Maths Quick Revision Note

Real Numbers
If a (number)n needs to end with the digit 0 for any natural no: n, then (number) n
should be divisible by 5.

For any two positive integers a & b

HCF (a, b) = Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor
LCM (a, b) = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor
HCF (a, b) x LCM (a, b) = a x b

While for three positive integers a, b & c

HCF (a, b, c) x LCM (a, b, c) ≠ a x b x c

To prove √x is rational no:

Polynomials

No: of times the graph intersects the x-axis No: of zeroes

0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
n n

Type of Polynomial according to degree Atmost no: of zeroes

Linear Polynomial (ax + b = 0, a ≠ 0) 1
Quadratic Polynomial (ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0) 2
Cubic Polynomial (ax3+ bx2 + cx + d = 0, a ≠ 0) 3

Type of Polynomial according to degree Shape of graph

Linear Polynomial Straight line
(ax + b = 0, a ≠ 0)
Quadratic Polynomial Parabola
(ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0) a>0 a<0
Parabola Parabola
open upwards open downwards
Cubic Polynomial Zigzag line
(ax + bx2 + cx + d = 0, a ≠ 0)
3

If α & β denotes zeroes/roots of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0

then α + β = -b/a & αβ = c/a
&
Quadratic polynomial = x2 – (α + β) x + αβ

a is the zero for p(x) = x2 + x + 2 when p(a) = 0

Factor Theorem
if p(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of p(x)
if p(-a) = 0, then (x + a) is a factor of p(x)
 Algebraic Identities:

a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - 2ab + b2)
a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + 2ab + b2)
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3
a + b + c - 3abc = (a + b+ c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)
3 3 3

If a + b + c = 0, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

For given pair of lines

a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0

Comparing ratios Graphical Algebraic interpretation Consistent

representation or
Inconsistent
a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2 Intersecting lines Unique Consistent
or
Exactly one solution
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2 Coincident lines Infinitely many solutions Consistent
a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2 Parallel lines No solutions Inconsistent

Methods to find variables are:

1) Substitution method
2) Elimination Method = Preferred method

Quadratic Equations

Discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac
Discriminant (D) Nature of roots
D>0 Real & distinct roots
D=0 Real & equal roots
D<0 Imaginary roots [No real roots]

Quadratic formula

x = - b ± √b2 – 4ac
2a
Important Questions:
 Speed based questions [average speed (x), increased/decreases speed].
 Time taken by small & large pipe to fill the tank.
 Arithmetic Progressions
Let a is the first term & d is the common difference of AP

The terms of an AP can be written as a, a + d, a + 2d, …a + nd

nth term, an = a + (n – 1) d

Sum of n terms
Sn = n/2 + [2a + (n – 1) d]
or
Sn = n/2 (a + an)

Coordinate Geometry

Distance formula = √ (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

Checking various quadrilaterals using distance formula

Quadrilaterals All sides equal Opposites sides equal Diagonals equal

Parallelogram No Yes No
Rectangle No Yes Yes
Rhombus Yes Yes No
Square Yes Yes Yes

Checking which type of triangle using distance formula

Whether it’s a triangle or not? It will be a triangle only if the sum of any
2 sides is greater than the 3rd side
Isosceles triangle Two sides are equal
Equilateral triangle Three sides are equal
Right angled triangle Check for pythagoras theorem

Checking whether the three points are collinear or not

 The given three points will be collinear only if sum of any 2 sides is equal to the
third side.

Section Formula
Section Formula to find coordinates of point P(x, y) which divides the line
segment joining the points A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2), internally in the ratio m1:m2 are

x = m1 x2 + m2 x1 y = m1y2 + m2y1
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

If a line is divided equally by a point P(x, y), then m1 : m2 = 1:1

x = x1 + x2 y = y1 + y2
2 2

If ratios not given, then take m1 : m2 = k : 1

 Introduction to Trigonometry

sinθ = altitude cosecθ = hypotenuse

hypotenuse altitude

cosθ = base secθ = hypotenuse

hypotenuse base

tanθ = altitude cotθ = base

base altitude

sinθ = 1/cosecθ cosecθ = 1/sinθ

cosθ = 1/secθ secθ = 1/cosθ

tanθ = 1/cotθ cotθ = 1/tanθ

tanθ = sinθ/cosθ cotθ = cosθ/sinθ

Trigonometric Ratios
θ 0o
30o 45o 60o 90o
sinθ 0 1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2
cosθ 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2
tanθ 0 1 1 √3 Not defined
√3
cosecθ Not defined 2 √2 2 1
√3
secθ 1 2 √2 2 Not defined
√3
cotθ Not defined √3 1 1 0
√3

Trigonometric Identities
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1

sec2θ – tan2θ = 1

cosec2θ – cot2θ = 1
 Some Applications of Trigonometry

Angle of Elevation Angle of Depression

The angle formed when an observer looks upward The angle formed when an observer looks
from the horizontal to see an object. downward from the horizontal to see an
object.

Surface Areas & Volumes

2D Shape Area Perimeter

Square s2 4s
Rectangle lxb 2(l + b)

3D Shape CSA/LSA TSA Volume

Cube 4a2 6a2 a3

Cuboid 2h(l + b) 2(lb + bh + hl) lxbxh

Cylinder 2πrh 2πr(r + h) πr2h

Cone πrl πr(r + l) 1πr2h

3
l2 = r2 + h2

Hemisphere 4πr2 4πr2 4πr3

3

Sphere 2πr2 3πr2 2πr3

3
 Statistics

To convert non-continuous class interval to continuous

Non-Continuous Class Interval

118 – 126
127 – 135
136 - 144

no: to be subtracted from lower limit & to be added to upper limit = 127 – 126
2
=1
2
= 0.5
118 – 0.5 = 117.5
126 + 0.5 = 126.5

127 – 0.5 = 126.5

135 + 0.5 = 135.5

136 – 0.5 = 135.5

144 + 0.5 = 144.5

Class mark (xi) = Upper class limit + Lower class limit

2

Mean (x̄)
Direct Method Assumed Mean Method
x̄ = ∑fixi x̄ = a + ∑fidi
∑fi ∑fi

where di = xi - a

Mode Median
Modal class = Class with highest frquency n = Sum of frequencies
Median class = Class whose cumulative frequency nearest greater
or equal to n/2
Mode = l + (f1 – f0) x h
(2f1 – f0 – f2) Median = l + (n/2 – cf0) x h
f1
l = lower limit of modal class
h = class size l = lower limit of modal class
f1 = frequency of modal class h = class size
f0 = frequency of class preceding the modal class f1 = frequency of modal class
f2 = frequency of class succeeding the modal class cf0 = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class
f1= frequency of the median class

Empirical Relationship
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
 Probability

P(E) = No: of favourable outcome

No: of possible outcomes

Sum of the probabilities of all the events = 1

0 < P(E) < 1

For P(E), the complement is P(E)

P(E) = 1 – P(E)

P(E) + P(E) = 1

Sure or Certain Event Impossible Event

P(E) = 1 P(E) = 0

Probability for coin toss

No: of coins tossed No: of possible outcomes Possible outcomes
1 coin tossed 2 {H, T}
2 coins tossed simultaneously 4 {HH, HT, TH, TT}
3 coins tossed simultaneously 8 {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, HTH, TTH, TTT}

Probability for dice thrown

No: of dice thrown No: of possible outcomes Possible outcomes
1 dice thrown 6 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,}
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
2 dice thrown simultaneously 36 (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}

Probability for a deck of cards

Cards (52)
Red cards (26) Black cards (26)
Heart (13) Diamond (13) Spade (13) Club (13)

Face cards
King (K) Queen (Q) Jack (J)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Ace
 Triangles

Area of triangle = ½ x base x height

Area of triangle using Heron’s formula = √s (s – a) (s – b) (s – c)

where s = a + b + c
2

Mid-point Theorem Converse of Midpoint Theorem

The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a The line drawn through the mid-point of one side
triangle is parallel & half to the third side. of a triangle, parallel to another side bisects the
third side.

In △ABC In △ ABC
If D & E are midpoints of sides AB & AC respectively If D is the mid-point of side AB & DE is || to BC
Then, DE || BC Then, E is the mid-point of AC
DE = ½ BC

Basic Proportionality Theorem Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.

In △ ABC In △ ABC
If DE || BC If AD = AE
Then, AD = AE DB EC
DB EC Then, DE || BC
 Criteria for congruent triangles
In triangle ABC & EFG,
If AB = EF
AC = EG
BC = FG
Then, Δ ABC ≅ Δ EFG [SSS]
1 SSS
Hence, <A = <E [CPCT]
<B = <F [CPCT]
<C = <G [CPCT]
In triangle ABC & EFG,
If AB = EF
<A = <E
2 SAS AC = EG
Then, Δ ABC ≅ Δ EFG [SAS]

Hence, BC = FG [CPCT]
<B = <F [CPCT]
<C = <G [CPCT]
In triangle ABC & EFG,
If <B = <F
BC = FG
<C = <G
3 ASA Then, Δ ABC ≅ Δ EFG [ASA]

Hence, AB = EF [CPCT]
AC = EG [CPCT]
<A = <E [CPCT]
In triangle ABC & EFG,
If <B = <F
<C = <G
AB = EF
4 AAS Then, Δ ABC ≅ Δ EFG [AAS]

Hence, AC = EG [CPCT]
BC = FG [CPCT]
<A = <E [CPCT]
In right angled triangles ABC & EFG
<C = <D = 90o
AB = EF
AC = ED
5 RHS Then, Δ ABC ≅ Δ EFG [RHS]

Hence, BC = FD [CPCT]
<A = <E [CPCT]
<B = <F [CPCT]
 Criteria for Similar Triangles
In triangle ABC & DEF,

If <A = <D
<B = <E
<C = <F
1 AAA
Then, ΔABC ∼ ΔDEF [AAA]

Hence, AB = AC = BC
DE DF EF

In triangle ABC & DEF,

If <B = <E
2 AA <C = <E

Then, ΔABC ∼ ΔDEF [AA]

Hence, AB = AC = BC
DE DF EF

<A = <D
In triangle ABC & DEF,

If AB = AC = BC
DE DF EF
3 SSS
Then, ΔABC ∼ ΔDEF [SSS]

Hence, <A = <D

<B = <E
<C = <F

In triangle ABC & DEF,

If AB = AC
DE DF
4 SAS
<A = <D

Then, ΔABC ∼ ΔDEF [SAS]

Hence, AB = AC = BC
DE DF EF

<B = <E
<C = <F
 Circles

Theorem 1 Theorem 2
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to The lengths of tangents drawn from an external
the radius through the point of contact. point to a circle are equal.

In given circle with centre O & radius OP, where P is In given circle with centre O, PQ & PR are
the point of contact of tangent YX tangents from same external point P.

Then, OP ⊥ YX Then, PQ = PR

Areas Related to Circles

Area of a circle = πr2
Circumference of circle = 2πr

Area of minor sector of <θ = θ x πr2

360

Area of major sector of <360o – θ = πr2 - Area of minor sector of <θ

Area of minor segment APB = θ x πr2 – area of △OAB

360

Area of major segment AQB = πr2 – Area of minor segment APB

Length of an arc of a sector of angle θ = θ x 2πr

360