 5.4% Asired Coal Moisture test: += (15.928-15.906)/(15.928 — 14.420 = 0.015 Moisture and Volatile Matter experiment: = (33.603 - 32.522}/(33.603 — 30.275) = 0.325 ‘Ash experiment = (12.800 - 11,378)/(12.800- 11.255) = 0.92 For 100 g sample Moisture = 0.015 (100) = 1.5 g Moisture and Volatile = 0.325 (100) = 32.5 8 Ash = (100~32.5)(0.92)= 62.1 ¢ Then Proximate Analysis: (answer) Moisture = 1.5 / 100 = 1.5% Volatile = (32.5 ~ 1.5)/100 = 31% ‘Ash = 62.1 / 100 = 62.1% Fixed Carbon = 100 ~ 1.5~31~ 62.1 = 5.4% Testing a certain West Virginia Pocahontas coal by bomb calorimeter yielded these results. AT, 3.49 C. Fuel sample, 1.0535 g. Fuse wire consumed, 0.0073 g. Water charged, 1855.68 g. Water equivalent of bomb, 470 g. Test coal had 0.96% moisture. Calculate Q, for dry coal. (Q of fuse wire, 1600 Cal per Solution: wy 1.0535 g ight ofthe water bath + water equivalent ofthe outfit = 1855.68 + 470 = 2325.68 g c= specific heat of water = 1.0 cal/e.c t= 359C Wye ® 0.0073 y= 1600 cave wedt+w, « = Qn 7 a (2325.68) )3.49)+-(0.0073)(1600) 1.0535 =7,71552.calfg wet coal Interms of dry coal ‘igwet coal =(7,715.52 calf t coal) A =(.75S2calfg we col geste)CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Q,=7,789.52.col/g dry coal (answer) A cylindrical oil tank 2.4 m diameter x 6 m long is filled to the neck with fuel oil which is checked at 21° Be’ at 31 C. Estimate the kilo Joules heating value stored in this tank Solutio v=4(24)'(6)=27.163 m! 0, =42,450-93(6e"+10)./a a, =42,450-93(21+10) /g Q, =39,567 4/9 = __is Seat 15.656 140 “Be+130 $6 0t15.6/15.6=— 2 2+130 5601156156 1+ A(-156) 09272 ¥-0000761-15.6) soatsic=0si73 (soot 21cKp, 1V) =(0.9173)2000}27.143) 24,898 kg 0, =(39,56724 898) 0, =985 139,166 4) Fuel oil of 16° Be’ is stored in a tank to supply a boiler whose rated max. steaming rate is 6804 kg per hr at 150 psig. Feecwater, 48.9 C. Average thermal eciency, 70%. Consider that plat’s capacity factor s 45% and that 1% months’ supply i carried, Make any necessary assumptions and calculate the number of 1.8 m dia, x 45 m long cylindrical tanks needed to holé ths SG at 15.6/15.6= 0.9272 SG at 31>: SGat 31¢= ‘At 150 psig, saturated (assumed) h, =2780.8 K/kg at4aoc 1h, =2087 Who Heating value so=__10___ 140 Be +130 16+130 Q, = 42,450+ 93(°Be+10)ki/kg 0, =42,450+93(16 +10) Ki/Ag 0, = 44,868 ki/kg Mass of fue ol =0.9589CHAPTER 5 ~ FUELS AND COMBUSTION ‘nm,Q, = m,(h, hy) 0.7m, (a4,868) = 6804(2780.8-204.7) sm, = 558.1 kg/hr Fuel consumption (658.1 kg/hr)(0.45)(1.5 months)(30 days/month)(24 hr/day) = 271,237 kg Volume = (271,237 ke)/I(0.9589)(1000 kg/m?) = 282 m. Zot (2.8) (4.6) =11.7 m* Volume of cylindrical tani ; No. of tanks = 282 m? / 11.7 m? = 24.1 of 25 tanks (answer) A horizontal cylindrical fuel oil storage tanks 2.4 m dia. x 6 m long is gauged at 825.5 mm oil depth. A delivery of oil is made which raises the level to 2165 mm, measured after the temperature of the contents had attained ground temperature, ie., 7.2 C. This oil is purchased for $3.31 per bbl at 15.6°/15.6°. The delivery is billed at $380.50. Is this correct to the nearest dollar? Solution: =| e Azer con) na v-[ra (ED -6-mtar Radius = r= 1.2m, L= 6m, h=0.8256m V=| cos =") (a Wart fro} } [oar cor (228258). 2-osase\ ayes -(0m256) (6) 12 2691 m* = 1.2m, L=6m,h= 2.165 m ve Pew) tend ©) -.2-aseshfieaea@)- a6 (6) tate V, = 25.7737 m* Volume delivered at 7.2 . V=V, -V, =25.7737 8.2691 = 17.5046 m? Inbbl10, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION 1 bbl = 42 gallons = 0.159 m*. = $6, PuNjy = S6.sePal —SGe__-_5Gne__ _1.005756,., T0,0007AT ~ 1+0.0007(7:5-158) SG, M1 = SG.5Vis5 1.005756,55(17.5046)= S6,.Ving Visg = 17.6044 m? Veg (7.6004 oe 56,9 bbl) + |= 110.72 bot 0.159) Bill: ($3.31 per barrel)(110.72 bbl) = $ 366.48 (yes $380.50 Is accurate to nearest dollar) Reduce the analysis of coal designated from Table 5-4 to (a) moisture-free basis (b) moisture- and ash-free basis. Solution: Example of Penns. Anthracite Moisture in proximate analysis = 2.19% Ash = 5.9% Ukimate analysis: Sulphur = 0.57% Nitrogen = 0.91% Oxygen = 3.559% {As received analysis Sulphur = 0.57% Hydrogen = 2.7~2.19/9 = 2.46% Carbon = 86.37% Nitrogen = 0.91% (Oxygen = 3.55 ~8(2.19)/9 = 1.60% Moisture = 2.19% Ash = 5.956 {2) Moisture-Free Basis Divide by 1-0.0219 = 0 Sulphur = 0.57/0.9781 = 058% Hydrogen = 2.46/0.9781 = 252% Carbon = 86.37/0,9781 = 88,30% Nitrogen = 0.91/0.9781 = 0.93% Oxygen = 1.60/0.9781 = 1.64% Ash = 5.9/0.9781 = 6.03% (b) Moisture-and-Ash-Free Basis Divide by 1-0.0603 = 0.9397 Sulphur = 0.58/0.9397 = 0.625611 CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Hydrogen = 2.52/0.9397 = 2.68% Carbon = 88.30/0.9397 = 93.96% Nitrogen = 0.93/0.9397 = 0.99% Oxygen = 1.64/0.9397 = 1.75% Check the ultimate analysis and heating value of a coal designated from Table 5-4 by applying conversion formulae from Table 5-5. Also estimate the air required for combustion at 50% Soluti For example is Il Bituminous coal Proximate analysis: Moisture = 13.31% Volatile Matter = 33.62% Fixed Carbon = 41.34% Ash = 11.73% Ukimate analysis: Heating Value = 24,612 ki/kg Ultimate Analysis with moisture separated Hydrogen = 5.19~ 13.31/9 = 3.71% ‘To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by 1 ash — moisture =1 - 0.1173 - 0.1331 = 0.7496 Proximate analysis of the combustible Volatile matter = 33.62/0.7496 = 44.85% = 0.4485 Fixed carbon = 41,34/0.7496 = 55.15% = 0.5515, Table 55 H=0,0457-+0,0206V =0,0457 +0,0206(0.4485)=0.0549 €=0.953~0,362V =0,953-0.362(0.4485)=0,7906 For Bituminous coal N=0.0210-0.012V =0.0210-0.012(0.4485)=0.0156 Ultimate Analysis of combustible C, 0.7906; H, 0.0549; N, 0.0156 Multiply by 1-0.1173-0.1331 = 0.7496 Carbon = 0.7906 x 0.7496 = 0.592¢ Hydrogen = 0.0549 x 0.7496 = 0.041:2, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Nitrogen = 0.0156 x 0.7496 = 0117 = 1.17% HV =(16,062-3,830V (2.326) ki/kg Hv =[16,062-3,830(0.4485))(2.326) ki/kg HV =33,365 kiko ‘Comparison: Converted: C, 59.26; Ho, 4.11; No, 1.17%; HzO, 13.31; Ash, 11.73; others, 10.42; HV = 33,365 ki/kg Analyzed: , 59.07; Ho, 3.71; No, 0.95%; HO, 13.31; Ash, 11.73; others, 11.23; HV = 24,612 ki/kg Estimate of air required for combustion: Total Hydrogen = 4.11 + 13.31/9 = 5.59% Sulphur = 3.75% Oxygen = 11.23 ~ 3.75% = 7.48% Total Oxygen = 7.48 + 8x13.31/9 = 19.31 Estimate of air required for combustion coal [At 50% excess air = 1.5 x 7.91 =11.86 kg/kg of coal (answer) 11,5(0.5926) + 34.5(0.0559 ~ 0.1931/8) = 7.91 ke/kg of | Given a coal with proximate analysis as follows, find heating value and kg air required per kg coal at 50% excess. Moisture, 4.47; volatile, 22.74; fixed carbon, 53.72; ash, 19.07. Proximate analysis Moisture = 4.47% Volatile Matter = 22.74% Fixed Carbon = 53.72% Ash = 19.07% To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by 1 —ash—mois 0.1907 - 0.0447 = 0.7646 Proximate analysis of the combustible Volatile matter = 22.74/0.7646 = 29.74% = 0.2974 Fixed carbon = 53.72/0.7646 = 70.26% = 0.7026 Table 5-5 H=0,0857 +0,0206V =0.0457+0.0206(0.2974)=0.0518 € =0.953~0,362V =0.953-0.362(0.2974)=0.8453 For Bituminous coal Nv=0.0210 -0.012v =0,0210-0.012(0.2974)=0.0174 Ukimate Analysis of combustible 0.8453; H, 0.0518; N, 0.0174 Multiply by 1-0.1907-0.0447 = 0.7646 Carbon = 0.8453 x 0.7646 = 0.6463 = 64.63% 9B. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Hydrogen = 0.0518 x 0.7646 = 0.0396 = 3.96% Nitrogen = 0.0174 x 0.7646 = 0133 = 1.33% HV =(16,160-2,250V)(2.326) ky/kg Hv =[16,160-2,250(0.2974)\2.326) ki/kg HV =36,0324)/kg Converted: C, 64.63; Ho, 3.96; Nz, 1.33%; Hz0, 4.47; Ash, 19.07; others, 6.54; HV = 36,032 kl/ke Estimate of air required for combustion: Total Hydrogen = 3.96 + 4.47/9 = 4.46% Sulphu Onyge Total Oxygen = 6.54 + 8xi.47/9 = 10.51 Estimate of air required for combustion = 11.50.6463) + 34.5(0.0396 - 0.1051/8) = 8.35 kg/kg of coal [At 50% excess air = 1.5 x 8.35 =12.53 ka/kg of coal (answer) Predict the flue gas analysis to be obtained when a coal of the following proximate analysis is completely burned with 85% excess air. Moisture, 1.75; volatile, 21.70; fixed carbon, 69.13; ash, 7.42 Solution: Proximate analysis: Moisture = 1.75% Volatile Matter = 21.70% Fixed Carbon = 69.13% Ash = 7.42% To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by 1/—ash— moisture =1 ~ 0.0742 - 0.0175 = 0.9083 Proximate analysis of the combustible Volatile matter = 21.70/0.9083 = 23.89% = 0.2389 Fixed carbon = 69.13/0.9083 = 76.11% = 0.7611 Table 5-5 H=0,0457 +0.0206V =0.0457 +-0.0206(0.2389)=0.0506 €=0.953—0.362V =0.953-0,362(0,2389)=0.8665 For Bituminous coal 1 =0.0210-0.012 =0.0210-0.012(0.2389)=0.0181 Ukimate Analysis of combustible 0.8665; H, 0.0506; N, 0.0181 Multiply by 1 - 0.0742 0.0175 = 0.9083 1014, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Carbon = 0.8665 x 0.9083 = 0.7870 = 78.70% Hydrogen = 0.0506 x 0,9083 = 0.0460 = 4.60% Nitrogen = 0.0181 x 0.9083 = 0164 = 1.64% Moisture = 1.75% As= 7.42% Neglecting sulfur ‘Oxygen = 100 ~ 78,70 ~ 4.60 ~ 1.64 ~ 1.75 = 13.31% Total Hydrogen = 4.60 + 1.75/9 = 4.79% Total Oxygen = 13.31 + 8x 1,75/9 = 14.87% Uhimate Analysis: C, 78.70; Ha, 4.79; No, 1.64%; O;, 18.87% Theoretical combustion air = 11.5(0.7870) + 34.5(0.0479-0.1487/8) = 10.06 ke/kg of coal Gaseous products of combustion area CO, = (44/12)(0.7870) = 2.886 kg H,0 = (9/1)(0.0479) = 0.431 kg 10,06)(1.85)(0.768) + 0.0164 = 14.310 kg 0.06)(0.85)(0.232) = 1.984 kg In moles CO, = 2.886/44 = 0.0656 H,0 = 0.431/18 = 0.0239 No = 14,310/28 = 0.5111 (Oy= 1.984/32= 0.0620 Total = 0.0656 + 0.0239 + 0.5111 + 0.0620 = 0.6626 Flue gas analysis (Answer) CO, = (0.0656 /0.6626)(100%) = 9.90% H,0 = (0.0239 / 0.6626)(100%) = 3.60% 5111 / 0.6626)(100%) = 77.18% Op (0.0620 / 0.6626){100%) = 9.36% The as-fired proximate analysis is taken of a coal of West Virginia origin. Moisture, 1.75; volatile, 21.70; fixed carbon, 69.13; ash, 7.42. When burned with what is presumed to be sufficient air for complete combustion, the CO, tests 10% by volume, What percent excess air is indicated? Solution: Proximate analysis: Moisture = 1.75% Volatile Matter = 21.70% Fixed Carbon = 69.1356 Ash = 7.42% ‘To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by 1~ash ~ moisture =1 ~ 0.0742 -0.0175 = 0.9083 Proximate analysis of the combustible n15, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Volatile matter = 21.70/0.9083 = 23.89% = 0.2389 Fixed carbon = 69.13/0.9083 = 76.11% = 0.7611 Table 5-5 H=0.0457 +0.0206V =0.0457 +-0.0206(0.2389)=0.0506 C=0.953-0.362V =0.953-0.362(0.2389)=0.8665 For Bituminous coal N=0.0210-0.012V =0.0210-0.012(0.2389)=0.0181 Ulimate Analysis of combustible C, 0.8665; H, 0.0506; N, 0.0181 Multiply by 1- 0.0742 ~ 0.0175 = 0.9083 Carbon = 0.865 x 0.9083, Nitrogen = 0.0181 x 0.9083 = 01 Moisture = 1.75% As= 7.42% Neglecting sulfur Oxygen = 100~78.70 ~ 4.60~1.64-1.75 = 13.31% Total Hydrogen = 4.60 + 1.75/9 = 4.79% Total Oxygen = 13.31 + 8x 1.75/9 = 14.87% Ukimate Analysis , 78.70; Ha, 4.79; No, 1.64%; O;, 14.87% ‘Theoretical combustion air = 11.5(0.7870) + 34.5(0.0479 - 0.1487/8) = 10.06 ke/kg of coal Gaseous products of combustion area CO2 = (44/12)(0.7870) = 2.886 ke H20 = (9/1)(0.0479) = 0.431 kg 10.06)(14x)(0.768) + 0.0164 = 7.726x+ 7.742 kg In moles CO, = 2.886/44 = 0.0656 H,0 = 0.431/18 = 0.0239 726x + 7.742)/28 = 0.2759x + 0.2765 [334x/32" 0,0729x Total = 0.0656 + 0.0239 + 0.2759x + 0.2765 + 0.0729x = 0.3660 + 0.3488x Flue gas analysis 0.0656 0,3660+0.3488x 0.8314 = 83.14% 0.10 Apply the data of Table 5-3 to a coal designated from Table 5-4 and fix its rank thereby. Solution: R16. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Penna. Anthracit (Table 5.4) Proximate analysis: Moisture = 2.19 % Volatile Matter = 5.67% Fixed Carbon = 86.24 % Ash = 5.9% Dry FC = (86.24)/(1 ~0.0219) = 88.17 6 Dry VM = (5.67)/(1.~ 0.0219) = 5.80% Table 5-3 Dry FC is 86 percent or more and less than 92 percent. RANK Class . Anthracite Group 3. Semi-Anthracite Predict the Orsat analysis resulting from the combustion of a coal designated from Table 5-4, with 50% excess alr. 10% combustible in refuse. Solution: Example is Ark. Semi-Anthracite C= 77.29% ° $=2.01% A= 12.21% N= 100-77.29-3.74~3.36-2.01-12.21 =1.39% Combustible in refuse = 10% = 0.10 Ash = 0.1221 of the coal =0.80 ofthe refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.1221/0.9 = 0.1357 Cin refuse = 0.1357 —0.1221 = 0.0136 ka/ke Carbon actually burned = C’ = 0.7729 - 0.0136 = 0.7593, Theoretical combustion air = 11.5(0.7593) + 34.5(0.0374 - 0.0336/8) + 4.3(0.0201) = 9.97 kg/kg. Gaseous products of combustion area C02 = (44/12)(0.7593) = 2.784 kg H,0 = (9/1)(0.0374) = 0.337 kg, No (9.97)(1.50)(0.768) + 0.0139 = 11.500 kg ‘2 = (9.97)(0.50}{0.232) = 1.156 kg In moles CO, = 2.784/44 = 0.0633 H,0 = 0337/18 -0.0187 0361 Total without moisture 5101 Orsat Analysis (answer) ‘CO, = (0.0633/0.5101)(100) Bv7. 18, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION 0p (0.0361/0.5101)(100) = 7.08% Nz = (0.4107/0.5101)(100} = 80.51% ‘A coal is analyzed in a plant laboratory and found to have Qy = 14,866 ki; C, 58.93; VM, 31.81; ash, 9.26. All on a dry basis. Find the rank of this coal. Estimate the A-F ratio used when CO; meter shows 12%. Use approximate methods. Solution: (0, = 14,866 ki/kg FC = 58.93% VM = 31.81% Ash = 9.26% COn= 12% Dry FC is less than 69% and Dry VM is more than 31%. Moist Q, is more than 14,700 ki/kg. ‘Therefore the rank is High Volatile A Bituminous Coal, Rank Il-3. For semi-bituminous coal, R is between 16 and 20, use R= 18 2098 _R+2.37 “C0,(R+3) R43 209(18) _18+237 12(18+3) 183 Excess ai Excess air =0523 Table 5-5 Combustible basis: divide by 1-0,0926 = 0.9074 VM = 31.81 /0.9074 = 35.06 H=0,0457 +0.0206V =0.0457 +0.0206(0.3506)=0.0529 €=0.953~0.362V =0.953-0,362(0.3506)=0.8261 For Bituminous coal 1N=0.0210-0.012V =0.0210-0.012(0.3506)=0.0168 Dry basis: H = 0.0528 x0.9074 = 0.0480, C= 0.8261 x 0.9074 = 0.7496 N= 0.0168 x0.9074 = 0.0152 (0=1--0.0480-0.7496-0.0152=0.1872 Theoretical A-F ratio = 11.5(0.7496) + 34.5(0.0480-0.1872/8) = 9.469 Estimated A-F ratio = (1.523)(9.469) = 14.422 kg/kg (answer) ‘A Kansas coal, reported on the combustible basis, has 5.7% S, 79.6% C. As-fired, the moisture is. 11%, ash 14%. Orsat of combustion gases is: CO,, 12.1; 02, 7.1; CO, 0.8; N, 80; carbon in refuse, 110%. Find dry gas per kg coal burned (a) neglecting SO,, and (b) including SO,. Soluti Ash = 0.14 of the coal = (1~0.1) of the refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.14/0.90 Cin refuse = (0.14/0:90) ~ 0.14 = 0.01556 ke C’=0.796 ~ 0.01556 = 0.78044 {a) Neglecting S02. 1419, 20. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION kggas _ 1100, +80, +7(cO+N, Jk” kgcoal 3(C0, +c) kggas _[11(12.1)+8(7.1)+7(0.8+80)\0.78044) a saateoa) =15.236 kg dry gas/kg coal (answer) (b) Including $0>. kg gos aco, 90,4710) 13 ) 5 [1100, +80, +7(C0+MI/¢-, 3.5), 55 kg coal 3(C0, +€0) a) 's | o72a4+3(00s7)|+5(00s) 5.689 kg dry gas/kg coal (answer) From the analysis of a coal sample taken during a test it is estimated that the as-fired total carbon was 76.5% and free hydrogen was 4.7%. From other tests C’ = 0.7263, Orsat: CO;, 10.53; z, 3.74; CO, 0.49; Nz, 85.24. Find A:F ratio. Solution: 0 sonjornss st | 0, +60, 1053+049 Boiler plant test data, in part: Proximate analysis as fired: FC, 60.65; VM, 33.45; Moist., 0.83; ash, 5.07. Combustible in dry refuse, 29.8%, Orsat: CO,, 11.3; 02, 6.75; CO, 0.2. Find the alr-fuel ratio and the percent excess alr. Combustible in dry refus CO,=113 0,675 29.8% Reduce the proximate analysis to @ combustible basis 1 —ash—moisture = 1 - 0.0507 — 0.0083 = 0.9410 Proximate analysis of the combustion VM = 33.45 /0.9410 = 35.5473, FC = 60.65 / 0.9410 = 64.4527 10.0857 +0,0206V ~0,0457-+0.0206(0.355473) €=0.953-0.362V =0.953~0.362(0,355473)= 0.82432 For Bituminous coal N=0.0210~0,012v =0.0210~0.012(0.355473)=0.01673 Ukimate Analysis: H = 0.05302 x 0.9410 = 0.04989 52. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION C= 0.82432 x 0.9410 = 0.77568 N= 0.01673 x0.9410 = 0.01574 ‘Ash = 0.0507 (0 = 1-0.04989 0.77568 — 0.01574 —0.0507-0.0083 = Ash (dry) = 5.07/(1-0.0083) = 5.112496 ‘Ash = 0.051124 of the coal = 1 —0.298 or 0.702 of the refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.051124 / 0.702 = 0.07283 Cin refuse (dry) = 0.07283 — 0.051124 = 0.02171 Cin refuse (wet) = 0.02171 (1 ~ 0.77568 ~0.02152 = 0.75416 Theoretical Air A:F = 11.5 x 0.75416 + 34.5(0.04989 ~0.09969 / 8) = 9.9641 ke/kg, Actual Air A:F = Actual Air A:F = 6.2441 (23, Excess air = (16.2441 ~ 9.9641)(100)/9.9641 = 63% (answer) Further analysis of the coal mentioned in Prob. 20 reveals a sulfur content of 3.2%. Find the ke ‘ry gas produced per kg coal during this test. Soluti Moisture Ash = 5.07% Sulfur = 3.2% Combustible in dry refuse = 29.8% COp= 11.3 83% Ash (dry) = 5.07/(1-0.0083) = 5.1124% ‘Ash = 0.051124 of the coal = 1 ~0.298 or 0.702 of the refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.051124 / 0.702 = 0.07283 Cin refuse (dry) = 0.07283 — 0.051124 = 0.02171 Cin refuse (wet) = 0.02171 (1 ~ 0.0083) = 0.02152 C= 0.77568 ~ 0.02152 = 0.75416 kagos 20,280,100 o2s)ed Ig coal 3{C0, +¢0) as 162, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION 13(11.3)+-8(6.75)+7(81.75+0.2)/, 3 5 0.75416+3(0.032) |+2(0.032) 3(113+02) al | 30032) =16.719 kg gas/kg coal (answer) ‘coal Using the test data mentioned in Prob. 20, change proximate to ultimate analysis and calculate the weights of the individual products formed by the combustion of a kg of coal. Soluti Moisture = 0.83% Ash = 5.07% Combustible in dry refuse = 29.8% COp= 113 Reduce the proximate analysis to @ combustible basis 1 —ash—m = 0.0507 —0,0083 = 0.9410 Proximate analysis of the combustion VM = 33.45 / 0.9410 = 35.5473, FC = 60.65 /0.9410 = 64.4527 11 =0.0457 +0.0206v =0.0457+0.0206(0.355473) €=0.953~0.362V =0.953-0,362(0.355473)=0.82432 For Bituminous coal N=0.0210-0.012V =0.0210-0.012(0.355473)=0.01673 Ukimate Analysis H =0,05302 x 0.9410 = 0.04989 ‘Ash = 0.0507 (0 = 1-0.04989 -0.77568 — 0.01574 —0.0507 — 0.0083 = 0.09969 Ash (dry) = §.07/(1-0.0083) = 5.112496 ‘Ash = 0.051124 of the coal = 1 —0.298 or 0.702 of the refuse Refuse per kg coal = 0.051124 / 0.702 = 0.07283 Cin refuse (dry Cin refuse (wet) = 0.02171 (1 - 0.0083) = 0.02152 0.77568 ~0.02152 = 0.75416 ‘Theoretical Air AF = 11.5 x 0.75416 + 34.5(0,04989 — 0.09969 /8) = 9.9641 ke/kg, v723, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Awana -300c] H ] ‘Actual Air AF = 3. oafazsers| | 113+0.2 Excess air = (16.2441 ~ 9.9641)(100)/9.9641 = 63% (answer) Gaseous products of combustion area (answer) (44/12)(0.77568) = 2.8442 kg (9/1)(0.04989) = 0.4408 kg (.9641)(1.63)(0.768) + 0.01574 0» = (9.9641)(0.63)(0.232) = 1.4564 ke 2.489 kg A coal designated from Table 5-4 is burned with 60% excess air. Atm. Humidity, 5 g per kg. No incomplete combustion. Combustion air at 176.7 C. Flue gas at 441 C. (a) Estimate sensible heat loss by approx. method; (b) calculate sensible heat loss by exact method. Solution; Using Ala. Bituminous Coal Ukimate Analysis $= 0.79% Ha = 4.80% C= 74.40% No = 1.59% 0,= 7.33% Ash = 11.05% Theoretical Air Needed per kg =11.5C+34.5(H,~ 02/8) + 4.35 = 11.5(0.744) + 34.5(0.048 - 0.0733/8) + 4.3(0.0079) =9.93 A/F = 1.6(9.93) = 15.89 ke/ke Dry gas per kg coal = A/F + 1 - wet gas -S02- refuse = 15.89 + 1-9 x0.048 - 2x 0.0079 -0 = 16.44 ke/ke, APPROXIMATE METHOD: ‘The ASME Code permits a composite cof 1005 J/kg.Cto be used. ‘The water vapor from combustion is 9 x 0.048 = 0.432 ke, ‘Average cy from water vapor is taken as 2094 J/kg,C. Sensible heat above 176.7 C in product. = (16-44 x 1005 + 0.432 x 2094(441 176.7) = 4,605,905 kg = 4,605. ki/kg coal (answer) Here SOs neglected. EXACT METHOD: eanege C215 lt-158) tote Gaseous products of combustion are CO,, H:0, Nz, O:, SOs. 18CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION CO; = (44/12) x0.7444 = 2.729 kg H,0 = (9/1) x0.048 = 0.432 kg {93 x 1.6x 0.768 + 0.0159 = 12.218 kg 0, (9.93(0.60)(0.232) = 1.382 ke 0; = 2x 0.0079 = 0.016 kg 16.777 ke Mean co, 6 8t 176.7 C=0.959 ki/kg.C pat di C= 1,026 ki/ke.c _ 1.026(441-15.6)~0.959(176.7-15.6) . 441-1767 Mean cy Mean ¢ = 1.067 ki/kg.C #0 6 3t 176.7 C= 1.894 ki/kg.c Gpat 441 C= 1.957 kifkg.c _ 1.957(441~15.6)~1.894(1767-15.6) “ 441-176.7 Mean cy Mean c, = 1.995 ki/kg.C Ne 680 176.7 C=1.059 kk pat 441 C= 1.076 kifke.C Mean c,« 2076(441—15.6)~1.059{0767-15.6) ° 441-1767 Mean cy = 1.086 ki/ke.C o Gat 176.7 C=0.958 ki/kg.C pat 441 C= 0.984 ki/ke.C Mean ox 2984(441~15.6)~0959(1767 156) 441-1767 Mean ¢, = 0,999 ki/kg.C So, ‘Assume Mean ¢, 838 ki/kg.C as in example from text. Tem CO, oO Ne 1:0) ‘SO; Total Weight 2.729 1,382 12.218 0.432, (0.016 36.777 Mean ¢ 1,067 0.999) 1.086 1.999) 0.838 Wxe, 2912 1.381 13.265 0.864 0.014 16.44 Sensible heat above 176.7 Cin product 16.44)(441 - 176.7) = 4,345 kl/ke-C coal’ (answer) 1924, 25. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Humid air which enters a combustion chamber at 27.2 C is transformed into products of combustion at 288 C. Psychrometer readings are 27.2 C and 22.2 C. How many kJ are carried off. per kg coal burned by the superheating of this moisture? A:F = 15.5. Solution: For 27.2 CD8, 222. CWS 0.825p.. 1.03-p,, a Png 38 72.2.C Wa 625(0.0272) 1.03-0.0272 Wat WoaPgy — AE w, = tee kg vapor /kg dry air Tye # ae KEV2PO"/ KS ry At=27.2-22.2=5C you = hy hyat 22.2 0.01695x24481-5 ORES 244815 = oo1aaske v ir 2048.4+1.8x5 beeper Fi ary@ ‘At constant w,, from 27.2 C to 288 C. 1 =w,{ 1+ lets —w, a a ai 7 at Ms Assume cp for water vapor, yx = Gp2 = 2.094 Ki/ke.C. cua a (oorssf20% | (s+ 5, )oms)-272| = 8.6876 ki/kg air (Q=8,6876 x 15.5 = 134.66 ki/kg coal burned (answer). ‘A coal as designated from Table 5-4 is burned in a pulverized coal furnace with 20% excess ait Preheated air temperature, 148.9 C; furnace outlet temperature, 1010 C. No incomplete combustion. Calculate the ki absorbed by the gases leaving the furnace, per ke coal Solution: Use Penna. Bituminous, Appalachia Coal Ulimate Analysis S=132% H.=5.07 % c=76.91% 31% 0) = 6.95% Ash = 8.44% Theoretical Air Needed per kg =115C + 345(H,- 0,/8)+4.35 11.5(0.7691) + 34.5(0.0507 — 0.0695/8) + 4.3(0.0132) = 10.3508 2026. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Dry gas per kg coal = A/F + 1— wet gas~SO>~ refuse = 12.4210 + 1-9 x 0.0507 — 2x 0.0132 = 12.9383 APPROXIMATE METHOD: ‘The ASME Code permits a composite c, of 1005 J/kg. C to be used. ‘The water vapor from combustion is 9x 0.0507 = 0.4563 kg. ‘Average ¢, from water vapor is taken as 2094 J/kg.C. Sensible heat above 148.9 Cin product. (Q,= (12.4210 x 1005 + 0.4563 x 2084)(1010 ~ 148.9) = 11,571,976 J/kg = 11,572 ki/kg coal Here SO: is neglected. Latent heat present in the products: (= 0.4563 x fg I/kg coal ‘The ASME Boiler Test Code uses hy at 65.6 C= 2344.86 ki/kg (Qjy = 0.4563 x 2344.86 = 1070 ki/ke Total Heat Absorbed = Q, + jy = 11,572 + 1070 = 12,642 ki/kg (answer) Calculate the volume (m’) of the products of combustion of a coal designated from Table 5-4 if at 260 C after complete combustion with 100% excess Solution: Table 5.4. Use Penna, Anthracite Coal $=057% H=2.70% C= 86.37% N=091% 0=3:55% Ash = 5.9% ‘Theoretical Air Needed per kg = 11.5C + 34.5(H,- 04/8) +4.35 11.5(0.8637) + 34,5(0.027 — 0.0355/8) + 4.3(0.0057) = 10.736 Gaseous products of combustion are COz, H:0, Nz, O:, S02. CO; = (44/12) x 0.8637 = 3.167 kg. = 3167 gm H,0 = (9/1) x0.027 = 0.243 kg =243 gm No = 10.736 x 200% x00.768 + 0.0091 = 16.500 kg = 16,500 gm. (0p = (10.736)(100%)(0.232) = 2.481 kg = 2491 gm. $0; = 2x 0.0057 = 0.0114 kg Total Moles of product = 3,167/44 + 2,491/32 + 16,500/28 + 243/18 + 11.4/64 = 752.8 mols/kg coal ‘A mol volume is 23.693 liters per gm at 15.6 C and 1.03 kg/cm? ab. ‘At 260 C and 1.03 kg/cm? ab., Mol volume = (0.0845)(260+460)/(1.03) = 59.07 liters per mol a27. 28, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Volume of the product of combustion = (59.07/1000)(752.8) = 44.5 cu m per kg of coal (answer) What is the volume (m*) at 176.7 C of the products of combustion of a cubic metre of fuel gas at 1.07 ke/cm’ ab, 15.6 C, whose volumetric analysis is Hs, 14.5; CH, 59.1; CO», 25.1; No, 1.3. 50% excess air. Solutior ‘The mol equations are 0.145CHe + (7/2)(0.145)0,= 2(0.145)CO2 + 3{0.145)H,0 OS9ICH, + 2(0.591)0:= —_0.591C0, + 2(0.591)H,0 0.736 mol gas + 1.6895 mol 0; = 0.881 mol CO; + 1.617 mol H:0 The O2 required from the air = 1.6895 mol O:. Since the composition of air is 0.791 mol N, to 0.209 mol O,, each mol 2 supplied brings with it 791/209 = 3.78 mols Nz. The wet gas is composed of 1.617 mols H.0 plus the dry gas. The dry gas is composed of (CO;: 0,881 + 0.251 = 1.132 mol Ng: 3.78 x 1.6895 + 0.013 = 6.3993 mol from theoretical air Nz: (1/2) x 3.78 x 1.6895 = 3.1932 mol from excess air x: (1/2) x 1.6895 = 0.8448 mol from excess air Mols of product of combustion / mols of fuel gas = 1.132 + 6.3993 + 3.1932 + 0.8448 + 1.617 = 13.1863 ‘At 176.7 C, 1.07 kg/cm’ ab 1 mol vol = 0,0845(176.7+ 273.15)/1.07 = 35.5255 liters ‘At 15.6 C, 1.07 kg/cm? ab 4 mol vol = 0,0845(15.6 + 273.15)/1.07 = 22.8032 liters ( ‘Mols of product of combustion 38 S23) 2n543.n"/m? 13.1863 ‘Mois of fuel gas \ 22.8032, A coal of following composition is burned at an Orsat gas analysis of 996 CO>. Refuse analysis, 15% combustible, Flue gas at 232.2 C. Find the density of this flue gas. C, 76.82; H2, 4.96; O>, 6.38; N,, 1.46; 5, 1.39; ash, 6.26; moisture, 2.73. Solution: Solve for excess ai 2098 _R4+2.37 excess air =— 2098 C0,(R+3)-Re3 60,= 9% R=C/H Total Oxyger 8 H =Total Hydrogen ‘H=0.0496 —- 9.0638 0139 229, CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION 7872 702-(Exo.0626) (as © 07572 H 00434 209(17.447) _17.487+2.37 9(07.447+3) 17.407+3 7.447 Excess oi =1,0126=101.26% ‘Theoretical Air Needed per ke =11.5C+34.5(H,- 0,/8) 44.38 11.5(0.7682) + 34.5(0.0496 ~ 0.0638/8) + 4.3(0.0139) = 10.330 Gaseous products of combustion area (answer) CO; = (44/12)(0.7682) = 2.8167 kg H,0 = (9/1)(0.0496) = 0.4464 kg No = (10.330)(1 + 1.0126)(0.768) + 0.0146 = 15.9815 ke ‘Op = (10.330)(1.0126)(0.232) = 2.4268 kg $0, = (2}(0.0139) = 0.0278 kg, Total = 21.6992 kg Mol of produt« (28162 2.4268, 15-9815 , 04464 2227200) a 32° 2B. a8’ 64 Mols of product = 0.7359 x 10" mols /kg coal 0.0845(232.2+273.15) 1 mol volume = 0.0845T/kg Liters = 1.458 Liters For 1 kg of coal: (0.7359 x 10° mols)(41.458) = 30,509 Liters = 30.509 m?. 21,6992 _ 30.509 Write mol equations of combustion of a gas designated from Table 5-4, when burned with 25% ‘excess air. Then calculate the specific volume of the products, m® per kg, at 204 C. Density 7112kg/m -answer. Solutior Use Findlay, 0. Gas CH, = 93.35 % GHe= 0.35% cO= 0.41% 2B30. CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Mol equation (0.9335 CH, + 2 x 0.9335 0, = 0.9335 CO; +2 x 0.9335 H;0 (0.0035 C,H, + 3 x 0.0035 0, = 2 x 0.0035 CO; +2 x0,0035 H,0 (0.0041 CO + (1/2) x 0.0041 0, = 0.0041 CO, +0 H,0 0.0164 H, + (1/2) x 0.0164 0, = 0. C0, + 0.0164 H,0 0.9575 mol gas + 1.8878 mol 0; = 0.9446 mol CO2 + 1.8904 mol H:0 ‘The 0; required from the alr = 1.8878 ~ 0.0039 = 1.8839 mol Since the composition of air is 0.791 mol N; to 0.209 mol O;, each mol O; supplied brings with it 791/203 = 3.78 mols No. Product of combustion of one mol of natural gas. ‘The wet gas is composed of 1.8904 mols H20 plus the dry gas. The dry gas is composed of: CO;: 0.9446 + 0.0025 = 0.9471 mol Na: 3.78 x 1.8878 + 0.0341 = 7.1700 mol from theoretical air Np 0.25 x 3.78 x 1.8878 = 1.7840 mol from excess air 3: 0.25 x 1.8839 = 0.4710 mol from excess air Total = 10.3721 mol The dry flue gas analysis is obtained by dividing each of the above by 10.3721. Then flue gas analysis is: CO», 9.139%; 02, 4.54%; N2, 86.33% ‘At 204 C the molal volume has become 39.14 liters and total volume of wet flue gas per mol gas burned = (10.3721 + 1.8904) x 39.14 = 480 Liters ‘The weight of wet flue gas per 10.3721 mols of dry gasis: co,:0.9471 x44 Total 341.36 gm ‘Specific volume at 204 C = (480 Liters)/(341.36 gm) = 1.406 L/em Specific volume at 204 C = 1.406 m’/kg (answer) To what temperature, above an initial 15.6 C, would the products of combustion of the California fuel oil, Table 5-4, be raised in a furnace where 45% of the sensible heat developed is. immediately absorbed radiantly. 45% excess air, complete combustion. Specific heat from Fig. 5- 5. Soluti California Fuel Oil C=8152% Hp= 11.51% 24CHAPTER 5 — FUELS AND COMBUSTION Op + No= 0; = 6.42% $= 055% Q,, = 43,556 ki/kg Theoretical Air Needed per kg = 115C+345(H, -0,/8)+4.35 = 11.5(0.8152) + 34.5(0.1151 -0.0642/8) + 4.3(0.0055) = 13,0925 Aff = 1.45(13.0925) = 18.9841 ke/kg Dry gas per kg coal = A/F + 1 - wet gas -S0;- refuse = 18,9841 +1-9x 0.1151 -2x 0.0055 -0 = 18.9372 ke/kg Gult, 15.6) C(t, ~15.6) Mean ¢y= Since t= 15.6 C Gaseous products of combustion are CO;, H:0, Ny, 0;, $0. (COp= (44/12) x0.8152 = 2.989 kg HO = (9/1) x 0.1151 = 1.036 kg 13,0925 x 1.45 x 0.768 = 14.580 kg 0p (13.0825)(0.45)(0.232) = 1.367 kg $0, = 2x 0.0055 = 0.011 kg 19.983 ke Trial temperature = 1010 C Mean (COz:¢y at 1010 C= 1.143 ki/kg.C HO: ¢, at 1010 C= 2.136 ki/kg.C Na pat 1010 C= 1.122 ki/ke.c x: Gat 1010 C= 1.043 ki/kg.c Op: Assume Mean ¢, = 0.838 ki/kg.C as in example from text. Item COs © Ne 1:0) S02 Total Weight 2.989 1367 14.580 1.036 0.011 19.983 Mean, | _1.143 1.043 1.122 2.136 0.838 Wxe, 316 1426 16.359 2.213, 0.009) 23.423 Sensible heat above 15.6 Cin product = (16.44)(t,~ 15.6) = (1 0.45)(43,556 ki/kg) ty = 1038 C, near the trial temperature. ‘Thus, tp = 1038 C (answer). - End- 25