Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS)

ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2021

Study The Performance Of Finned Pile

Groups In Sand Under Cyclic Load Using
Finite Element Modelling
Maher T. EL-Nemr1 Ehab K. Gaber3
Prof. of Geotechnical Engineering, Civil Lecture in Civil Engineering Department,
Engineering Department, Menoufia University, Egypt,
Menoufia University, Egypt, E-mail: [email protected],
E-mail: [email protected]. [email protected].

Omar Ashour4
Waseim R. Azzam2
Teaching assistant at Delta Higher Institute for
Prof. of Soil Mechanics and Foundation, Structural
Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering
Engineering Department,
Department,
Tanta University, Egypt,
Mansoura, Egypt,
E-mail:[email protected],
E-mail: [email protected],
[email protected]. [email protected].

and flexural loads with a variety of boundary

Abstract—The driven finned pile is currently used
conditions in the field. [4].
as foundation type for high rise building, towers
and offshore structures which constitute uplift The loads transferred to the pile (due to railway
loads. Finned pile was made by adding 4 welded and road traffic, wind and other factors) vary and can
plates around the end of the pile and this strategy be absorbed as cyclic loadings on the piles. The
was found to increase the uplift capacity of the behavior of the soil pile system evolves during the
pile. While the static capacity of the group finned axial cyclic load on piles. [2].
piles is important, a secure design must also
An instrumented pile and centrifuge tests were
address issues of cyclic loading. Axial cyclic
devised to study the behavior of a pile foundation
tension and compression load were implemented
numerically for different spacing and different subjected to cyclic axial loading by [2]. During
pile groups. installation, cyclic loads and monotonic, the pile was
designed to be placed in flight by jacking and could
This article presents a three-dimensional offer the pile's tip resistance and skin friction. To
numerical model developed with the commercial verify the proposed experimental approach,
finite element package, PLAXIS3D to analyze the monotonic compression and tension tests were
impact of the cyclic loading on the finned pile performed. The global reaction of the pile under
group. All models were performed with constant cyclic loads is typical. Furthermore, several important
number of fins, fin length, fin width, angle of fin properties connected to the pile's local responses in
with pile and the pile diameter to investigate the terms of cumulative displacement and load
effect of cyclic load on finned pile groups. The distribution.
effect of (Dr) (sand relative density) of 30, 50 and
80%, fin geometry and pile depth were The X-section concrete pile, cast-in-place, is a
investigated. As a result, Increasing the piles revolutionary foundation reinforcements technology
number affected on resistance under both with an X-shaped cross-section was investigated
tension and compression cyclic load by [7]. Due to its bigger cross-sectional perimeter, an
significantly. X-section pile with same cross-sectional area has
greater side resistance than a standard circular pile.
Keywords—Cyclic load, Group finned piles; The behaviour of statically loaded X-section piles has
Steel piles; Sand. received a lot of study, while the dynamic properties
of X section piles have gotten less attention. This
research describes a large-scale model test in sand
1. Introduction for a circular pile and X section pile with the same
cross-sectional area. The results of the experiments
showed that axial cyclic load caused shaft friction and
Superstructure loads are often transferred to the pile head stiffness to degrade. Load frequency and
stiffer underlying stratum using pile foundations. They amplitude were used to determine the dynamic
are, in other words, members that offer support and responses of an X section pile. Furthermore, a
load transfer from structure to another. A pile is a comparison of the circular pile and the X section pile
specific sort of column that can carry axial, lateral,

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ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2021

demonstrated that the X section pile can reduce Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
cumulative settling and enhance shaft friction under investigate numerically the effect of using finned pile
cyclic stress. Even before to the vibration testing, a groups, which has improved the pile-tension
static load test was performed to determine the efficiency by providing positive anchorage near the
ultimate bearing capacity of such test piles. This bottom tip of the pile group. Also, finned piles are
research was supposed to serve as a good starting piles which has a fin at a given/ studied zone along
point for future research on the dynamic responses of the pile depth in sandy soil under cyclic loads,
X section piles in geotechnical engineering. tension and compression, imposed on the pile cap.
The numerical analysis using finite element modeling
To examine the impact of cyclic axial loads on the
(FEM) and PLAXIS 3D Foundation software was
performance of piled foundations, centrifuge
employed to understand the improvement response
modelling of pile groups and single piles was carried
of the modified piles under various cyclic loads. In
out by [9]. The effect of technique was studied, and it
addition to identify the failure pattern of such
was discovered that the cyclic response of a pile with
technique.
a correctly simulated jacked installation is
substantially stiffer than that of a bored pile. The 3. Numerical Modeling
stiffness of the pile head decreases with such an
increasing number of cycles but at a slower rate A FEM was established for the finned pile groups
during displacement controlled axial cyclic load; using sandy soil. Before adopting the model, a
during force controlled axial cyclic load, a bored pile parametric study comprising a numerical verification
accumulates more permanent settlement than a jacked pile. of the model was tested and validated as comparing
Individual piles in such a pile group subjected to axial with the data results provided from experimental
cyclic loads perform similarly to single piles, indicating prototype laboratory pile test.
that there is no apparent group effect. Finally, centrifuge
testing results verified a numerical analysis of axial loaded One of the most effective approximate solutions
piles. The cyclic stiffness of soil increases that could be applied to solve geotechnical problems
considerably at the base of pre-jacked piles, but it is the FE method [13]. In this research, numerical
remains nearly constant at the base of jacked piles. simulations were conducted using 3D FE software.
The element stiffness matrix was created using a
Three-dimensional numerical model developed by three-point Gaussian integration rule for all of the FE
[11], with FLAC3D to investigate the effects of calculations, which were based on six-node triangular
changing the horizontal load's direction during the elements. The soil's failure behavior was defined
cycles. A typical scenario is a 1.7 m diameter and 10 using shear stress parameters. The Mohr–Coulomb
m long pile established in dense homogenous sand. model comprised five main parameters and was
Force managed cycles with a change in lateral load employed to simulate the elasto-plasticity of the soil.
direction have been implemented using a specific Most geotechnical engineers are associated with the
approach. With similar average and cyclic forces, the model, which may be used to conduct simple testing
obtained results are compared with mono-directional on the soil samples.
lateral cyclic loads. The parametric latest results
show the impact of the cyclic loading's average value In this research, the finned pile groups were
and amplitude on the development of pile head simulated using PLAXIS 3D Foundation. At the
horizontal displacements over time. When a bottom, the displacements were intended to be zero
multidirectional cyclic loading is applied, the deviating in both the (x and y directions) and in the (x direction)
horizontal displacements are cumulative, and the on the sides. An interfacial element of the interaction
resulting cumulative horizontal displacements are between the soil and both the pile and finned
higher than when a mono-directional cyclic loading of sections was adopted for all the embedment pile
the same amplitude is applied. depths.
The method of finned piles in groups for improving A preliminary elasto-plastic model was utilized in
uplift capacity of pile foundations subjected to cyclic describing the interfacial behavior before simulating
loads has not been studied in previous literature. As the interaction between the soil and the structure.
a consequence, the goal of this research is to learn (Rinter) the interface strength of 0.65 was taken as
more about the behaviour of finned pile groups in actual interfacial strength between the steel piles and
sand under various cyclic loads. soil. Three pairs of nodes were connected to the soil
interfacial elements. The Newton–Cotes integration
2. Research objective points were used to produce a stiffness matrix for the
interfacial elements. By correlating the strength of the
Since there are different types of tension piles, the soil to an acceptable value for the strength reduction
paper focused on only one of them which is the tube factor at the interface, a model for evaluating the
pile with finned installed at the bottom end of the pile. interaction between the contact surfaces, the
The assembly comprised four evenly spaced fins interface friction angle and adhesion was developed.
welded around the perimeter at the bottom of the pile. The Coulomb criteria was used to distinguish
between elastic interface behavior, which can result
in minor displacements, and plastic interface

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ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2021

behavior, also known as slip. There are three means In this research the elastic modulus of soil was
to obtain modulus of soil: chosen according to empirical correlations based on
previous experience [14.15.16].
laboratory triaxial tests (derived from a soil
tangent modulus calculation) 4. Material properties and modeling
Pile-Load test
The pile and material modes, soil specifications,
Based on previous experience, empirical (optional for the behavior of materials in PLAXIS
correlations are made. program software), interfaces, and stiffness
characteristics are presented in Table (1) for the
verification model.
Table (1): Materials Specifications, considered in the FE models (PLAXIS 3D Foundation)
Specification Pile Loose sand Medium sand Dense sand
Linear Mohr
Material model Mohr Coulomb Mohr Coulomb
elastic Coulomb
γ (kN/m3) 78 16 16.6 18.4
Material
γsat (kN/m3) 78 16 16.6 18.4
properties
Dr (%) - 30 50 80
E (kN/m2) 2.8 E7 4.5E4 7.5E4 10E4
Stiffness
𝜈 (nu) 0.3 0.35 0.35 0.35
C (kN/m2) - 1 1 1
φ (Phi) - 30 36 40
Strength 𝜓=(φ-30o)
(dilation - 0 6 10
angle)
Rigidity
Interface - 0.65 0.65 0.65
(Rinter)
aluminum boxes measuring (50*50*30 mm) were
implanted in the sand to recheck the relative density.
5. Parametric study
The shear parameters of the studied soils were
The parameters were changed to see how they evaluated using drained triaxial sand tests in dense,
affected the finned pile groups' uplift capacity. All the medium, and loose situations. Three distinct relative
details of the numerical models are presented in densities (50,65, and 85 percent), were investigated
Table (2). in this study, yielding corresponding angles of internal
friction from triaxial of (30,36, and 400) respectively.
6. Results of Numerical Analysis The pile was positioned at a predetermined depth
before the sand bed was prepared, and the sand was
6.1. Verification of the Finite Element Model installed to cover the pile length as mentioned above.
For pile installation, this method is known as the
For confirmation validation was done on the quasi-non-displacement technique as stated by
model test results. Where, prior to adopting the test [16. 17]. As presented at Fig. 1.
for the aforementioned parametric study, a
verification test held by [16] were tested and All test series were conducted with a constant pile
validated in comparison with the data results diameter (D) of 20 mm and fin length (Lf) (Lf= 6D=
provided from there experimental prototype finned 120 mm), although fin width (b), embedded length of
single pile test. pile L, and inclination angle (b) varied.
Medium-sized sand was used as the soil of In this research, single finned pile chosen to
maximum dry unit weight of (17.65 kN/m3), minimum validate the experimental model. Same parameters
dry unit weight of (14.65 kN/m3), effective diameter of (same pile type, very close sand type, fin inclination
(0.19 mm), uniformity coefficient of (2.6), percentage angle (900), number of fins (4) and fin-width diameter
of fins of (1.8%) and specific gravity of (2.56). The Ratio (0.5)), as shown previous, was modelled to
sand bed in the soil tank was developed in 100 mm validate the results. The test results for the model
thick layers after the piles were erected. To ensure were verified using the PLAXIS 3D Foundation as a
sand formation uniformity, a predetermined weight of numerical program.
sand was compacted into a certain volume within the The comparison results, in term of pile/settlement
soil bin with an accuracy of (0.001 kN) to achieve the response between this model and [16] model
desired relative density. A straight steel plate was showed good agreement. With considering the
used to level the generated sand. simple difference. Fig. 2 (a and b) shows the results
The sand was compacted with a (40.0 N) hammer of this model, Pile load versus settlement curves,
with a (200mm) diameter. After the experiment, three comparing with [16] results.

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ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2021

Table 2: Studied series in numerical analysis under cyclic load

Series Constant parameters Variable parameters Load

Dr = 30%
Length per diameter ratio
Dp = 2.5 cm
Wf = 0.5 Dp, Lf = 2Dp (L/d) = 10, 20 and 26
1
No. of piles = 4
Spacing = 4Dp
Dr = 30%
Spacing = 3Dp, 4Dp and
(L/d = 10) for pile
2 Wf = 0.5 Dp, Lf = 2Dp 5Dp
No. of piles = 4 Cyclic Tension
Dr = 30%
No. of piles = 4, 5 and 6
(L/d = 10) for pile
3 Wf = 0.5 Dp, Lf = 2Dp piles
Spacing = 4Dp
Dp = 2.5 cm
Relative Density (Dr) =
(L/d = 10) for pile
Wf = 0.5 Dp, Lf = 2Dp 30%, 50% and 80%
4
No. of piles = 4
Spacing = 4Dp
Dr = 30%
Length per diameter ratio
Dp = 2.5 cm
Wf = 0.5 Dp, Lf = 2Dp (L/d) = 10, 20 and 26
5
No. of piles = 4
Spacing = 4Dp
Dr = 30%
Spacing = 3Dp, 4Dp and
(L/d = 10) for pile
6 Wf = 0.5 Dp, Lf = 2Dp 5Dp
Cyclic
No. of piles = 4
Compression
Dr = 30%
No. of piles = 4, 5 and 6
(L/d = 10) for pile
7 Wf = 0.5 Dp, Lf = 2Dp piles
Spacing = 4Dp
Dp = 2.5 cm
Relative Density (Dr) =
(L/d = 10) for pile
Wf = 0.5 Dp, Lf = 2Dp 30%, 50% and 80%
8
No. of piles = 4
Spacing = 4Dp
Where (Dr) relative density of sand, (Lp) length of the pile, (Dp) diameter of pile, (Wf) fin
width, (Lf) length of the fin and (L/ d) length per diameter ratio
It is clear that the finite element results follow the
trend of the experimental data, resulting in moral
agreement. Therefore, in the view of the fact that the
adopted Plaxis 3d version is reliable for predicting the
behavior of finned group piles under tension loads. It
was decided to adopt this package for the analyses
proposed in this manuscript.

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ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2021

Also, it is evident that the displacement of the

Fig. ‎1: Test Tank and Finned Pile. [16]. finned pile group decreases with an increase inter-
pile spacing; the pullout capacity decreases from
about 0.026 to 0.041 mm with increasing inter-pile
Load (KN) spacing from 3 to 4 while it decreases from 0.041 to
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.065 mm when the spacing increases from 4 to 5.
0
From Figs. 3 and 4, the spacing between finned
1
piles has a small effect under tension cyclic load.
Settlement (mm)

6.2.2. Effect of Piles Number

2
β = 90 To investigate the influence of piles number on
3 b/D = 0.5 the finned pile groups under cyclic tension load, the
No. of time and acceleration are shown in Fig. 5. Also, the
4 fins = 4 relation between Max. displacement and spacing
L/D = 30 between finned piles are shown in Fig. 6. In all the
5 tests in this series, the relative density (Dr), pile
length (Lp), diameter of the pile (Dp), width of the fin
A: experimental model test results (Wf), length of the fin (Lf), length per diameter (L/d)
ratio, and the spacing between piles were kept
constant.
Also, it is evident that the displacement of the
finned pile group decreases with an increase piles
number; the pullout capacity decreases from about
0.109 to 0.052 mm with increasing piles number from
4 to 5 while it decreases from 0.052to 0.042 mm
when the number increases from 5 to 6.
From Figs. 5 and 6, increasing the piles number
affected on resistance under tension cyclic load
significantly.
6.2.3. Effect of Length per diameter ratio

To investigate the influence of length per diameter

ratio on the finned pile groups under cyclic tension
b: finite element analysis load, the time and acceleration are shown in Fig. 7.
Also, the relation between Max. displacement and
Fig. 2: A comparison between load-settlement curves from length per diameter ratio are shown in Fig. 8. In all
the tests in this series, the relative density (Dr), pile
experimental models after, [16] and Pile load versus settlement
length (Lp), diameter of the pile (Dp), width of the fin
curve for single finned pile model in PLAXIS 3D.
(Wf), length of the fin (Lf), piles number, and the
spacing between piles were kept constant.
6.2. Cyclic Tension Load
Also, it is evident that the displacement of the
6.2.1. Effect of Spacing between Piles finned pile group decreases with an increase piles
number; the pullout capacity decreases from about
To investigate the influence of different inter-pile 0.109 to 0.01 mm with increasing piles number from
spacing’s on the finned pile groups under cyclic 10 to 20 while it decreases from 0.01 to 0.008 mm
tension load, the time and acceleration are shown in when the number increases from 20 to 26.
Fig. 3. Also, the relation between Max. displacement
and spacing between finned piles are shown in Fig.
4. In all the tests in this series, the relative density
(Dr), pile length (Lp), diameter of the pile (Dp), width
of the fin (Wf), length of the fin (Lf), length per
diameter (L/d) ratio, and the number of piles were
kept constant.

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Time (Sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
150

acceleration (mm/s²)
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
sp=3d sp=4d sp=5d

Fig. 3: Time – acceleration curve for different spacing between piles.

Pile Spacing (s/d)

2 3 4 5 6
MAX. Displacement

0
0.01
0.02
(mm)

0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07

Fig. 4: Max. displacement curve for different spacing between piles.

Time (Sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
200
acceleration (mm/s²)

150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
4pile 5pile 6pile

Fig. 5: Time – acceleration curve for different piles number.

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NO. of piles
3 4 5 6 7
0

MAX. Displacement
0.02

(mm) 0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Fig. 6: Max. displacement curve for different piles number.

From Figs. 7 and 8, increasing the length per Also, it is evident that the displacement of the
diameter ratio affected on resistance under tension finned pile group decreases with an
cyclic load greatly from (L/d=10) to (L/d=20), but it
From Figs. 11 and 12, the spacing between finned
has a little effect when it increases more than that
piles has a small effect under compression cyclic
value.
load.
6.2.4. Effect of Relative Density
6.3.2. Effect of Piles Number
To investigate the influence of relative density on
the finned pile groups under cyclic tension load, the To investigate the influence of piles number
time and acceleration are shown in Fig. 9. Also, the on the finned pile groups under cyclic compression
relation between Max. displacement and relative load, the time and acceleration are shown in Fig. 13.
density are shown in Fig. 10. In all the tests in this Also, the relation between Max. displacement and
series pile length (Lp), diameter of the pile (Dp), width spacing between finned piles are shown in Fig. 14. In
of the fin (Wf), length of the fin (Lf), length per all the tests in this series, the relative density (Dr),
diameter ratio (L/d), piles number, and the spacing pile length (Lp), diameter of the pile (Dp), width of the
between piles were kept constant. fin (Wf), length of the fin (Lf), length per diameter
(L/d) ratio, and the spacing between piles were kept
Also, it is evident that the displacement of the constant.
finned pile group decreases with an increase piles
number; the pullout capacity decreases from about Also, it is evident that the displacement of the
0.109 to 0.065 mm with increasing piles number from finned pile group decreases with an increase piles
30 to 50 while it decreases from 0.065 to 0.04 mm number; the pullout capacity decreases from about
when the number increases from 50 to 80. 0.114 to 0.0534 mm with increasing piles number
from 4 to 5 while it decreases from 0.0534 to 0.0435
From Figs. 9 and 10, increasing the relative mm when the number increases from 5 to 6.
density affected on resistance under tension cyclic
load significantly. From Figs. 13 and 14, increasing the piles number
affected on resistance under compression cyclic load
6.3. Cyclic Compression Load significantly.
6.3.1. Effect of Spacing between Piles 6.3.3. Effect of Length per diameter ratio

To investigate the influence of different inter-pile To investigate the influence of length per diameter
spacing’s on the finned pile groups under cyclic ratio on the finned pile groups under cyclic
compression load, the time and acceleration are compression load, the time and acceleration are
shown in Fig. 11. Also, the relation between Max. shown in Fig. 15. Also, the relation between Max.
displacement and spacing between finned piles are displacement and length per diameter ratio are
shown in Fig. 12. In all the tests in this series, the shown in Fig. 16. In all the tests in this series, the
relative density (Dr), pile length (Lp), diameter of the relative density (Dr), pile length (Lp), diameter of the
pile (Dp), width of the fin (Wf), length of the fin (Lf), pile (Dp), width of the fin (Wf), length of the fin (Lf),
length per diameter (L/d) ratio, and the number of piles number, and the spacing between piles were
piles were kept constant. increase inter-pile spacing; kept constant.
the pullout capacity decreases from about 0.027 to Also, it is evident that the displacement of the
0.043 mm with increasing inter-pile spacing from 3 to finned pile group decreases with an increase piles
4 while it decreases from 0.043 to 0.066 mm when number; the pullout capacity decreases from about
the spacing increases from 4 to 5.

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0.115 to 0.0072 mm with increasing piles number 0.0041 mm when the number increases from 20 to
from 10 to 20 while it decreases from 0.0072 to 26.

Time (Sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
150
acceleration (mm/s²)

100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
L/d=10 L/d=20 L/d=26

Fig. 7: Time – acceleration curve for different length per diameter ratio.

L/d ratio
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
MAX. Displacement

0
0.02
(mm)

0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12

Fig. 8: Max. displacement curve for different length per diameter ratio.

Time (Sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
150
acceleration (mm/s²)

100
50
0
-50
-100
-150

dr=30% dr=50% dr=80%

Fig. 9: Time – acceleration curve for different relative densities.

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Relative Density (dr %)

Displacement (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
0.02
MAX. 0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12

Fig. 10: Max. displacement curve for different relative densities.

From Figs. 15 and 16, increasing the length per  Increasing the piles number affected on
diameter ratio affected on resistance under resistance under tension cyclic load significantly.
compression cyclic load greatly from (L/d=10) to
(L/d=20), but it has a little effect when it increases  Increasing the length per diameter ratio has a
more than that value. significant effect on resistance under tension cyclic
load incredibly from (L/d=10) to (L/d=20), but it has a
6.3.4. Effect of Relative Density little effect when it increases more than that value.
 Increasing the relative density affected on
To investigate the influence of relative density on resistance under tension cyclic load significantly.
the finned pile groups under cyclic compression load,
the time and acceleration are shown in Fig. 17. Also,  The spacing between finned piles has a
the relation between Max. displacement and relative small effect under compression cyclic load.
density are shown in Fig. 18. In all the tests in this
 Increasing the piles number affected on
series pile length (Lp), diameter of the pile (Dp), width
resistance under compression cyclic load
of the fin (Wf), length of the fin (Lf), length per
significantly.
diameter ratio (L/d), piles number, and the spacing
 Increasing the length per diameter ratio
between piles were kept constant.
affected on resistance under compression cyclic load
Also, it is evident that the displacement of the greatly from (L/d=10) to (L/d=20), but it has a little
finned pile group decreases with an increase piles effect when it increases more than that value.
number; the pullout capacity decreases from about  increasing the relative density affected on
0.114 to 0.059 mm with increasing piles number from resistance under compression cyclic load incredibly.
30 to 50 while it decreases from 0.059 to 0.045 mm
when the number increases from 50 to 80.
From Figs. 17 and 18, increasing the relative Acknowledgment
density affected on resistance under compression This study is based on a Ph.D. thesis being
cyclic load significantly. prepared by a fourth author, under the supervision of
the authors.
7. Conclusion
This research focused on determining the effect of References
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tension and compression load were implemented 1 Hededal, O., & Klinkvort, R. T. A New
numerically with the commercial finite element Elasto-Plastic Spring Element for Cyclic
package, PLAXIS3D to analyze the impact of the Loading of Piles Using the P-Y Curve Concept.
cyclic loading on the finned pile group. All models In Numerical Methods in Geotechnical
were performed under cyclic load with different Engineering: NUMGE 2010 (1 ed., Vol. 1, pp.
parameters. 883-888). Trondheim: Taylor and Francis
Based on both analyses in investigating the pile's Group. (2010).
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made: 2 Alain Le Kouby, Julio Rakotonindriana, Luc
Thorel. Load Distribution Along a Pile - Case of
 The spacing between finned piles has a Cyclic Axial Loading. EUROFUGE 2016, 3rd
small effect under tension cyclic load. European conference on Physical Modelling in
Geotechnics, Jun, NANTES, France. pp.257-

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Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2021

262. hal-01358234. (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020235, (2021).

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Responses Under Axial Cyclic Loadings. Engineering), Faculty of Engineering - Tanta
Computers and Geotechnics, 112, 120-134. University, (2016),
(2019).
15 Ghaly A. et al, Model Investigation of the
6 Costa D’Aguiar, S., Modaressi, A., Alberto Performance of Single Anchors and Groups of
dos Santos, J., & Lopez-Caballero, F. Piles Anchors, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.
Under Cyclic Axial Loading: Study of The 31, No. 2, pp. 273-284, (1994).
Friction Fatigue and Its Importance in Pile
Behavior. Canadian geotechnical journal, 16 W. Azzam and A. Elwakil, Model Study on
48(10), 1537-1550. (2011). the Performance of Single-Finned Pile in Sand
under Tension Loads, paper is part of the
7 Lu, Y., Liu, H., Zheng, C., & Ding, X. International Journal of Geomechanics,
Experimental Study on the Behavior of X- ©ASCE, ISSN 1532-3641, (2016).
Section Pile Subjected to Cyclic Axial Load in
Sand. Shock and Vibration, (2017). 17 Fioravante, et al., On the effects of
Residual Tangent Stresses in Centrifuge Pile
8 Zhang, B. J., Huang, B., Mei, C., Fu, X. D., Tests, Proc.,6thInt. Conf. on Physical
Luo, G., & Yang, Z. J. Dynamic Behaviors of a Modelling in Geotechnics, Taylor & Francis,
Single Soft Rock-Socketed Shaft Subjected to Leiden, the Netherlands, 827–833, (2006).
Axial Cyclic Loading. Advances in Materials
Science and Engineering, (2016). 18 K. Gaaver, Alexandria Engineering Journal,
Uplift Capacity of Single Piles and Pile Groups
9 Li Zheming, Bolton Malcolm D., and Haigh Embedded in Cohesionless soil, Volume 52,
Stuart K. Cyclic Axial Behavior of Piles and Issue 3, Pages 365-372, (2013).
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https://doi.org/10.1139/t2012-070. (2012).

10 Muhammed, R. D., Canou, J., Dupla, J. C.,

& Tabbagh, A. Evaluation of Local Soil-Pile
Friction in Saturated Clays Under Cyclic
Loading. Soils and Foundations, 58(6), 1299-
1312. (2018).

11 Jenck, O.; Obaei, A.; Emeriault, F.; Dano,

C. Effect of Horizontal Multidirectional Cyclic
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Analysis. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 235.

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS)
ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2021

Time (Sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
150

acceleration (mm/s²)
100

50

-50

-100

-150
sp=3d sp=4d sp=5d

Fig. 11: Time – acceleration curve for different spacing between piles.

Pile Spacing (s/d)

2 3 4 5 6
MAX. Displacement

0.02
(mm)

0.04

0.06

0.08

Fig. 12: Max. displacement curve for different spacing between piles.

Time (Sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
200
acceleration (mm/s²)

100

-100

-200
4pile 5pile 6pile

Fig. 13: Time – acceleration curve for different piles number.

NO. of piles
3 4 5 6 7
0
MAX. Displacement

0.02
0.04
(mm)

0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12

Fig. 14: Max. displacement curve for different piles number.

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JMESSP13420804 4120
 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS)
ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2021

Time (Sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
150

acceleration (mm/s²)
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
L/d=10 L/d=20 L/d=26

Fig. 15: Time – acceleration curve for different length per diameter ratio.

L/d ratio
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
MAX. Displacement

0
0.02
0.04
(mm)

0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12

Fig. 16: Max. displacement curve for different length per diameter ratio.

Time (Sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
150
acceleration (mm/s²)

100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
dr 30 dr 50 dr 80

Fig. 17: Time – acceleration curve for different relative densities.

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS)
ISSN: 2458-925X
Vol. 7 Issue 11, November - 2021

Relative Density (dr %)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0

MAX. Displacement
0.02
0.04

(mm)
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12

Fig. 18: Max. displacement curve for different relative densities.

Symbols:

Dp Diameter of the pile; Lp Length of the pile;

Dr Relative density of soil; Eb Modulus of Elasticity of
material
G Specific gravity for the soil; C Cohesion of soil;
L/d Length/diameter ratio; D10 Particle size at 10% finer.;
Lf Fin length; D30 Particle size at 30% finer.;
SW well-graded sand D60 Particle size at 60% finer.;
Cu Uniformity Coefficient; Cc Coefficient of curvature;
KST relative stiffness of the soil-foundation Es Modulus of Elasticity of soil
system
R2 Coefficient of determination; Greek letter
Rinter Rigidity; γ Unit weight of soil;
S/D Spacing/Diameter ratio; φ̊ Angle of internal friction;
Wf Fin widths; 𝜓 Dilation angle;
Abbreviations
FEM Finite element modeling; USCS Unified Soil Classification
System.

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