Crafting a literature review on a complex subject such as forest degradation is no small feat.

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demands a deep dive into a vast ocean of existing research, requiring one to navigate through
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Forest degradation, a critical environmental issue, has been the focus of numerous studies due to its
profound impact on biodiversity, climate change, and human livelihoods. A literature review on this
topic requires an understanding of various disciplines, including ecology, forestry, social sciences,
and policy-making. The reviewer must be adept at discerning the relevance and credibility of sources,
often sifting through conflicting data and theories to construct a coherent narrative.

The challenges of such an endeavor are manifold. Firstly, the sheer volume of literature can be
overwhelming, making it difficult to identify key themes and trends. Secondly, the interdisciplinary
nature of forest degradation research necessitates a broad knowledge base, making it challenging to
grasp the nuances of each contributing field. Thirdly, maintaining objectivity and critical distance
while integrating diverse perspectives is a delicate balancing act. Finally, the pressure to produce a
review that is both comprehensive and concise can be daunting.

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International organizations have produced a series of definitions to meet their own needs, and
individual countries and institutions have adjusted definitions to their specific interests as illustrated
by the case of Mexico in Table 1. Rather, their value would be in creating the baseline for future
assessment of carbon stock changes and calculation of resulting carbon credits. Benchmarks should
reflect the variation in potential stocking rates of different non-degraded areas. Paraguay also
experienced a notable decline, with an 81 percent decrease in forest area that could be considered
intact between 2000 and 2020 due to the clearing of the Chaco for cattle ranching. By the same
reasoning, clearance of such open formations would not be counted as deforestation, and loss of
biomass density within them would not be counted as degradation, against the national reference
emissions level. These can then be contrasted with the areas subject to greater human impact. The
same would hold for aerial photos, even high resolution photos taken from low flying unmanned
aircraft (UAVs). Morfin-Rios, for his collaboration and support for the Rio Ayuquila Project. In
addition, data from the national forest inventory are also too recent to be used to determine past
degradation levels. However, there can also be positive feedback between natural and anthropogenic
disturbances, which can promote further loss of carbon stocks. Fullscreen Sharing Deliver a
distraction-free reading experience with a simple link. Although there is undoubtedly a need in
Mexico for habitat protection and restoration of some areas with a lower level of tree canopy cover,
we believe that this could be better achieved by other conservation instruments and policies.
Definition of reference conditions or benchmarks using more pragmatic criteria needs to be based on
understanding of the properties, patterns and processes of forest ecosystems, taking into account
their complex dynamics. Issuu turns PDFs and other files into interactive flipbooks and engaging
content for every channel. The error bars show the maximum and minimum value for each category
and the box corresponds to first and third quartile, the centreline is the median value. Morales-
Barquero, Lucia, Margaret Skutsch, Enrique J. Towards Defining Forest Degradation: Comparative
Analysis of Existing Definitions. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our
website. How much has the area of intact forest been reduced. Journal of Otorhinolaryngology,
Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM). We thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable
advice on the manuscript. Forest attributes used to define what is classified as “Forest” by relevant
international policy bodies and Mexican national entities. The National Forest Inventory is based on
about 23,000 permanent plots, set out on a regular grid of 5 km across all forests in the country, i.e.,
an average of one plot per 2500 ha of forest. For this, the setting up of benchmarks, which reflect
local conditions over relatively homogeneous areas, would be invaluable. A second step is to stratify
the landscape into homogeneous units based on biophysical characteristics and then carry out the
local forest inventories (see Section 5.1 ). Selecting an adequate number of strata is not
straightforward in most cases and it requires an in-depth knowledge of the area characteristics. The
tropical region experienced the most partial canopy cover loss with 9 percent of forest area affected.
The error bars show the maximum and minimum value for each category and the box corresponds to
first and third quartile, the centreline is the median value. There are a number of reasons for the
difficulties in adopting clear and consistent definitions, including the differences in perspectives and
management goals amongst actors, the challenge of defining the counter-factual (what would the
biomass density be if the forest were not degraded) when the natural condition and dynamics of
forest ecosystems are so variable, and human disturbance impacts on forest vary so much in their
intensity, spatial extent and frequency. Considerable uncertainty remains about the amount of GHG
emissions that can be linked to forest degradation and the amount of degraded forest worldwide.
These estimates would probably further increase if other degradation processes such as extensive
cattle grazing and unsustainable fuel wood collection were also included, indicating that forest
degradation could be an even larger source of GHG emissions.
As new data sets are developed, a multidimensional framework, such as that shown in the diagram
below, could enable degradation in a specific forest to be measured against a suite of values, and
targets could be set according to the management priorities for that forest. Once the natural range of
variation is known, information on land-use history and degradation agents that are acting locally
should be used to classify areas into degradation level categories, and to estimate which areas are
gaining or loosing carbon stocks. Loss of “intactness” could result from fragmentation (such as a
new road cutting through a forest) or from outright deforestation (such as conversion of forest for
agriculture). The approach taken in this study is first to examine the reasons why forest degradation
has not yet been clearly defined and how this contributes to the considerable difficulties in finding
adequate methods to measure it ( Section 2 ). Four Main Points. 1) Making a multi-level test
dichotomous by choosing a fixed cutpoint reduces the value of the test. ITTO 2002 ITTO 2005
Ecosystem services CAN From a climate change perspective, forest degradation needs to be defined
to include the impact of all human land-use activity that reduces the current carbon stock in a natural
forest compared with its natural carbon carrying capacity. Considerable uncertainty remains about the
amount of GHG emissions that can be linked to forest degradation and the amount of degraded
forest worldwide. The field survey of the National Forest Inventory of Mexico records indicators of
human or natural disturbance for each plot in the field (e.g., stem damage due to fire, presence of
tree stumps, grazing, illegal logging). Forests support biodiversity wastage of timber and fuel wood
should be avoided. Under the growing pressure of population in the developing countries and over
industrialization, urbanization and consumerism in the developed countries, there is large scale
deforestation in the tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world. Embed Host your publication on
your website or blog with just a few clicks. Routine management from which crown cover will
recover within the normal cycle of forest management operations is not included. The use of
benchmarks needs to be well informed by an understanding of the dynamic processes that are
occurring in each forest assessed, in order to prevent the unjustified assumption that if the
degradation agent is removed forest will follow a determined successional path. Journal of
Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). Safeguards have received considerable attention in
recent negotiations in response to concerns that other environmental and social values might be
sacrificed to maximise carbon values. Forests also serve as a source of lumber and as recreational
areas. These can then be contrasted with the areas subject to greater human impact. However, in a
practical project context, it is very rare that data are available of earlier biomass stock levels, or the
condition of the forest during a previous period or before any human impacts took place. This is an
extremely critical point, especially in terms of slash-and-burn agricultural systems, because it
seriously affects carbon accounting statistics. Integrating optical remote sensing with lidar (which is
discussed in Section 4.1.3 ) has produced interesting results; however its cost is currently
prohibitive. Rather, this analysis reveals that both drivers and responses largely fluctuate based upon
national and international institutional and economic factors, e.g. both drivers and responses are
controlled by national and international bodies. We author hundreds of books, assessments, reports,
briefs and research papers every year. Although this does not provide a reliable quantification of the
intensity or extent of degradation, it does provide evidence of how important it is for countries such
as Mexico to monitor forest degradation. Use of benchmarks of this type could offer a quick-start
option for local assessment and construction of reference levels for forest degradation.
Deforestation: Factors Responsible for Deforestation: ADVERTISEMENTS: (i) Rapid growth of
population in the developing countries. (ii) Extension of agricultural and grazing lands. (iii) Rising
demand for lumber, timber, paper, pulp, fuel-wood and charcoal, and other forest products. There has
been no comparable development of methods to meet the greater challenge of quantifying forest
degradation, and this inertia has led institutions to stick to the tried-and-tested approach of basing
forest change assessments solely on deforestation. Thus, all definitions present challenges and
stakeholders in the international policy development process and the voluntary carbon markets will
have to deal with the intrinsic level of uncertainty associated with the process of forest degradation,
and continuously seek improvements in the operational definition. Paper should be a substantial
original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. The Mexican
national forest inventory, which does provide data on biomass stocks, has records going back only to
2004 or 2007 with only one re-measurement in most cases. We conclude that, given the lack of
historical biomass data and the limited capability for monitoring degradation using remote sensing,
forest degradation is best measured against a local benchmark that represents areas of low or no
degradation that have comparable biophysical characteristics.
To assist with this, the primary goal of this paper was to propose an operational definition and
system of measurement, contextualized for the case of Mexico. Previous Article in Journal Large-
Scale Mapping of Carbon Stocks in Riparian Forests with Self-Organizing Maps and the k-Nearest-
Neighbor Algorithm. In Mexico appropriate units could be an ejido, community or small private
property, or perhaps a landscape unit that captures a relatively homogeneous pattern of local forest
uses across multiple ejidos. Much of the degradation is the result of unsustainable extraction of wood
products, shortening of slash-and-burn cycles, and allowing cattle to graze within the forests.
Articles Get discovered by sharing your best content as bite-sized articles. Rather than providing
support for dominant narratives of response to tropical deforestation in DRC (war-torn,
impoverished, failed state), analysis of these case studies show forest loss is occurring because there
is a lack of a detailed understanding of the complex set of drivers and pressures affecting forest
cover changes within LTLT. For Mexico, a possible approach would be to work at the watershed
level, as watersheds tend to be made up of landscape units with relatively similar sets of biophysical
characteristics, and moreover in some cases they are the spatial basis of governance units, e.g., in
Jalisco State where a number of inter-municipal juntas uniting up to 20 spatially contiguous
municipalities have been created. These figures must be regarded with some scepticism; mainly
because the methodology used by individual countries to calculate area of forest degradation varies
greatly. Hamilton Hall MD FRCSC Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
Medical Director, CBI Health Group Medical Director, Pure Healthy Back Executive Director,
Canadian Spine Society. Issuu turns PDFs and other files into interactive flipbooks and engaging
content for every channel. Video Say more by seamlessly including video within your publication.
Embed Host your publication on your website or blog with just a few clicks. The complexity of
ecosystems and their dynamics makes the establishment of benchmarks difficult. At a landscape
level forests both heavily and lightly influenced by humans exist in a shifting mosaic of patches with
variation in species composition, structure and biomass-carbon stocks. Reverse the loss of forest
cover and increase efforts to prevent forest degradation. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials
Processing (JMMP). Assessing Forest Degradation Towards the Development of Globally Applicable
Guidelines. In Proceeding of Expert Workshop on Methodology for Assessing Degradation, Bonn,
Germany, October 2003. Putz, F.E.; Redford, K.H. The Importance of Defining “Forest”: Tropical
Forest Degradation, Deforestation, Long-term Phase Shifts, and Further Transitions. The Mexican
national forest inventory, which does provide data on biomass stocks, has records going back only to
2004 or 2007 with only one re-measurement in most cases. Editors select a small number of articles
recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly. The costs of such a monitoring
system will be large, but need to be compared with the benefit of improved assessment not only of
changes in carbon stock, but also for other ecosystem services that could be linked to this remote
sensing data. However, it will be many years before enough data are generated to create a credible
baseline or reference emissions level, and therefore before carbon credits could be claimed for
avoided or reduced degradation on this basis. Feature papers represent the most advanced research
with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. The first step in operationalizing this
approach would be to decide on the size of the region within which the benchmark would be
applied. The use of benchmarks needs to be well informed by an understanding of the dynamic
processes that are occurring in each forest assessed, in order to prevent the unjustified assumption
that if the degradation agent is removed forest will follow a determined successional path. Morales-
Barquero L, Skutsch M, Jardel-Pelaez EJ, Ghilardi A, Kleinn C, Healey JR. Issuu turns PDFs and
other files into interactive flipbooks and engaging content for every channel. Safeguards have
received considerable attention in recent negotiations in response to concerns that other
environmental and social values might be sacrificed to maximise carbon values. Expanding MRV for
assessment of policy effectiveness and as a basis for benefit distribution. The identification of a
range of possible values by comparing forest stands over space, is interpreted as corresponding to the
changes that may occur in a single stand over time (chronosequence).
In the case of comparison with a contemporaneous benchmark, the problem for degradation
assessment is to define, identify and measure an appropriate benchmark or reference condition; a
challenge directly analogous to that faced in ecological restoration or when trying to determine the
degree of “naturalness“ of managed forests. Rather, this analysis reveals that both drivers and
responses largely fluctuate based upon national and international institutional and economic factors,
e.g. both drivers and responses are controlled by national and international bodies. In the case of
agroforestry systems, which involve joint production of timber and agricultural products, the
classification by land use is particularly arbitrary. However, the difference in biomass levels between
a forest with 70% cover and one with 40% is huge. This Evidence from the empirical analysis that
confirmed responders, identified responses, and determined response effectiveness suggests
responses to deforestation need greater local relevance and foci. They emphasise that forest
degradation is a wide and complex concept that can be quantified using several indicators that range
from those focused on biodiversity to those most linked to stored carbon. GIFs Highlight your latest
work via email or social media with custom GIFs. Goal Improve an image in some predefined sense
Image restoration attempts to restore images that have been degraded by using a prior knowledge of
the degradation phenomenon. Lucia Morales will like to acknowledge the financial support of Forest
and Nature for Society-FONASO-EU doctoral program. Degradation is often a precursor to forest
conversion. Fullscreen Sharing Deliver a distraction-free reading experience with a simple link. The
National Forest Inventory is based on about 23,000 permanent plots, set out on a regular grid of 5
km across all forests in the country, i.e., an average of one plot per 2500 ha of forest. Canada, Russia
and the United States together accounted for 96 percent of tree cover loss related to fire in
temperate and boreal forests. Rappaport et al. 2018,. These tropical forest fires also result in major
climate-damaging emissions, Harris et al. 2015,. resulting in a potential positive feedback loop
between climate change and fires. Morales-Barquero L, Skutsch M, Jardel-Pelaez EJ, Ghilardi A,
Kleinn C, Healey JR. This will depend on having an unambiguous and operational definition of
degradation based on measurable indicators. Articles Get discovered by sharing your best content as
bite-sized articles. Degraded but stable With a low level of carbon, but small rate of losses or gains
Forest enhancement Possibly through replanting if insufficient soil seed bank, seed rain or root stock
exists for natural regeneration or sprouting. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of
interest. Benchmarks should reflect the variation in potential stocking rates of different non-degraded
areas. Publications include reports, analyses, best practices, standards, periodicals from IUCN
Commissions and numerous other types of knowledge from the Union. Finally, as more information
becomes available, benchmarks can be compared and refined and historical baselines could, in the
long run, be developed using them. Dr. Lanai Jennings Coordinator Office of Special Programs. Data
Collection. Data Analysis. 2010-2011 Special Education Data Collection. 2010-2011 Special
Education Data Collection. International organizations have produced a series of definitions to meet
their own needs, and individual countries and institutions have adjusted definitions to their specific
interests as illustrated by the case of Mexico in Table 1. This approach has been applied in national
forest reference levels submitted to the UNFCCC, including those of Guyana and Ghana. A gradient
from least-degraded areas (the benchmark) to highly disturbed sites, with some range of uncertainty
for each level can be established (as illustrated for two contrasting cases in Figure 2 ). This relates to
the need for a water-tight accounting system if credits are to be marketed. The availability of forest
monitoring methods suitable to assess forest degradation is especially critical in certain countries.
Given the multiple temporal scales of natural change in forest condition, the absence of adequate
historical data with which to define the range of conditions that may exist in non-degraded (the
counter-factual) is a particular constraint. In Mexico appropriate units could be an ejido, community
or small private property, or perhaps a landscape unit that captures a relatively homogeneous pattern
of local forest uses across multiple ejidos.
This relates to the need for a water-tight accounting system if credits are to be marketed. It is
particularly challenging to detect the intensity of degradation at any given point and assess the rate
at which forests are losing carbon. In the case of deforestation, emission factors are calculated by
assessing the total carbon stock per hectare that would be lost, in one go, if the area were deforested.
Degradation is often a precursor to forest conversion. By continuing, you agree to our Terms and
Conditions. The efficacy of a definition will depend on the consistent reliability of the indicators that
can be applied to it, but there has been a serious lack of research to test this. This is primarily because
the available high resolution images, although they are useful in identifying areas which appear to be
degraded now, and have good potential to track changes in these in the future, are too recent to
provide sufficient historical coverage. However, although time series comparison of these indices
allowed the identification of broad areas with reduced biomass levels, the resolution level is coarse
(too coarse to superimpose an overlay for management units, for example). Once the natural range of
variation is known, information on land-use history and degradation agents that are acting locally
should be used to classify areas into degradation level categories, and to estimate which areas are
gaining or loosing carbon stocks. Additional information on the rate of potential carbon stock gains
and monitoring costs is required to assess this trade-off. Adobe Express Go from Adobe Express
creation to Issuu publication. These drivers of degradation typically result in a landscape mosaic in
which part of the forest area has lost biomass stock, part is depleted but stable, and other parts are
recovering their biomass stocks, with the net result that the landscape’s average stock is at levels
below those expected in forests undisturbed by human uses. As we explained in Section 2.2, there is
no easy way of fixing temporal or spatial criteria for degradation without specific reference to
individual management units. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). However, use
of this term does nothing to solve the fundamental problem of defining which forest falls within this
category: in reality there are huge natural spatial and temporal variations in carbon stocks within
forests in the same region or landscape, linked to differences in structure, productivity and species
composition, due to variation in biophysical conditions (hydrology, soil, etc. ) and long-term natural,
as well as anthropogenic, disturbance regimes. Practicum of Health Science Technology 2009 - 2010.
Objectives. Discuss the importance of balance between activity and sleep in a patient’s life Describe
the factors affecting activities of daily living. QR Codes Generate QR Codes for your digital
content. Resources Dive into our extensive resources on the topic that interests you. Ground surveys
could include information on land use history and the current use, such as amount of cattle,
unsustainable logging or estimates of fuelwood collection, which could improve knowledge of the
relationship between human activities and the observed biomass in an area. Environmental Issues in
East Asia (Fig. 11.2). Chinas environmental problems are among the most severe of any major
country and are getting worse: Air pollution Land Degradation Cropland losses Desertification
Disappearing wetlands. These estimates would probably further increase if other degradation
processes such as extensive cattle grazing and unsustainable fuel wood collection were also included,
indicating that forest degradation could be an even larger source of GHG emissions. This Evidence
from the empirical analysis that confirmed responders, identified responses, and determined response
effectiveness suggests responses to deforestation need greater local relevance and foci. Morales-
Barquero, Lucia, Margaret Skutsch, Enrique J. Therefore, these surveys need to be designed to
enable a sufficiently accurate assessment of the levels of degradation and enhancement within the
property boundaries to quantify these management effects as a basis for reporting and payments.
Variation in the definitions proposed for forest degradation is highly dependent on the interests of the
corresponding stakeholders. Although this study was valuable for establishing trends that helped
understanding which plots have suffered biomass loss or gains and where these areas were located,
due to its coarse spatial resolution it does not allow a proper quantification of biomass change nor to
establish if these losses were due to human-related activities. In addition, data from the national
forest inventory are also too recent to be used to determine past degradation levels. Embed Host
your publication on your website or blog with just a few clicks. Multiple requests from the same IP
address are counted as one view. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA).
Four Main Points. 1) Making a multi-level test dichotomous by choosing a fixed cutpoint reduces the
value of the test. These can then be contrasted with the areas subject to greater human impact. For
instance, Mexico has experienced a much reduced deforestation rate during the last five years but has
very high levels of human disturbance in its forests. Given the multiple temporal scales of natural
change in forest condition, the absence of adequate historical data with which to define the range of
conditions that may exist in non-degraded (the counter-factual) is a particular constraint. Despite the
spatial limitations of image data, several attempts have been made to assess activity data for forest
degradation in Mexico. Forest degradation — the loss of trees from logging, fires or harvesting
firewood — is much more difficult to detect, even by remote sensing satellites. Journal of
Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). Rather, their value would be in creating the
baseline for future assessment of carbon stock changes and calculation of resulting carbon credits. It
is particularly challenging to detect the intensity of degradation at any given point and assess the rate
at which forests are losing carbon. Lucia Morales will like to acknowledge the financial support of
Forest and Nature for Society-FONASO-EU doctoral program. Canada, Russia and the United
States together accounted for 96 percent of tree cover loss related to fire in temperate and boreal
forests. Currently, this is not sufficient for construction of a baseline for degradation emissions data
(for which data from more than 10 years would be needed). We use cookies on our website to ensure
you get the best experience. Issuu turns PDFs and other files into interactive flipbooks and engaging
content for every channel. January 2011 Inni Barone Information Reporting Services Special
Education Data Collection, Analysis and Reporting (SEDCAR). Considerable uncertainty remains
about the amount of GHG emissions that can be linked to forest degradation and the amount of
degraded forest worldwide. A baseline or reference emissions level (REL) is built on rates of
degradation (and deforestation) over a given historical period against which emissions due to future
degradation can be compared. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD).
Variation in the definitions proposed for forest degradation is highly dependent on the interests of
the corresponding stakeholders. The costs of such a monitoring system will be large, but need to be
compared with the benefit of improved assessment not only of changes in carbon stock, but also for
other ecosystem services that could be linked to this remote sensing data. FAO ?10% (at maturity)
?0.5 ?5 (at maturity in situ) Does not include areas predominantly under “non-forest” land use such
as agriculture or urban CBD- Convention for Biological Diversity ?10% ?0.5 ?5 Only includes
“natural” forest. Apart from the fact that identification of secondary forest from such images is
difficult, such that misclassifications are common, this procedure is flawed on several counts: first, it
assumes that there is no change in carbon stocks within the forest classified as non-secondary ( i.e.,
“primary”) that remain classified as primary (which is unlikely), and secondly it implies that stocks
are permanently decreased in secondary forest. By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our
terms of service and privacy policy. More Features Connections Canva Create professional content
with Canva, including presentations, catalogs, and more. Table of Contents. Topic Slide Number
Resources for Assistance 3. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). Morales-
Barquero, L.; Skutsch, M.; Jardel-Pelaez, E.J.; Ghilardi, A.; Kleinn, C.; Healey, J.R. Add Links Send
readers directly to specific items or pages with shopping and web links. Since it is not currently
possible to measure forest degradation directly at a global scale, this indicator employs three
different measures of disturbed forest area as a proxy for where degradation may have occurred,
acknowledging that not all forest disturbance results in forest degradation. Currently available
remote sensing data and methodological approaches do not permit accurate quantification of the rate
of loss of biomass within degrading forests (which would form the basis for the estimate of emission
factors), as they only observe canopy cover.
This indicates that a more detailed classification, using biophysical variables such as slope, aspect or
smaller altitudinal ranges, should be attempted, to reduce this variability. We critically review and
discuss national and international definitions of forest and of forest degradation, and then analyze
the main difficulties in making these operational, evaluating the key elements and threshold values
that are used, and contextualizing them using Mexico as a case study. Thermal Degradation
Mechanical Degradation Chemical Degradation Light induced Degradation Hydrolysis. Adobe
InDesign Design pixel-perfect content like flyers, magazines and more with Adobe InDesign. It is
important to recognise that, while this approach assumes that the landscape includes areas with a
range of levels of degradation, it does not depend on the least degraded areas being completely free
of human impact. Another problem with thresholds is that some tree-dominated land uses are
classified as forest whereas others are classified as non-forest, through the application of commodity-
based definitions of “land use” by FAO and other organisations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and
BioTech Industry (JPBI). The error bars show the maximum and minimum value for each category
and the box corresponds to first and third quartile, the centreline is the median value. Moreover, it is
not possible to distinguish clearly losses that are due to degradation from those that are due to
deforestation, nor to directly quantify the biomass changes involved. How much has the area of
intact forest been reduced. Definitions of forest degradation proposed by relevant international
policy bodies concerned with forestry. International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). Forest
degradation is notoriously difficult to define due to varied perceptions of which forest attributes
matter most. Biomass stocks can be estimated with lidar and intense field sampling, but as there are
no historical lidar images available it is not yet possible to construct a baseline against which to
compare future measurements to assess loss and gain of forest biomass. Journal of Manufacturing
and Materials Processing (JMMP). However, there can also be positive feedback between natural and
anthropogenic disturbances, which can promote further loss of carbon stocks. Such conditions
strongly enhance the detectability of the signal, and the success of these techniques where logging
has occurred in more topographically complex terrain or in other types of forests, with less uniform
canopy or with a more patchy or diffuse pattern has not been demonstrated. Definition of reference
conditions or benchmarks using more pragmatic criteria needs to be based on understanding of the
properties, patterns and processes of forest ecosystems, taking into account their complex dynamics.
Social Posts Create on-brand social posts and Articles in minutes. Four Main Points. 1) Making a
multi-level test dichotomous by choosing a fixed cutpoint reduces the value of the test. Add Links
Send readers directly to specific items or pages with shopping and web links. Romania saw the
largest percentage decline, with its last remaining tract of intact forest fragmented by new transport
infrastructure between 2000 and 2013. Expanding MRV for assessment of policy effectiveness and
as a basis for benefit distribution. Variation in the definitions proposed for forest degradation is
highly dependent on the interests of the corresponding stakeholders. Morales-Barquero, L.; Skutsch,
M.; Jardel-Pelaez, E.J.; Ghilardi, A.; Kleinn, C.; Healey, J.R. Please let us know what you think of
our products and services. Forest attributes used to define what is classified as “Forest” by relevant
international policy bodies and Mexican national entities. Given the multiple temporal scales of
natural change in forest condition, the absence of adequate historical data with which to define the
range of conditions that may exist in non-degraded (the counter-factual) is a particular constraint. In
addition to quantifying carbon stocks, ground surveys have the potential to inform national policy on
the state of other ecosystems services that are lost when forests become degraded. Issuu turns PDFs
and other files into interactive flipbooks and engaging content for every channel.