GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

CIRCULATION/TRANSPORT

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF ANIMALS

FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. Circulate blood throughout entire body.

2. Transport of oxygen to cells.
3. Transport of CO2 away from cells.
4. Movement of immune system components.
5. Transports of endocrine gland secretion.

TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

 OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

→ Is a type of circulatory system in which blood, or rather hemolymph, is
not confined within blood vessels. Instead, it flows freely through a cavity
called the hemocoel, bathing the organs and tissues directly.
→ Are typically found in invertebrates, such as insects, spiders, crustaceans,
and some mollusks.

 CLOSE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

→ Is a type of circulatory system in which blood is confined within blood
vessels. These vessels form a continuous loop, starting and ending at the
heart.
→ Are typically found in vertebrates, such as humans, birds, mammals, fish,
and amphibians.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (HUMAN)

 PULMONARY CIRCULATION
→ Blood flows between the heart and the lungs to become oxygenated.

 SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
→ Blood is distributed to the tissues and tother systems of the body.

BLOOD

 ERYTHROCYTES
→ Red Blood Cells (RBC) remove waste and deliver oxygen.

 LEUKOCYTES
→ White Blood Cells (WBC) help to defend the body against infection.

 THROMBOCYTES
→ Platelets form clot and prevent bleeding.

BLOOD VESSELS

 ARTERY
→ A thick and elastic red-colored muscular wall that carries blood away
from the heart.

 VEIN
→ A thinner blue-colored muscular walls that returns blood back to the
heart.

 CAPILLARIES
→ A tiny one-celled thick vessel that connects the arteries and veins together.
It carries blood and nutrients inside the tissues and organs.
THE HEART

HEART

→ A muscle that is about the size of fist (in humans); pumps blood throughout the
body.

CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

FUNCTIONS

 RIGHT ATRIUM
→ Collects deoxygenated blood from the body.

 RIGHT VENTRICLE
→ Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

 LEFT ATRIUM
→ Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

 LEFT VENTRICLE
→ Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

VALVES OF THE HEART

FUNCTIONS

 TRICUSPID VALVE
→ This valve has three leaflets. They allow blood to flow from the right
atrium to the right ventricle. They also prevent blood from flowing
backward from the right ventricle to the right atrium.

 PULMONARY VALVE
→ This valve also has three leaflets. They allow blood to pump from the right
ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This artery leads to the lungs, where
bloods picks up oxygen. The pulmonary valve prevents blood from going
backward from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.

 MITRAL VALVE
→ This valve has two leaflets. They allow blood to flow from the lungs into
the left atrium. And they prevent backward flow from the left ventricle to
the left atrium.

 AORTIC VALVE
→ This valve has three leaflets. They open to let blood flow from your heart’s
left ventricle to the aorta. The aorta is the largest blood vessel in your
body. It brings oxygenated blood from your heart to the rest of your body.
The aortic valve prevents backward flow from the aorta into the left
ventricle.

VEINS ON THE HEART

FUNCTIONS

 The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from
the body back to the heart.
 The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

o In the circulatory system, the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava are
major veins responsible for returning deoxygenated blood from the upper
and lower halves of the body, respectively, to the right atrium of the
heart. The superior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the head,
neck, arms, and upper chest, while the inferior vena cava gathers blood
from the lower body, including the legs and abdominal region. Both veins
facilitate the circulation of blood through the pulmonary system, where
deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs for oxygenation. In addition, the
right and left pulmonary veins are essential components of this
pulmonary circulation. The right pulmonary veins carry oxygenated
blood from the right lung to the left atrium, where it combines with
oxygenated blood from the left pulmonary veins. This combined
oxygenated blood is then pumped into the systemic circulation, supplying
oxygen to the body's tissues and organs. Together, these venous pathways
ensure the efficient flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood,
supporting the vital functions of the circulatory system.

ARTERIES ON THE HEART

FUNCTIONS

 The pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
for oxygenation.
 The aorta conveys oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

o In the circulatory system, the aorta, originating from the left ventricle,
serves as the body's largest artery, distributing oxygenated blood to
various tissues. The aortic arch, a curved segment of the aorta, gives rise
to major arteries supplying the head, neck, and upper limbs. Meanwhile,
the right and left pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood from
the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. The right pulmonary artery leads
to the right lung, and the left pulmonary artery directs blood to the left
lung. These vessels collectively ensure the efficient circulation of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, playing vital roles in oxygen delivery
and metabolic processes throughout the body.
 o The process begins in the heart, a muscular organ divided into four
chambers: the left and right atria (upper chambers) and the left and right
ventricles (lower chambers). Deoxygenated blood returns to the right
atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae. When the right
atrium contracts, the blood is pushed into the right ventricle. From the
right ventricle, the blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries, leading
to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen, and the
now oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins,
entering the left atrium.
o When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood is pushed into the
left ventricle. The left ventricle, being the strongest chamber, pumps the
oxygenated blood into the aorta, the body's largest artery. The aorta
branches into smaller arteries, which further divide into arterioles and
capillaries. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the capillaries into the
tissues, while waste products enter the bloodstream. Deoxygenated blood,
now in the veins, is carried back to the heart, completing the circulation
cycle.

TRANSPORT SYSTEM

VASCULAR SYSTEM OF PLANTS

→ The vascular system transports water and nutrients from the roots to the
different parts of the plant.

 XYLEM
→ Carries water and mineral upward, from the roots to its different
parts.
→ Transport water and dissolved minerals.

 PHLOEM
→ Moves water and nutrients throughout the different parts of the
plants.
→ Transport of sugar to the different areas of plant. From high
concentration to lower concentration.
XYLEM AND PHLOEM

1. The roots absorb the water and minerals coming from the soil.
2. Water and mineral goes to the stem.
3. Water and minerals enters to the leaf and flower for photosynthesis.
4. Sugar, starch, and other nutrients were produce during photosynthesis.
5. Sugar, starch, and other nutrients goes to the different parts of the plant.
6. Sugar, starch, and other nutrients goes to the stem.
7. Sugar, starch, and other nutrients goes back to the roots.

o Xylem and phloem are a vascular bundle.

VASCULAR SYSTEM OF PLANTS

TRANSPORT PROCESS OF XYLEM

→ The transport process of water in plants involves the xylem and is facilitated by a
mechanism known as transpiration. Xylem is a vascular tissue responsible for
conducting water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from the stomata, tiny
pores on the surface of leaves. Water is absorbed by the plant's roots from the
soil and transported upward through the xylem vessels. The water and dissolved
minerals continue to travel through the xylem vessel. The water evaporates from
the stomata, tiny pores on the surface of leaves through the process called
transpiration. Water molecules are polar, with a positive and a negative end, and
they exhibit a strong cohesive force due to hydrogen bonding. This cohesion
allows water molecules to stick together, forming a continuous chain within the
xylem vessels. As water evaporates from the stomata during transpiration, it
creates a negative pressure or tension within the xylem. This tension is
transmitted through the cohesive water column, resulting in the upward
movement of water from the roots to the leaves.

TRANSPIRATION

→ A process by which plant lose water vapor through their leaves. This creates a
pulling force that allows water from the roots to the leaves through xylem
vessels.
→ It regulates temperature and bring water to the site of photosynthesis.

COHESION-TENSION

→ Ability of water molecule to stick together and form continuous chain.

TRANSPORT PROCESS OF PHLOEM

→ Phloem, a plant tissue, transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from

leaves (source tissues) to other parts of the plant (sink tissues) in a process
known as translocation. Sugars are actively loaded into the phloem in source
tissues, creating a pressure gradient that drives the mass flow of sap through the
sieve tube elements. This positive pressure, or turgor pressure, pushes the sap
through the phloem to sink tissues, where sugars are unloaded and utilized or
stored. Water exits the phloem by osmosis, completing the cycle. Translocation is
an energy-dependent process, relying on the active transport of sugars and the living
cells, particularly companion cells, associated with the phloem. This vital process
involves the movement of sugars, produced during photosynthesis in the leaves,
to other parts of the plant for energy and growth. The sugars, mainly in the form
of sucrose, move through the phloem tubes, which are specialized plant vessels.
Translocation occurs in two directions: upward, from the leaves to other plant
parts like stems and roots, and downward, from the leaves to developing fruits or
storage organs. This movement is facilitated by pressure differences and the
activity of specialized cells called sieve tubes and companion cells.

TRANSLOCATION

→ Movement of nutrients, mainly sugar, from the site of photosynthesis to the

different areas of the plant.

VASCULAR NUTRIENT FLO DIRECTIO THICKNE CELL PROCESS

TISSUES S CARRIED W N SS TYPE INVOLVED

XYLEM Water and One- Upward Thick wall Dead Transpiratio

dissolved way cells n
minerals
PHLOEM Nutrients, Two- Upward, Thin wall Living Translocatio
mainly sugar way downward cells n
(from the site
of
photosynthes
is to the
other areas
for growth
and storage.