Building Planning and Drawing Ich. e factors or principles which govern the theory of planning are explained in 34 hi tail as shown below: (7) Circulation (1) Aspect (2) Prospect (8) Sanitation ; (3) Privacy (9) Flexibility (4) Furniture requirement (10) Elegance (5) Roominess . (11). Economy (6) Grouping \ (12)' Practical considerations. g-1. ASPECT: iced The arrangement of doors and windows in external walls of a building will allow the, occupants, to-receivenagd, gnjoy nature's gifts as sunshine, breeze and scenic + shusuty of landscape and at the ame time protecting the inmates from their ill effects. The manner_of arrangement of rooms or peculiarity of arrangement of the { uildin, ‘aw _maxin doors and windows in the external_walls-of the | g to draw maximum advantage from sun and wind is termed as aspect. A room which receives fight and air from a particular direction is said to have aspect of that direction. A building must be designed to suit the site with all its varying aspects. Aspects not only provide comfort, but are a requisite from the hygienic point of view as well. Each room of a residential ‘building should have a particular aspect because certain rooms need morning sun and other rooms need less light. Aspect is a very important consideration in the planning of a building. It influences the appearance of a building. Aspects of different rooms of a residential building are as shown below: Room | Recommended aspect Influencing factor Bed NW-W-SW To receive plentiful of breeze in summer. Kitchen | E and rarely NE To receive morning sun which is germicidal. It purifies the air. It should be well illuminated and cool in afternoon. Dining | SE-S-SW Proximity of kitchen. It should be cool. Drawing) SE-S-SW-W _ Adequate natural lighting during winter and 2tvIe obviate the sun during summer. ight from north’ being diffused and evenly distributed and cool. y2Facy, $ Store NW-N-NE Dark and cool. ziey eRe Reading] N-NW Ut) S SINGS eae! 8-2, PROSPEC re It is to enrich the outside view i.e., elevatian or end-view created by prominently exposing the better constructed and better looking portions and at the same time concealing from the view any undesirable ones. Prospect must not only make outer appearance attractive, but also maintain qualities such as comfort, cheerfulness, security, labour-saving and up-to-dateness. It must also prove a good investment. _ The outside appearance can be improved by attractive planning, providing bay windows and utilization of good landscape or seascape. A few plans and elevations are shown in fig. 8-1 to fig. 8-3.Art. 8-2) Principles of Planning of Buildings - Rectangular dull plan Plan rendered attractive by removing rectangles Removéd ry : Rectangular plan rendered attractive Py adding triangles and removing ouble tringle by removing triangles and squanea Fic. 8-1 . —==—_ [= Ordinary window Bay window oe ce Bay , an \ Fic. 8-2 indowsBuilding Planning and Drawing {ch. 8 Added Dull elevation Attractive elevation Fic. 8-3 8-3. PRIVACY: Privacy_is_the screenin provided for the individuals from _the others. It is different irom seclusion. It is one of the important principle in the planning of buildings of all types in general and residential buildings in particular. If they lack in respect of privacy, it is a deplorable fault which cannot be compensated even by a host of other merits. Privacy can be a privacy of sight as needed in bath rooms, water closets and urinals ele. or privacy of sound as needed in confidential discussions and in study room, or both privacy of sight and sound as required in a bed room. t ‘Areaof privacy Area of privacy Central doar - less privacy Comer door with better mode of hanging shutters - maximum privacy Disposition of doors and mode of hanging shutter Fic. 8-4 Privacy is broadly classified as: (1) Internal privacy (2) External privacy. (1) Internal privacy: Internal privacy is the privacy within the buildin » easily achieved by ge It cana7 Atte may Meinelptos of Panning of Hulldings (0 Proper grouptn, @) Careful ph (il) Better dis, Of rooms as bed ANnlog Of entrance and PSION of ¢ ) dressing and toilet, kitchen and dining. I circulation space. sir hangings. loors and windows and mode of their hanging Locate the doors atone corner rather at the middle, ‘The desirable and Undesirable Ways of Asposing and hanging shutters are illustrated in fig. = Doors with single shutter offer more privacy only when they are kept closed ROOrS with two shutters. otter leaving better privacy as one shutter can be closed the other open, Internal privae planning of cir a ‘areful Fat oe obtalned by proper grouping of rooms and ca culation space, _ ote ae aT ‘Voilet bd -————————,, cy Bed room 1 pe Bed room 1 a Toilet D D Ff + Bed room 2 Bed room 2 Toilet D Bed room 1 P D : ee Ss Toilet 1 D Bed room 1 = o Lobby D s Toilet 2 D ry Ee, 4 D G D, Bed room 2 Bed room 2 il ) FIG. 8-5 ibule (see fig. 8-5). ssage or vest e Id not be used as a pa A Bea room shou!{cho aitaing Mlawitojg aint! Beaty Internal or external partitions, sermans, curtain walls, chvart walls, ground glass window provide privacy (See figs 8-6), Curtain Avall is the outer wall above: lintel and below root of a verandah, Dwart wall is similar to parapet but is provided above floor of yerandah oF passages. Louvers for shutters, ventilators, fanlights and. venetians provide ventilation and privacy, Tternal partition External partition Doors opening into the room Fic, 8-6 offer better privacy than those opening outside, Additional internal. privacy may be achieved by: @ Providing a buffer area between the other rooms and Bed rooms. Verandah Dining room Drawing room, SS Be edlpoom | Bed room Toilet ~ Fic. 8-7 Dining room and Kitchen room also require privacy, They are separated from oe ya buffer area which can be cordoned off in case of necessity. Nertical segregation of the rooms i.e, by providing Drawing, Dining, Kitchen in ground floor and Bed and Toilet rooms in the first floor39 Art. 6-5) Prinetples of Planning of Buildings (2) External privacy: Privacy of the whole building with reference to the surrounding builditgs and roads, External privacy can be achieved by: (Having a compound wall to a height of 1.35 m to 1.5 m. Gi) Planting trees along the compound walls which acts as sound barriers and sight barriers as well. ') Providing ground glass windows and ventilators. Venetians have the advantage of offering privacy as well as air circulation. Ground glass venetians offer light as well. (©) Providing screen walls, curtain walls and dwarf wall on verandah, (v) Planting creepers along the boundary fencing or growing shrubs. 8-4. FURNITURE REQUIREMENT; in a particular building. The room sizes for 4 pleted on the basis of permanent furniture to be used in that room as the furniture dimensions one standardized. 18 @ particular activity is known through mensions of furniture to be used in that room is also known. Hence, arranging furniture in that particular soon keeping clearance for circulation, dimensions of furniture can be finalized. Ho inalized. Hence, while planning a building, furniture arrangement must be shown to justify the size of a room. ber of users and on its fur equipment. z 8-5. ROOMINESS: \tis_the_general_feeling created after_a.room is well-furnished with all_the Permanent furniture (as the beds insid le @ bed room) as a spacious and well-planned. ensions should be such that the maximi limensions can be made. It means the ac at the same time avoiding cramping of the pl Some rooms may create the im some others may create. a tunnel minimun possible jum use of a room having of space, iccomplishment of economy lan, pression of being crammed with furniture, like feeling as we enter. A square room has no advantage and a rectan, gives a better outlook. A simple illustration can b with a rectangular room (see fig. 8-8). whereas gular room of the same floor area e given of comparing square room A breadth-to-length ratio of 1:1.2 to 1:1.5 is desirable, Wh 2 times its breadth, it creates a tunnel-like effect inside a long tunnel. en the length exceeds .@., a feeling as when one is Similarly height also plays an important role. A height will give very bad impression, and a small room produce an, cavernous effect, Hence,.ro Bre ep en vilay what cova tines The utility of space in to accommodate furniture, large room with less ceiling with large ceiling height will om should have all proportional dimensions. a room cart’be increased by providing built in cupboards especially furniture of an easy-folding nature and lofts.Halling, Manning and Drawn wv 1h, y Vhe space under the landing of states ean be used: for floraga, 00 Jot wn consider aque roam 3000 mim « 3600. mn ‘Arow of thls room 12,06 2 WNW hize om, en Chute 150. mo 450 nn A901) Porgy able 1200 mn x 1200 my Col 900 mm x 1800 mm ‘chile weds 480 m0 ea fray 1500 a Un Ahte square, cot enn bs place onty | * tne reton pespenea the 274) yy $$ a length, hls room Ls not ge COnOMIca, 600 {et us conser rectangular room with size 3000 mm x 3600 mm ‘Area of this room = 10,8 m2 3000 2100 Difference in aren between square room And rectangular = 12.96 ~10,8 = 2,16 m? Aout Rs, 30,000/- is saved, but no space gnined as such 4000 Let us consider another: rectangular oom with size 4000 mm x 2700 mm Area of this fom is the same as the Previous rectangular one, But, here the cot can be placed in any direction perpen- cular oF parallel to the table, ‘Thus toom is more economical, 2700 Fic. 8-8 Partitions or screens, and breadth (like the By providing collapsible with improportionate length the appearance of a long room is likely to have mor drawing-cum-dining room, which © length compared to breadth) canbe improved. Position of doors, circulation space, cupboards, lofts and their relative levels control the roominess, Light colours’ cr room look smaller, of the 5 cate the effect of more space, whereas dark colours make a Hence, a combination of light and dark colour for different ee ame room will apparently reduce the effect of less weh and more length.at Atl 67) Principles of Panning of Hulldings %6, GROUPING: Grouping isthe other Ut privacy, I of each planning of two or more related rooms. in proximnty Sitter MMinimises the clreulation and at the same time improves. and conventence of the Inmates of the house. Grouping varles according to the type of a building. All public buildings: should be designed’ t UkIng Into consideration the movement of persons from one unit to Another without causing disturbance to the other units. The shape of a bullding depends upon grouping of various individual units. The following points are to be considered while planning residential buildings: (1) Verandah adjacent to the drawing room ha visitors are more in number they can be The furniture from the drawing room should b length, Strangers can be rece! The dining room close to th the desirable state he. hot or are kept off from other rooms, (3) The bed room, toilet and dres: privacy, () The bath room and water closet should be neare the length of the water supply pipe. Besides, these two roorne on and storage vessels, when the supply is intermittent water blended with the body wastes whose di hygienic manner, They are to be provide in size and of single shutter, The lower half : {spillage of water which causes severe damage to the shutter, Wooden shutters are decayed and steel shutters are corroded due to alternate wetting and drying. Both water-closet and bathroom should be provided with a ventilator height of 1.8 m above the floor level to an outer wall. of inmates is less than 5, it is desirable to its have a bath-cum-wi the number exceeds 5, it is better to have two Separate units provided side by side, (5) Kitchen should be nearer to the backyard and the doors and windows are so located that the housewife can have a free unobstructed sight of the children playing in the open space or in the drawing room, (6) Mf more than one bedroom is provided, they should have an easy access to the drawing and dining-rooms. (7) Staircase should be centrally located and easily accessible from all the rooms. (8) The water-closet should be away from dining-room and this is mainly to Bet privacy of sound and the psychological feeling of being away from the insanitary place. 8-7, CIRCULATION: Circulation is the access into or out of a room. inside a building and the area earmarked for it. It is comfortable communication from one room to Its own advantage. When the ‘ommodated on the verandah. disturbed through the minimum ed on the verandah itself. ki @) en permits an casy serving of dishes in Id. Further the odours and smoke of kitchen » bed and drawing rooms in particular. sing room may be grouped together for better T to each other, This saves quire water They also collect waste sposal is to be done in an d with doors of 650 mm to 750 mm of the shutter is to be protected against ata When the number ater-closet, but when It is the internal movement the space used for getting another or from one floor to another, The position of doors dictates the area of circulation which in turn controls privacy, comfort and convenience.~ juilding Planning and Drawing a ‘l : te, Circulation Inside a house should be simple, ae and short, a The sequential operations like the Fa ae rom kitchen to dining a tollet control the provisions for circulation. a Clrculation area should be stralght, short, bright, lighted both day ang fies woll ventilated, Chrculation should nel uuillly space. Creuttto in a building Is of two types: (1) Horlzontal circulation (2) Vertical circulation. When the elrculation Is within the same floor, it is called horizontal and when It Is between different floors it is called vertical circulation, circulation: Besides the area before and after doors, cece Gy fullding ts facilitated by verandahs, corridors, halls and tel Passages should never be narrow, dark, zigzag or winding. They should be jg from obstructions. Window-shutters should never flung open into the passages particularly when people are in motion. No stationary object is to be situated on a corridor or verandah. Area of the horizontal circulation may constitute about 20% to 25% of the total plan area of a residential building. ke, sitculation area _ 1 yg 1, ser Utility area 5 4 It may be more for public buildings. where a room can be divided into two spaces, one a useful space and the other circulation space as shown in fig. 6-9, (2) Vertical circulation: It is the movement from one floor to another in a multi-storeyed building. It is possible because of stairs, ramps (sloping slabs), elevators (lifts) and escalators (mobile stairs). Stairs are quite common in small residential buildings. Lifts are a must when () Number of storeys are more than three. i) Number of users are many as in a public building. (iii) Old people, children and sick people frequently move in and out as in the case of a hospital. ang hher affect the privacy of @ fom nor intertere wig thy Circulation Lift is to be provided nearer to the stairs. Stairs are to be provided with smooth hand-rail for easy ascent and descent: ___ Stairs are to be well ventilated both day and night, They should have a free and independent access from all rooms. _ Ramps are common for the movement of heavy objects like cars going to uPP* floors in a multi-storeyed building. Escalators have the virtues of b compared to lifts. r as oth stairs and lifts, but they are a little slowArt. 8-8-1] 43 Principles of Planning of Buildings Plan area earmarked for Vertical circulation is about 8% to 10% of the total area, D Utility area © | Circulatory area Ideal case D D Utility area is divided Length of circulation increased | D Circulatory area not clearly defined s| Utility space restricted ‘Worst planning. Circulation diagram Fic. 8-9 8-8. SANITATION: It is the provision and upkeep of the various components of a house ‘to keep the inmates cheerful and free from disease. The factors influencing sanitation are (Lighting (ID. Ventilation (IID) Cleanliness. 8-8-1. LIGHTING: It can be natural light as that obtained from the sun during the day or artificial one as that from a filamentous bulb or fluorescent light. Fluorescent light produces more illumination per unit of power consumed and hence is cooler and produces a softer shadow.ing and Drawing puting Prannins adn | “4 val in day to day activities en, jtumination Is essential in day Y ties to execute a Adequate Tam nd etictently the tag safely, comfortaPly * rr eident prevention, comfortable watchin ‘ B an ity is a must ti Good visibility I$ Fre, avert contusions am 2 ct a reduce fatigu present true eofour end for cles “atlng Secu decoration, 10 Day lighting: light ig the source of / ow i ht is preferred to artificial illumination. Day 8) Jeasant and has vitamin D. It is the best tonic for Tickets, Morning sun is ic bacteria and keep the vi B ill pathogenic bacteria p the vision clear, rays even i eee. ill patreettation controls tuberculosis N stimulates Wl : The intensity of illumination depends on Latitude — Maximum on juces with increase in latitude (towards y or le — increases F Su tural light equator and redi with solar altitude (0° at sunrise or sunset and 99° ay Noon) when clear, least when cloudy a summer and less bright in winter solar altitud Sky factor — Maximum season — Very bright i Orientation of windows Also on — sion factor (inversely proportional to shielding of light because of tall Transmis: f Doors, Windows and Ventilators) trees, dark coloured glasses 0} Reflection factor of walls, ceiling and flooring — White colour offers 100% reflection and block colour 0% reflection. : Day light factor = Incidental light + Reflected light, 1% Day light factor = 80 Lux, Focussed or concentrated light may be required for some jobs like reading and writing, whereas the light spread uniformly is needed for various other avocations Diffused light is preferred to direct light. Light from more than one source is preferred to that from a single source. ‘i Uniform lighting may not reveal good contrast. Hence, predominant light in one rection and less intense light in other direction or directions will present better contrast Twinkling or glistering light can be appreciated, but not glare and dazzling ligt al lare harms the eye and may cause fatigue. One cannot see the details in glare. All. th ‘i a e rooms of a residential house except store room need @ reasonable amount of illumination both day and night. Stairs or f ia eae that matter any other flight of steps must be well-illuminat ight to avoid confusion and accidents. Drawing roo : amount of light ee kitchen should in the dressing ros mirror to have a ed both ys eet as . less be very well-illuminated A relatively eh Hun |. d ae parent in dining room, bed room and toilet. How ar Bh focusing arrangement should be Prot Jed adore A vealing the i standard candle emits 4m lum 8 true details. ens. 1 re lux = 1 lumen/m2,Art. 0-0-2] Pelnelples of Planning of Buildings s needed: In a residence the following minimum illumination is neede Kitchen 200. Lux Drawing Room 100 Lux Bed Room 50. Lux Study Room 150. Lux Corridor, Stair, Dining 50. Lux For casual seeing 100 Lux Office work 400. Lux Very fine jobs 900 Lux Extremely fine job as in an Operation theatre 2000 Lux Schools ~ Class rooms 200 Lux Laboratories 300 Lux Auditorium 50 Lux Show rooms 300 Lux Shops 200 - Lux Airports 300 Lux Workshops 200 Lux 8-8-2. VENTILATIO: Ventilation is the replacement of stale, warm and odourous air within the room by fresh, cool and odour-free air. An. air change is said to have taken place when the air of the room (equal to, valume of r 2 Yalume of room) is completely replaced by fresh air. ‘AWVaMs,, Man inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide and water vapour. Further heat is y of the room rises because of breathing and ). This causes discomfort, absence of wind currents} dizziness and uneasiness resulting in unpleasant conditions which dampen the spirit a sweating (in the ind may even transmit diseases, Through ventilation Cross vent ion Fic, 8-10 Hf air is in perfect circulation (at a velocity of not greater than 0.5 m/s), it soothes the skin, cools the body,, exhilarates the nervous system, dilutes the odours and causes comfort to the inmates of: the room.46 Building Planning and Drawing Ventilation is air changes that 1%, () supplies fresh cool air rich in oxygen, (ii) drives out CO and odourous gases, (ii) reduces humidity, (iv) expels smoke and other gases of combustion and () preserves heat balance of human body. Extent of ventilation required depends on (1) Climate: Chill cold climate does not require any air exchang Windows are kept closed during chill winter nights. anges. 44 In very hot climate outside hot air (greater than 37°C, the human body 4 of the day is never welcome to get into the room. Hence, windows are meray during the daytime in summer. CPt cle ence re) Seq Dry hot climate requires air exchanges only at night (when out door te is less than human body temperature). MPerature Warm humid climate requires frequent air exchanges. (2) Purpose of the room: Residential house: Residential odourous rooms as Toilet require a minim 6 air changes per hour. uM of Kitchen which gives out steam, fumes, heat and odour requires a mini of 6 air changes per hour when designed for 5 or less number of users,” All other habitable rooms including bedroom and drawing room need a minimy of 3 air changes per hour. ay Public Buildings: Less than 1 air change per hour is no ventilation at all, In a place where neither heat nor any offensive odours are given out as a small cass room or a small office room a minimum of 5 air changes per hour. is required A kitchen of a restaurant needs a minimum of 12 air changes per hour. The ward of a hospital requires more than 12 air changes per hour. It is a maximum of 60 air changes per hour in case of places which produce odourous gases or excessive quantities of heat. More than 60 air changes per hour need high velocities of wind (greater than 1.5 m') which causes discomfort to the occupants of the room and hence is undesirable. (3) Number of occupants and the nature of occupancy: More is the number of occupants of the room, more -ventilation is required. Place Characteristics of occupancy Ventilation air m3/h/person Cinema theatre | Still watching with no activity 8.5 Office Little physical action Av Restaurant Hot and odourous products eS Bar Quite odourous products o Gymnasium Body strained, Heat, |_sweat and body odours exuded es47 Art. 8-8-2) Principles of Planning of Buildings TYPES OF VENTILATION: (1) Natural ventilation (2) Mechanical ventilation. a (Natural ventilation: It is the controlling of the movement of air within room by providing Openings as windows, ventilators and louvers, in the walls. A Single window (irrespective of its size) in a wall rarely serves the purpose of Nentilation unless the door of the room is also kept open. Width of window: in But when the total width Beneral more is the window area more is the ventilation, any further increase of windows exceeds 66.67% of the total length of the wall has little influence on ventilation. AVindow area should be a minimum of 10% of floor area for any habitable room while 15% to 20% is preferred for Bed and Drawing rooms. A value greater than 25% does not increase ventilation much. A minimum sill level of 0.9 m Xentilation. Window top level at more thaws m except where the headroom is more than 3.5 me Number of windows: A y windows on the same wall. is preferred for privacy as well as effective ay not serve any useful purpose Pposite walls serve effective ventilation and windows is the next preference. ening) is provided just below the roof slab of walls to expel hot air accumulated. Operating forces in natural ventilation: @ Wind effect: Wind flows from a hi gher presSure to a lower pressure. It ard face and suction on the leeward face. Fic. 8-11 Narrow window oj penings on the windward side and broader ones on the leeward side caus good air flows into the room and keeps it cool. Change of direction reduces the velocity of flow of air. Ui) Stack effect: Fresh air shall be cool and heavy. As it becomes stale it gets warmed and becomes lighter. Hence, it is collected over cool ait. Thus, coolest air shall be the densest and collected at the bottom while warm and light air. shall be. collected at, the top.48 | Ich If we provide an outlet (an opening, louver or ventilator) at a high : i.e., just below the roof level, the warm air flows out sucking in fe lv air at the floor level. This is known as stack effect which works bool sh difference in temperature between inside and outside the room, "5" of Building Planning and Drawing Fic. 8-12 Stack effect increases with (a) difference in temperature between outside and inside of the room. More is the difference more is ventilation; (b) difference in elevation between inlet and outlet. More is the difference, vigorous is the ventilation; (©) sizes of inlets and outlets. Bigger inlets and outlets cause greater stack effect. Natural ventilation may not be adequate even in a small resiential because of (a) vagaries of wind. The wind changes both velocity and direction from time to time and hence windward and leeward directions change accordingly, (b) less window area. (c) less head room and hence less stack effect (d) hot climate as summer which ‘requires frequent air changes. In public places where the number of occupants of a'room is more than 50 and is designed at less than 10 cubic metres per person, forced air circulation may be necessary. (2) Mechanical ventilation: Besides providing circulatory fan to create air currents different other methods are available. 8-8-3. CLEANLINESS: Dust harbours bacteria. Besides rendering the surface d Hence, the floor which receives most of the dust s| non-absorbing and uniformly sloping so that it collects less Dampness is the root cause of infection. Hence, (ii) Plenum (supply) system: (i) Exhaust system: It is sucking out of the warm, vitiated air collected nearer to the roof by means of propeller type of fans provided to the outer walls which in turn such fresh air into the room. It is better suited in Kitchens, Toilets and Laboratories giving out heat, odours and smoke. It is the injection of pure air into the room through ducts forcing the vitiated air to leave through ventilators or other openings. It is adopted in crowded gatherings as assembly hall of heavy rush. Is, factories and temples Ith problems. it creates heal th e h a ie smooth, impervious, ould avand is easily cleaned. walls and floors should be damp-proot.a9 Art 86101 Prinetptes of Planning of ulldings Sanitary conveniences such a the wastewater drains off as bath and water-closet should be so designed that impervi quickly as possible, Their flooring should be smooth, impervious, non-absorbent, non-stippery and given proper slope for the quick drainage. Also their walls are to be finished with glazed tiles to a height of one metre above the floor level. The comers are preferably rounded off and this is for the quick drainages Similarly wastewater generated in the kil chen must find a way out in hygienic manner, 8. FLEXIBILITY: . Flexibility means that a room which is planned for one function be used tor other, if so required, Weis the ease with which fed for a particular activity can accommodate more load temporarily or sometimes may have to supplement the activity of another room as the drawing m room being used as a bed room for guests, kitchen as an additional dining room ete, s 7 a room di If the rooms are big enough (more than 15 sqm) and have a minimum width of 3m, then they are more flexible and even the activities of various rooms can be exchanged. A bigger drawing room, a number of rooms and verandahs, offer better flexibility. Independent access to bath and toilet is a basic feature of flexibility. Flexible planning is very important for public and commercial buildings. If a particular building is design tt ned for a school, it can be used for a bank when school running is not a success, : 8-10. ELEGANCE: Elegance is the grand a e is t pearance of a building attained mainly owing to the elevation which in turn depends on the plan. Selection of site for the buildin; ; of site 1g Breatly affects the elegance. A building located in a depression will always give depressed elegance, whereas that located on an elevated spot gives impressive appearance, Without elegance even a best-planne d building may not have beauty whilst a poorly planned building, if given a slight consider ration on front portion may produce good elegance, Also elegance depends on architecture, neighbourhood, conformity with nature, nativity, adjoining buildings and their relative placement which governs the contrast, A type of architecture which created a sensational feeling at one place may be a miserable failure at another place because of lack of conformity with neighbourhood, environment and natural background, A better elegance can be obtained by (1) Selecting superior building materials for facing such as polished stone-granite, marble or mosaic. Glass — either transparent or opaque, coloured or plain, Timber = polished teak or sun-glass. Paints and varnishes with proper contrast, (2) Providing projections like sunshades, balconies, canoples, poreh with or without pergola openings. (3) Providing bay windows, corner windows etc. Aesthetics, utility and easy maintenance are to be considered while planning, elevation. Dark pockets, dusty areas and elements depriving of privacy are to be avolded.~ Hulldlng Planniag and Drawing 50 : Mi att. ECONOM shoud have minimum floor are0 wth mg leony Maximun nc “ 1 ti rhe bulldiing ence will be economleal, ity, The ronstruction and lh ; Nomy ant 1, Mor Ic h, » cost of wise the uselul Iie of reduce cost ee tof strength, otherwls ! “nh achive at the planning and utility of spa bn i oa eye i shotd be. achleved Hence, roy nay n't ca ao eree it Is defintely a factor which’ affects plann fe vn planning but It Is | iets the liberties of an architect on Aesthetic deve Economy res certain extent. Economy can be achleved by implementing the following MEOSUTES shy Economy can be acl 5 impleme the wily and strength of the structure, (1) Providing simple elevation, Dmg i Me fey 2) Dispensing of porches, lobbies and balconies, (3) Reducing the storey height, (4) Reducing the number of steps of stairs by giving more "180 0 the sly mm (5) By standardization of sizes of various components and materials, The present trend of construction is towards simplicity, Simplicity and @ strength lend a lasting beauty and stability to a bullding. 8-12, PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS: scsides all the principles of planning discussed, the following practical poins Should be kept in mind in the planning of a residential building, fect o (1) Strength and stability coupled with convenience and comfort of the occupants should be the first consideration in planning. (2) In the years to come, a man perhaps has to add a wing or extend some fart of the house. Provision for this “should be made in the planning in the first instance so that Some part already built may not be required to be dismantled in future, (3) The elements of the building should be strong and capable of withstanding the adverse effects of environmental factors that are likely to arise. (@) As far as possible, Sizes of 5 can be shortened by providin 5°" f°0MS should be kept large. Larger rooms ! Ing movable Partitions, but smaller rooms cannot be enlarged. (5) Life period of a building should be at least 50 years. (6) Money should not i be spent ui i : | purpose like balconies, arches ea nnecessarily for elaborate architectural pi in the fi ick and OM at least one edrag® fi3t floor, its should be’ provided for sick ©) The number of doore oy Puls be provided in the geood floor for nw ‘ er OF do : am and strength point rs va NdoWs should be a minimum from the $