GIRLS’ HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE, PRAYAGRAJ

Session 2020-21
CLASS–X (A,B,C,D,E,F)
SUBJECT–MATHEMATICS
WORKSHEET NO.-5

INSTRUCTIONS: – Parents are expected to ensure that the student spends two days
to read and understand the chapter according to the books and
websites given below.
NOTE – 1. Concise Mathematics ICSE Class X by R.K. Bansal

2. Understanding ICSE Mathematics Class X by M.L. Aggarwal

3. www.extramarks.com , www.topperlearning.com

Topic – Remainder and factor theorem

Polynomials in one variable
An expression of the form 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ … … … . +𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ,
where 𝑎0, 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … … … . . 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers, 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 and 𝑛 is a non
negative integer, is called a polynomial in 𝑥 of degree 𝑛.
CONSTANTS – A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant.
4
Examples – 9, −6, , √2, 𝜋 are all constants.
7

VARIABLES – A symbol which may be assigned different numerical values is

known as a variable.
Example – We know that the circumference of a circle is given by the formula
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟, where 𝑟 is the radius of the circle.
Here, 2 and 𝜋 are constants, while 𝐶 and 𝑟 are variables.
REMAINDER THEOREM:
If 𝑓(𝑥), a polynomial in 𝑥, is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑎), the remainder = 𝑓(𝑎).
e.g. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) is divided by (𝑥 − 3), the remainder is 𝑓(3).

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 For Finding the Remainder, using Remainder Theorem:
Step 1: Put the divisor equal to zero and solve the equation obtained to get the
value of its variable.
Step 2: Substitute the value of the variable, obtained in step 1, in the given
polynomial and simplify it to get the required remainder.
FACTOR THEOREM:
When a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 − 𝑎, the remainder = 𝑓(𝑎). And if
remainder 𝑓(𝑎) = 0; 𝑥 − 𝑎 is a factor of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥).
USING THE FACTOR THEOREM TO FACTORISE THE GIVEN
POLYNOMIAL:
Factorising a polynomial completely after obtaining one factor by factor theorem.
When expression 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 − 𝑎, the remainder = 𝑓(𝑎).
If the remainder 𝑓(𝑎) = 0

 𝑥 − 𝑎 is a factor of expression 𝑓(𝑥).

Conversely, if for the expression 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓(𝑎) = 0;  (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor.

For example:
Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10; then
𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 7 ∗ 2 + 10 = 0

 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10

Example1: Find the value of ′𝑎′ if the division of 𝑎𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 10 by 𝑥 + 3

leaves a remainder of 5.
Solution:
𝑥+3=0 ⟹ 𝑥 = −3

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Given, remainder is 5; therefore:
The value of 𝑎𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 10 at 𝑥 = −3 is 5

 𝑎(−3)3 + 9(−3)2 + 4(−3) − 10 = 5

 −27𝑎 + 81 − 12 − 10 = 5
 −27𝑎 + 81 − 22 = 5
 −27𝑎 = 5 + 22 − 81
 −27𝑎 = 27 − 81
 −27𝑎 = −54
𝑎 = 2
Example2: If 𝑥 − 2 is a factor 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2𝑎, find the value 𝑎.
Solution:
𝑥−2=0 ⇒ 𝑥 =2
Since, 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of polynomial 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2𝑎

 Remainder = 0  (2)2 − 7(2) + 2𝑎 = 0

 4 − 14 + 2𝑎 = 0
 −10 = −2𝑎

 𝑎=5

Example3: Show that 2𝑥 + 7 is a factor of 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 14. Hence,

factorise the given expression completely, using the factor theorem.
Solution:
7
2𝑥 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −
2
7
Remainder = Value of 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 14 at 𝑥 = −
2

7 3 7 2 7
= 2 (− ) + 5 (− ) − 11 (− ) − 14
2 2 2

343 245 77
=− + + − 14
4 4 2

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 −343+245+154−56
= =0
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 (2𝑥 + 7) is a factor of 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 14

 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 14 = (2𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2)

= (2𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2)

= (2𝑥 + 7)[𝑥(𝑥 − 2)+1(𝑥 − 2)]

= (2𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)

Example4: Find the values of ′𝑎′ and ′𝑏′ so that the polynomial
𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 45 has (𝑥 − 1) and (𝑥 + 5) as its factors.
For the values of ′𝑎′ and ′𝑏′ , as obtained above, factorise the given
polynomial completely.
Solution:
(𝑥 − 1) is a factor of given polynomial 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 45
 (1)3 + 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏(1) − 45 = 0 [𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1]

i.e. 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 44 ……I

(𝑥 + 5) is a factor of given polynomial

 (−5)3 + 𝑎(−5)2 + 𝑏(−5) − 45 = 0 [𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −5]

 −125 + 25𝑎 − 5𝑏 − 45 = 0

i.e. 5𝑎 − 𝑏 = 34 …….II

On solving equations I and II. We get :

𝑎 = 13 and 𝑏 = 31

 The given polynomial 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 45

= 𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 31𝑥 − 45

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 Now divide this polynomial

by (𝑥 − 1) as shown alongside:

 𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 31𝑥 − 45

= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 45)

= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 45)
= (𝑥 − 1) [𝑥(𝑥 + 9) + 5 (𝑥 + 9)]

= (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 9) (𝑥 + 5)

SOLVE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

Question 1 – If 2𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 − 3, find the value of 𝑎.

Question 2 – Find the values of constants 𝑎 and 𝑏 when 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑥 + 3 both are
the factors of expression 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 12.

Question 3 – Find the value of 𝑘, if 2𝑥 + 1 is a factor of (3𝑘 + 2) 𝑥 3 + (𝑘 − 1).

Question 4 – Find the value of 𝑎, if 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of

2𝑥 5 − 6𝑥 4 − 2𝑎𝑥 3 + 6𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑎𝑥 + 8.

Question 5 – Find the values of 𝑚 and 𝑛 so that 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑥 + 2 both are factors
of

𝑥 3 + (3𝑚 + 1)𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 − 18.

Question 6 – If 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 6 has 𝑥 − 2 as a factor and leaves a remainder

3 when divided by 𝑥 − 3, find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

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Question 7 – What number should be subtracted from 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 14 so
that on dividing it by 𝑥 − 2, the remainder is 10?

Question 8 – The polynomials 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 − 6 and

𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + (2𝑎 + 1)𝑥 − 16 leave the same remainder when

divided by 𝑥 − 2. Find the value of ′𝑎′.

Question 9 – If (𝑥 − 2) is a factor of the expression 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 14 and

when the expression is divided by (𝑥 − 3), it leaves a remainder
52, find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

Question 10 – Find ′𝑎′ if the two polynomials 𝑎𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9 and 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 𝑎,

leave the same remainder when divided by 𝑥 + 3.

Question 11 – Using the Factor Theorem, show that:

(𝑥 + 5) is a factor of 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 − 15. Hence, factorise the

expression 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 − 15 completely.

Question 12– Using the Remainder Theorem, factorise the expression:

2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 6

Question 13–Using the Remainder Theorem, factorise the expression 3𝑥 3 +

10𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6. Hence, solve the equation 3𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 =
0.

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Question 14 – Given that 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑥 + 1 are factors of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 +
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏; calculate the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏. Hence, find all the factors
of 𝑓(𝑥).

Question 15 – If 𝑥 + 𝑎 is a common factor of expressions 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞

𝑛−𝑞
and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛; show that : 𝑎 =
𝑚−𝑝

Question 16 – The polynomials 𝑎𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 3 and 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 𝑎, when divided

by 𝑥 − 4, leave the same remainder in each case. Find the value of
𝑎.

Question 17 – Find the value of ′𝑎′, if (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2.

Question 18 – Find the number that must be subtracted from the polynomial
3𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 − 22𝑦 + 15, so that the resulting polynomial is
completely divisible by 𝑦 + 3.

Question 19 – Factorise the expression

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 18.

Hence, find all possible values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 0

Question 20 – The expression 4𝑥 3 − 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑐 leaves remainders 0 and 30
when divided by 𝑥 + 1 and 2𝑥 − 3 respectively. Calculate the
values of 𝑏 and 𝑐. Hence, factorise the expression completely.
Question 21 – Find, in each case, the remainder when:
(i) 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 is divided by 𝑥 − 1.
(ii) 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4 is divided by 𝑥 − 2.

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 (iii) 𝑥 4 + 1 is divided by 𝑥 + 1.
Question 22 – Show that:
(i) 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 5𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 50.
(ii) 3𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2.
Question 23 – When 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 + 4 is divided by 𝑥 − 2, the remainder is 𝑘.
Find the value of constant 𝑘.
Question 24 – Find the value of 𝑎, if the division of 𝑎𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 10 by
𝑥 + 3 leaves a remainder 5.
Question 25 – The expression 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 2 leaves remainder 7 and 0
when divided by 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑥 + 2 respectively. Calculate the
values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

-------THE END-------

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