past modals ‘must / might / may// can't/ couldn't+ have + past participle. 1 Lmust have left my phone at Ann's. [definitely remember having it there You must have seen something. You were there when the accident happened Somebody might have stolen your wallet when you were getting off the rain He still hasn't artived. I may not have given his directio She can’t have gone tobed. l’sonly ten o'clock! You can’t have seen their faces very clearly [twas too dark, + Weuse must may might [can't + have + past participleto ‘make deductions or speculate about past actions. Rewrite tle bold senteuces using must / might (uot) | can’t + have + verb. Vm certain [eft my umbrellaat home. [e's not in the office. 1 maust have left my umbrella. at home. 1 Holly’serying Perhaps she’s had an argument with her boyfriend. She. 2. P'msure Ben has read my email. I sentit first thing thismoraing. Ben 3 P'msure Samand Ginny haven't got lost. They have satnav in theirear. Sam and Ginny. 4 You saw Ellie yesterday? That's impossible. She wasin bed with flu. You 5 Perhaps John didn’t see you. That's why he didn't say hello. John 6 Pmsure Lucy has boughta new car. Isaw her driving ablue VW Golf! Lucy. 7 Vmsure Alex wasn't very ill. He was only off work forone day. Alex. 8 They didn't cometo our wedding. Maybe they didn't receive the invitation. They... 9 Thistastes very sweet. I'm sure you used too much sugar. You. 10 Ie definitely wasn't my phone that rangin the cinema, Mine was on silent. I 1 Weuuse must have when weave almost sure that something happened or was rue, PP The opposite of must haves conthave- see 3 blow Nor must have 2 Weuse might may havewhen we think it’s possible that something happened or was crue. We can also use could have ‘with his meaning, eg. Somebody could have stolen your wallet when you were getting ofthe train. 3 Weuse can't have when we are almost sure something didn’t happen or thar ie isimpossible. We can also use couldn’ Juave when the speculation isaboutthe distane past, eg. You couldn't have seen their faces very clearly .g. She couldn't have _gone to be. 1's only ten o'clock. 1 GRAMMAR past modals: must have, etc. 4 Complete the sentences wich must have, might have, or can’t have and the verbs in brackets. 1 You_musthave been delighted when you passed your riving test—it was your first time wasn't it? (be) 2 Tmnorsure where Marks, bu he. home. He wasnt feeling well earlier on. (go) You ‘my parentsatthe supermarket. They're away on holiday. (see) 4 don’t know why Ruth hasn't arrived yet, but she the wrong bus. (ake) 5. The'For Sale’ sign is till up outside their house. They yet. (move) ook realy guilty. They wrong. (do) b_ Complete the sentences using should | shouldn't | have + a verb from the box. buy dressup fillup gooff leave shout stay up take 1 My brother isn't talking to me. shouldn't have shouted _at his. 2 We're running out of petrol. We av the last garage. 3 Someone has taken Ben's smartphone. He iconhis desk. 4 You won’cbe able to walk in those shoes. You such high heels. Jessie missed her train. She ataxi to the station.6 Your cousins look really scruffy. They for the wedding, My alarm clockisn't working. It at half pase seven 8 Thad anighemare lastnight. 1 to wateh that horror film. Complete the sentences with the words in the box, ( Use the past form of the modal verbs, imust /tel sgh teow canrt/be may / fall carit/ see must / forget might not ‘hear may /nat / have 2 wonder where my gloves are. might have left_them inthe car or maybe in the hall 2. My father knew about the surprise party. Someone him aboutit. 3 don't understand how the accident happened. The ceiver asleep, ‘4. Adam passed the exam without studying. ft very difficult, 5 Imsure my grancmother was in but she dich't answer the door. She the bell 5 When | got up this morning, the TV was stil onin the livingroom. You____toturnit off. 7 The children dct make their beds this morning. They time. 8 A Your hayfriend walked past me without saying hello. B He you.7A GRAMMAR past modals © Complete the dialogues. Rewrite the phrases in brackets using might (not) have, must have, or can't have + past participle. 1A Why is there so much traffic today? B [don’t know. There might have been an accident. (Maybe there was) Can you move your leg? o> No, it hurts too much. I think E it. (Perhaps 1 have broken it) 3. A Look! The gate’s open and the dog has gone. B Ohno! We open when we went out. (I'm sure we left it open) 4 A Ohno, the cake’s burning! B You too high. (You definitely put the oven 5 A Lean'e find che milk. We —___ i all. (I’m sure we didn’t drink it) B_ Yes, you're right. It must be in there somewhere. 6 A Where’s Jeremy? He should be here. B He ___theemail about the meeting, (Perhaps he didn’t see) 7 A Blllen passed all her exams with top marks! B Wow! She ____really hard, (I’m sure she worked) 8 A Mum, I'm going to play football now. B_ What? You_____allofyour homework. (It’s impossible you've finished) 9. A Wedidn’t see Dan and Sarah at the concert. B They tickets. I think the concert was sold out. (Perhaps they weren’table to get) 10. A. Lcalled you earlier, but E got your voicemail B Sorry. my phone by mistake. (I'm sure I switched off) © Complete the sentences with should j shouldn't haveand the past participle of a verb from the list breakup come Keep take tell use wait wear We're lost. I knew we should have taken the second exit at the roundabout! 1 2. This tastes really spicy. You so much chi 3 You with James. He was such a nice guy. 4 The concert was amazing. You with 5. Jim’s already gone? I don’t believe ithe —________forus. 6 I'mafraid we can’t exchange the jacket now. You______the receipt. 7 You___us that you were in hospital. We would have visited you. 8 1 these jeans. They really don’t suit me.