0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes) 124 views48 pagesBasic Signal and System Class Notes PDF
Hand written notes for basic signal and system. B. Tech. (EE)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
x Trtxeduction te Continveus Time. Signals & Systems
Spel inal iv a ptysioal portly which
Changes mee than vene Jincbpenclertt variable, oral conting
- Feertey. seme snfarmation.. Ex ~ Sheed Signal, ebcdwioad Signal ete.
“The gomenal from af Agpal dy —
FW = A (Sinots$) % Aces (ob |
where, A = Amplitude of the Anal
= Angular Keequeney im od. / see
4
&
= Phase in Kadtan
b> Chocobo Seals} @e a)
1, LE change mere than. one = Vaxiabl, «at Aame time.
> $C) = Gre dinectional > Sheech Signal
weer (S08) = Sue clanuecti¢nal’ 4. Protiuve » Inge
:
»
POO O OOO OOOO OO
F(%y2Z) = Three olivectional + TY. Signal
flxoy2zH= Fouc clbuctonal > Reem Temp. © 2. Randomness /Uncertenily — More Jib. of Revdomnens 8
slo dluatly foxporctional te mere information
3. Bandwidth — ¢£ iy bine pow the Hange of
Where the gen iy constant. “f
WH ip nly Sore Hositive Focequency aignal,
—Uhet of Aigral : —
°@
@
@
: Analog. Sigal [rte Spal] £
* Discnete Signal [Pulge Signet ] ¢
al wo
oe
S
drequeney
5. Digidal Sign
* Seales Soul A Algnal is saiel te be olonge
Algnal 4Y beth tine anol vomplitiude are entinvous.
Ul A analog. Aignal iv debsiererited ox fCH) . e
Dit) Ale Ajgnals Lsesent in nallive one im the Foun of ~
ling Ape: ¢
WW] Gerdtimucus flew of information fiom co te oo iy @
«
Adid te be conkmusurs Algnal.
a
B Sudden vee’ & Suoleln fall af the Algnal. aan rad
be Aappencal.. ‘
q
2. Di janal | —
Discrete Sal A signal Adil te be elisorel
ot Pulao df time is dlis- continueus, & amplitude «
JA continueur. {
4 MW Ee bby wreporesented as Fn) [oe ln) .
ih Fee articular instant of time there must he seme
‘Ampliticle cis called Ats ‘area’,
(WA denice which convots Analog to dhiscxate Ly said
to be * Samples’.
3. Digi f nee
Digital Signal _: A Aigal Us Aaid to de be dlpilal
Adgnal if both chine & armplidude axe. olis- céntinuess,
Signal Amptidude Time ]
Praag, Condinuous Continues
Samptex Disarete Condhinueus Dis -Cntinwaus
Guenter: Digidoh =| Dis-Continuaus Dis- Continucus,
Encedes. L
'
’
'
'
'
’
’
’
’
’
,
,
,
,
r
,
,
,
’
,
,
—lans]yemation_ 2 ietRiice tie tls. hes =
Ti Time Tanaformation,
Til Amplitude Toa I hi
Dre
i Time Taxon sfoumation. oak
; pats —
» 1, Time Scaling > cc (at)/ 2 Lmn]
"2, Time Shifting > x(kis)/ e[ntne]
; 3. Time Reveusal > x C4) / el-1]
Lt ix dlivioleel indo thuee els ime Scabir Scaling vo
vee fat)
4 4)
¥ Aroq may be ‘
cha » net
* He nge we .
Here, Orel enongy. till be charged.
2 Time Stiftng ¢ —
ee a OY
et
£(%) £(d-3)
i ;
Viegas ce UTHos ase ee |
3. Time Rewesol °
> 5 Baitee time became ve anol
Vice Vewe.
© Signal chonge ty 160 Phase shift with veerpect Zo
G- Goce and time i mubtibliod by. “ve Atgn:
Ex -X0 4D Ww
APAVING NEE
-_ a aAAAAAAANLIN Sp thle iontfovmadions | —
et Amplitele Seating! >) ¢ (4) = At(#)
WW Amplituole Reversal > #(d) = -fW
rl) Amplitiole Soaking o
FH % Axor and Amplitude will
uN
we Teas SOx Frequeny will be change
-2 Ss
tid Arnplitule, Kowal py shift by 180 with vesp-
ect Fe x-axis.
eb bbb bb bab bbb NNN Que- Change inte — Ci] fda) Ui FED) CH (HD
#6) WFD Wi fla-b
Ato
“SE fs)
4 £ (st)
PAPA ALMA MMA MALLE EE EE EOS GS
5 pta-4)
Ns “Is
AF (2t-1)
Mn hy
Yn 4a “Ve
AAAAAAALAA JIU OY
D
s
Tz
#
G Additien * Fw
T? awe
Ez =
G a) é
we ala.
r “t+ 3
fsgH4
G
Pe ia
zz ol
Dbrowst Spnat _— planed
FIn] id! ve
Ly [Lk
~1 fe a2 8 ! 7 yp | he B %p
AF [n-1]
; yah
a Ah
ee | | | | Je
2 j -2/, Ye] th * Sh
Afto-4)
th
Lh
—4 76-5 -4 eee
AAlp)
rn
a 44 3, the
. Ay t=o
> Gporotien_of Signols — Fyn glo
6 20%0 =O
Ak &-2
fH+gW
f7 142=3
ts1224
Ak &=2,
Z71-2 =1
23040 =0
Ak k= S
3+ O4=t
BS or0 =0 6Dec 2021
Standoxd Signal oe Srgulavalve. function | —
1. Sith (Inagichde) Signel Cul] Tnkgeten
2- Romp (Slope) Signal — [aels)
iad Signa fs . [pio] Disfexeniaten
4. Impulse Signal rea) [aca]
Step_Signal_ — Unit Steb_Signel 3—
UW =Rk ; d>0 YW =1 4 dO
uW=0 5 £40 uw-o 5 $40
#& ok d=0 92
By she tlh of gives thenemena —
kO) = Oar
ios
2 Oi8 yo
Die z
ko = 2
Gk dy assumed value & an-dened value - | ad tant Pree eee - s- ~— ee
ne —bhtadion of Sieh Sigal Stoding, of an automate
>
D2) Abbie o constant Sauce for vefécal breaking.
> 3.) Change d Auitch & cartinue in a Same atote Js
>
> unit Al signal -
2 uly)
2 So
g ‘ ;
2 7 ——*
> 2uW
,
io
Fe
32) ubedsad
ede
ar al 3
Ul-adia) 2
a
43
ecoung * gra —
y(at+b) = U (t+)
VDDD bbb sb db abab bd db diddied Bue- f(d = Qu (kA “lay (aA) + U2)
Sat nud
| sd ot
a ee
2U (dat)
AL
au
Sa
THR UES t
pl
PON at ae
i
2
2u Gad- auld + U2)
t
Buertyr ou (48) 4U (as) 4 u td42) + U God) aL -20[4-2)
k=-3 del 2 5 d1 FO t=2
fd) = -2u (daa) +0HD* UGED + Ul) + UL) -2064 -2%
MM AMA MAM EAA AMADA DAAKAAAES
a2 2 eo eo DOOM MA, >
1%
a
FO | 2 Cak+6) ru (4- 4) 4UL 44-6) t20(S10) |
> f(D = QUEK 4ule-) + ulb4¢-2) +30 (2
Fo($) = WD 40D
|
a
le
Fi (2) = 20 Gdyodt U2)
SilD
FH
IIIT
deo) + suCbea) Fula ~ Bult
Sel FE) = —UD- UE
-D ¢2ult2)-u(t-3)
rylnino debby TI Pp: Ramp_Signal’ =
MUA) = RE
dtd = 0
MWD =RE
, 420
5. &d2o
Slope = K
&
Que — fl)
“ad
>
»
a
rd
S
SS
72
ve
oS
“3
Te
>
"2
Tha
a
=a
OF Sibilte can nok define in en Atandayd foun
* Aveo Can nat be change «
|
% Limiting Process. fie Reciod yale donde
de zee the stardond algoal suctangular finctor
with mid o%eo yeduces she dmpule puretion
thie fuecess said te be limiting puecess .
G(s) = tins
i
© Aveo wodd be no change
Va
th
-a o
adie 0} Gre | —
(J Scaling ._—
6) <7 8 Ex - : A
Ex yb
G3) eo g
2 A vi
el
Ch) A
/ \o a I
gta —— iar) eI
Y oe
«|
© |
¢ |
S
©
ge.
. &
Ti Udtab) = uld +) — @pill be sve
we (at +b) = aa (t+.b.) ao @wl be +e
6 (ot tb) = aa 8 (+3) he wil be Weve @
Qe- S(etss) 7 G9)
aA AAA AAAAPAMOD OY YOO ES Bes Ff 2443)
1 3
sear 6 (4 z
te Pe
py + U(d42) arly)
(ag) +2004
y -olt-ay = ult)
Sel" PW= 7 2u
- eoult-4) + 0CCE2
faa) ~ocla) - 9 ED) +
Que — f(a) = Doetat2
ocide2) + U (a2) I ee @e
Que- F(A) = -2u (tan) +20c (E42) - 2% (fd) -2 (2)
Sol'>
CE COREE EK
$0: SQ) = fH)
alts) - FW) =F
tte
—-> F(a), B(d-to) “= flo Jtt-*)
} oom . eee
Axea
i K case of freduct area will be change .
x
Cree a
DAMM AMEE Que Flt) -§ G2t+3) ,
C / ; +34
St- #8). 40-6 (t >)
> ¢(3):¢8(44)
“ 4, s(@)- 8 3) Ans
Que- Sint 8 G-*)
St gind 8 Cit +5)
Sint a 8(a-F)
sink 6 (4-3)
Sin @) -8(8-E
1-, 6(#-3)
g(t) dias
Gu- e.g (24-4)
Sh tg (t-2) ©
e7* (4) 6 (42)
46% g(¢-2) | ons
> = cest - 8 (¢- M4)
pO em 8 (4-3) A
L|
ees
le a
fue fF) 8 (Wat Aa
Sw #0) J oH at
Wi
it
4
Ta.
Fo KL
f ©)
> fF) (teat = $¥ (2)
Paesh — See 6 (42) dt
4+ s@) fs (442) at
> = £ (=) Proved.
APP LLL AAA AM AAA AMM MALLE EEE EAS eae ol
Bu scCd) + § (Hat t
8 2 sto 8 8 (4) dt. i
Pp 0 Ans
Be
iz J (1scosx t): § (#1) db
Si
g Stead ‘ (anét i} g hel }
B > (ecesn) fs (es) ot
R > (t+ cesn) KL
1 p [i+ &)]
We?
r Q an
me Jer ee) ae
“ aK
Hic forsee
2
nr & oA Ans
i .
Be oe aK K
Bee a.
a fag da .
ws > 1 Ans. e- fern 8 (ad- 4) ot \
oo 7 , » REQ
~2 (@-2) 4
Je 4) 6 (24-0 dt
> + dns.
* a ud) = SH
* a Tult2)] = 8 (t-2)
twi_Puabele Signal’ —
i A
Pk) = # 5 te
pw =o 5 4X0
i aC)
J§ 8H d= ud)
4 eee .
ae PUD = oe
Al
“aE Plot) = Flt)
“aS
cccecce ce ee eegncs
AAA ADL OD DADO DMA MA Pi _ Signum mre ryan a7 ye
5
> Sgr (k) = 1 54,79
C Sgn (d) = -1 * £40
- Sgn (4)
> i
-
f bed
;
?
t ee Dees
At 4=0 > Sgn © Se! —sa
4 UW ;
AT aloe
earl
p-Ul-b)
J
et
— 1
uld) + [-u¢-4)] = Sgnl®
ulO ~ Ubd) = Sgn (et)
1Uld) + Ue)
ued) = 1-Uld)
ult) - [1- uw] = SgoW
ODD OF FU Ur Ul) - 1+ ult) = Sgn (4)
2ulh-1 = Sgnldd
ud = Sgn) +1
2.
Uil_Rectongulr_fmetion | ute fonction! —
Anect (2) oi n (Lids of the Aignall
Amplitude
ac(D = Anect (+)
x(t)=A ; Late
met) =0 5 elsevtow
ie
—s
Te
“Yo
Kd of uid)!"
u(t4 V2)
“Up
i DDO MMA MAMA AEA EEE EEE EELS Uld- V2)
! We 2
An [aed “9
* Avot (F \ = aju(t+% )-ules
: * Aveck is = Amplitude Sn coe ule final vebie)]
reid
Que-
-4
acts) = 2[u (t+), -ult-4]
e ou ley -ule a]
,
1
,
,
,
»
,
y
,
a
rae att GB)
»
»
»
y
»
»
»
>
,
Que- aoc)
Ree
oth = 2Culw -u (t-4)]
x)= 2 vect (4) 4 Que. oct) bh
Uieaak
2
x@= 2C u(t - ulst-s)]
Q ood)
ue —
UB Rh 4
ad = [w(Gts9) uo]
[iti] “Towangulor function: Rom
A a4) = scl)
lth
oc) = A areas
ald) = 00 'Y (4, >T
Ww
Yall of Total Signal
OD PDD LLL A MAMMA AMEE LEA GSAS m(
©
D
Ss
o
!
» 6
>
-
. p 1 2 3 AS
-
-
; z
>
; Mele 2 — fye the Snpuls functiens —
aK sc(H « eT 2 seco) 6d) (Stordorel eq)
ac: ie b= velo) 8(t~ 0)
% xe(- 8(t-te) = eCUt0): 8 (4-te)
e oc (d- ts) 6(4-42) = xe (eats) 6(+-t2)
* S$ 6(d-ta dt v1
VS Mobb ba LAd Sd Unb nd Dad dRd ORD RUA Dated- 18Dec21 &
K Classification of Signals * “
tel & Aperiode ' — “
, i: A avignal us Aaio te be |
frente fit ss asl che contin
ob ate Cee Sve | ©
where, ae ¢
= voy ©
The smallest: value of “T' Hat satisfied the ©
above cCendition is Aaid te be funcementot but
odie, Paice algnal is continuous Algnal. &
ie
Seda ia} eyes i €
Minimum Jungth which is yupeated that us i-
fundamental foxiedlic , ©
f(s) = Sinat ©
©
g
B g
: : i
Net orpundomertal Redledio 8 1
s
Que- f(t) = 4 Cos Gt +5) s
Ste fl + acstot ed)
wW=4 , bes ‘
we 2E §
cd ‘
i ON, 4
a > Olns, «
Tee ;
4
a4 »
7 Biececture_! ti Sidertefy the inoliviclued — Hume
P period.
Ci] Coloulate the nate 2 or
Lili Gf the watio of iil Step ib
ther aver ll Aignal Ls perectic
tw) Caloulate the L.c.m. of cleneminater -of (i1step
WJ T= (Lem ts of Th Teta
i ows umber (&)
ptnerwss? saoperieds
3Sin KLE + 6 COS3n oe
Bye
Sol"- wae we SN e
a ei ;
sae 28-2 , Hoe 7S
& Se iki
po ax geies Radio!
Ratio = —— = 2
ye 2
aOR Pe? =
T= "Herd 283
Shock Tk @——y. she above question
a
wm=N = LX
W2=3N = BX
find the commen factar —
w= TW
= 2 gece
ne, - 2m, 2k [2 PF Jon
“Tw. n
LF FFF TT AT MS OE SD OD Que CdD = Bin(rewt) + Cob127H
Sat - (0. = 1870 , Ws = 120
an li =k 2
a= ten” 3 12 = San
ye te ay h Le
fate oe ap Ss
Lem of 181 ss
T WCF of 9&6 3
Que CB 4b + Sin 12k
ww ern wW2=12
Clear = TS
ii “5 Th= 1 6
t Ry 6 2. 3 Rational & Rutedic
Ratio == rT
Lom of TAN
a 7
cae
HCF of 2&6 2
hs
A
6
A AM MOLE EG OE EES F > nr es eee
» Rume Numbex dlivisual by 1 0 ef -
» Fr-1,2,353, ..-. et
> e .
> Rational Number: Gt as foun by £ whee Pye
r ME nen- zete inteser number
> KH is nen Lemiratng but Re peating ($ = 0-333.)
P Lattenal Number — Exational Nunber 4 0 number
P which actial value never enced ofter decinal.
Ltisnen - Aeuminating & nen- Repeating Numbex (77,
teat 4 Pacime rvumber - VE, IS ---
E
eo
N¢# =
abe 1 = 3241592654
92° _' 3.142957 142854
+ ae
Que- 2093 1007 t + 5 Sinsok
ir i 1 #25
Sado t= 100K ,6=-SO0 Rolie = 2 x
Qn
z = 2h =
2 oaie 5e T Bs & nen- ational
2
soc= 20 on :
= SO | OF is Aboud.
an ah
T1= or Ta aS
a
Th =
OT LID PU YY HY Que= Sel) = Sin (rot-3) — Sinlat-1)
SM xr =10 Waa
T= Lem of (ts, Te)
Te Lem of FBR
HCF of 5&2 4
(ta S| ee
Que se(t) = Sin (10d+1) - 2 Coo (5+ 2)
So W1=10 7 Maes
2 nx — . 2R
Nan = > Bs
ote DR y Sed Rational dl. &:Reiedlic
Rotie ==- ="s * oR z
T = LCM of (2)
Lem of N&2N | 2h
oo eS
HCF of S&S
(rae)
Bue- F(t) = Sin dt CoBL
~ : 1'Ta gin(a-b)
Sf 2st covst = [sin G48) + }
RA AMMA EEL EELS LS > a [sinst +sin 3)
> > [sinst- Sint)
Wie5 , Waal
XK
=e pap
nee = Dac ee AS Rational No. & Riedie
To. 5° 2K
sem onan .
“THC of 5&2
[reer aoe
£
+ oss + 6 ne
Gen FWD = 49° #
Set = core , wie Ws-@
Toca ¢ Ter t6
am 6K. 2 | Rational No, & Periodic
Rolie =~ = aR”
Lem of 6K 4K &16N 3
T = her qf 1,184
By!
oc(n) = Bin S&S +2) spi
2 | T= % se
>
O=
|
Ap bya babdddbDidndind dd Rd RISIRISD NNN UO
a
il
g
>
x
—
al
Te 2
> @ #(t=1 ae ny constr sewn —
dE is 1 ppecial Algnal hese poried vary Hon
© te oo.
" £=0 , it meons Aignal is allways -onyuhere Phat
iy imboibte se that we dake it o% t= 00 whi
ch willl be saperiedic ory constant teen which lees
nat chonge its pevedlaity of any otro Algnel-
St meons sconkant tim + Periedlic ajgnal =>
Reriedlic Algnal & + Aperisdic Signal > Aperiedi Sgral
Ex-— 4 + Ginat
Ty edefendert 4, 2 FR ar
ae
Addition co Subsbiaction of any tue inoliisual Agrol
may ox maynat be foredic ev nen- periedic .
Ex — Sin2h + Sinne&
TW=K had
Tm 2K twrational Ne. & Apododic
a 2 Be © hess co cee. fw Ge Renee
on K Addition ar Subshaction af oporicdic Ajgnal with |
i periedic ginal , xewlt 18 aperedio ox ren peredic.
pe Ex =0 £ + Snot > Ap
ap j
ad Pp
e
FP Y Syn + Singt > AP.
2 AP P
x i exiodi
ve & Sum af Sow nen ~ Borie signal may be P ic
> i
7S Signal « a
72 Ex — Sint ul + sink ubD pee gind: ULX)
ra sind uD
“S
oe OS oe
‘Re aint ud) + sink-UCD
aaa
¥
&
-V
rz '
riz Bue, ol = eo! ioe
an et? (combaix) x
rit 4 to = 2%
r xadlus if +
ri i +228
TO
ri — =
S
(mS dys 21Dec 2021 ER Ye aon fhtar Tuesday @-
Po BR nite Cobos & deunwod) doe not change us
oe
oc(®) = Sin( r
wr
gr
rr
a
oe
Ge
oe
o
oe
ce
ss
Tine scabing operation changes He punclomer tal porial @
of the Signal ¢
on] = xe (mtn) ¥n
where,
K “Tine shifting & Time setoval dosnt effet te t
poriedisity ¢
Ss
te eee Algnal prom —
etaiticng
a foe — :
A descute time signal e(n] Us Aad te be pow-$
@dlic - ‘
‘
4
N > funclamental fetied LO FU UP UTY I YY YUU DY UY YUYUdYdvdGVHee
of he a] period
stationed then
whee, mn is Rin of cycles sapeating. -
Que- oetny = Snish n
Sat wn 3h
ty HoT e, 25%
N BXQN 6
Sol” wes er
2 Toca
MSA oe fi
N 2K
mn +)
Que- = x(n] = ne *
Sol we 1076
1oT
Gue- — o€In pees [2°* ale Ques x= sin(Bn) 4 Ces ny cos (FN)
le E am
ne ~ -+ ee: =
BxOn GG Na” 4xnn
T= Lem of 6&8
[in sie Se) Toa
Que- oc(r) = COS (Sn) + sin (Fn)
se eh) = # [2.005 (Er) + sin 89]
2 $ | sin FE n) - sino]
= 4 [ sin 235]
ona ya
ON i = “syan 5
an 3
Que- set] _ei% Sn ihe 3 s\n
sz
8
ech ing walue of &
t-0O =
Sat
of we see ger* the we
WISE -
J
—
Ce ae
= &
Aa-1
t
-2
t
a3)
f-4
o
2d
0
it
- se?
get
R
idiaw the crcle chock
Sa - Keebing the volte of £
t=0
=.
t=2
4=%
d=4
ve ole we we oft
-I24
€
es?
“34
€
-36
=
> 38
.e
LYVVAA eto
LAME
GEA -i4At
2 me
4
vy
S|
Auer
maaan Dated - 23 Dec 021 C- |
Laurel Non= Cosmal &% dpticoanal — — a
> A Aignol is paid to be caret dy a
K(H=01 £20 athouuse the Agnal tb non gt
> A Ajqral occt) is sail te -ardi—casal <|
HY x(H=o 3 40. ¢
> A Aignal cleesnd exist for se time ib
called causal signal 8. Atgral olwesm£ excist
we time ib anti cau gral.
A Aégeal exist bath 4ye & Ve Aign is
Calle nen- causal.
oi
zo
¢
©
©
Ss
¢
©
re S
g
; causal 3
huew s
A Prd Mog Comsal }
S
hus Wwe] '
L Non - causal ‘
4
( ae
Nec
Nc
-at
Sint
N.C.
NC
Cort Even ancl Gd Sjgnoh | — Syrmibbic & Mon- Symone
— ft
fe (ad) = fe
a
Avent — ot
A jignal oc() said te be een yf higy
aabioly xD = LED Vt ( Misoror Image) vt
arene €
Ey - X(t) = cos t a
xd) = cesCdt) = Cart «1
. oH) <1
Bdd_ Sgr §— 4 sjgpal a Aal Fo be adel Agnia|
? : ©
af it a Aatinly — geutr~ — eet (Orgr) gl
Ex — oct = sign) oO
Sign (+ = grt) oI
: «
: ©
©
gies ©
é
: \ =
te F() = fH + fol caer) ¢
ge = aE Ped i
fl = £1) -hi® — YW }
fH + FEV Ss
fe) -— :
‘
‘
( 8
2 ¢ ‘ ¢
we as ky
a _ ay
| s 8
ea Ot
a ii: S 3
= Sealed | | # » ©
z 7 ob Lal »
Tae ‘ Py
4 Lf pile, oo = 3?
7 * os = a
ty
; a\ 32
g| 3| :
PPP EPP PLETE EEE LTTE TET TN Cases
FD = g(t) Al PC sf gd = ede
h(t) = even
P(h = even
Cose- 1.
FED = BED ALL) POL)
= glo AO bw
= -[9 DAW be]
fts) =-Ff) 4 edd %.
Cose-E fH = gba) Ary ACY
--3 D)> AW. EbW)
FEI) = 3 AW bh
fea) ~ FO] Ares fn.
se Odd multiple of ed signal will be edal agnal.
Case @~
wd of
wen
oC
cdl
or
oe
a
or
v
wo
+
o
o
w
o
.
©
<
¢
~ ea eer RAMON
