ENGLISH 10

Citing Sources
QUARTER 4 WEEK 5

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

EN10SS-IIIc-1.6.4, EN10SS-IIIe-1.6.5
In this lesson, you will use writing conventions to acknowledge sources.

Objectives
1. Identify the different documentation styles
2. Write in-text citations using the APA Style
3. Use the APA Style in creating a reference list
4. Create own dictionary with a reference list using APA style

Let’s Recall (Review)

Recall your insights from the previous topics by summarizing the discussion
with the use of the graphic organizer below.
Expanded Definition
Purposes of Writing Approaches to Writing Steps in Writing a Good Tips in Writing a Good
Expanded Definition Expanded Definitions Expanded Definition Expanded Definition

A. A. A. A.
B. B. B. B.
C. C. C. C.
D. D. D.
E.

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

It is very important to always show respect to the authors of the sources that you
used in writing your academic papers. By including in-text citations and a reference list in
your paper, you are giving credit to these authors. In doing so, you become a writing scholar who adheres
to the ethical standards of writing. Citing sources also allows readers of your work to check your
references in case they want to know more about the topic you researched on.
Different Documentation Styles
A documentation style is an established approach in citing the sources that a writer quoted from,
consulted, or gathered ideas from. Each documentation style prescribes its own format for citing sources
within a text, providing a list of references at the end of a paper. There are various kinds of documentation
styles, and different academic disciplines prescribe the use of different ones.

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1. The Notes-Bibliography Style
• widely used in the humanities and some social sciences.
• The writer places a superscript number at the end of a sentence in the body text to indicate that
he or she is referring to a source for that piece of information. The number corresponds to details
located in a footnote or endnote.
2. The Modern Language Association (MLA) Style
• most often used for citing sources and formatting papers in the humanities and the liberal arts
• authorship is emphasized, so it usually prescribes recording the name of the author in the text
3. The American Psychological Association (APA) Style
• most often used for citing sources in the social sciences
• date of publication is important in social sciences papers, so the date of a certain work comes
right after the name of the author
• commonly prescribed by teachers in the Philippines for high school students doing research
Example
Information Taken from the Source: Caligula, Commodus, and Nero are three of the most vicious and
eccentric emperors who ruled in Rome.
Source: Title of the Book: The Roman Emperors throughout History Author: Allison J. Ford
Date Published: 2018 Publisher: BookHouse, Inc.
Place of Publication: Manila Page Number: 28
Notes-Bibliography Style
• Using the notes-bibliography style, the information (if directly-quoted) should be enclosed in
quotation marks, and a superscript should be placed immediately after the parenthesis, which
should mark the ordinal number of the source among those that you are using in your write-up
• Afterward, provide an endnote or footnote which provides specific information about where the
source came from.
“Caligula, Commodus, and Nero are three of the most vicious and eccentric emperors who ruled in Rome.” 1
[Then, at the bottom of the document, let’s say you are using a footnote]
1. Allison J. Ford, The Roman Emperors throughout History (Manila: BookHouse, Inc., 2018), 23.
Modern Language Association (MLA) Style
• Using the MLA style, the information (if directly quoted) should be enclosed in quotation marks,
similar with notes-bibliography style, and the source should come immediately after it, which are
enclosed in parenthesis.
• The information about the source should include the last name of the author and page number.
“Caligula, Commodus, and Nero are three of the most vicious and eccentric emperors who ruled in Rome” (Ford 23).
American Psychological Association (APA) Style
• Using the APA style, the information (if directly quoted) should also be enclosed in quotation
marks, and the source should come immediately after it, which are enclosed in parenthesis, similar

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 with MLA style.
• The information about the source should include the last name of the author, date of the
source’s publication, and the specific page number. The information should be separated using
commas.
“Caligula, Commodus, and Nero are three of the most vicious and eccentric emperors who ruled in Rome” (Ford,
2018, p. 23).
In-Text Citations using American Psychological Association (APA) Style
In-text citations of sources can be found in the body of a report or paper. As mentioned in the
previous lesson, most teachers in the Philippines require their students to use the American Psychological
Association (APA) Style in their research papers.
• We use in-text citation when we want to include information in the body of our paper.
• Most of the time, students are required to use the American Psychological Association (APA) format
because it calls for recency of information we include in our paper.
• In APA style, the name of the author (particularly his/her last name) should be included, as well as
the date of publication.
Formats one can use in citing:
• The first is by placing the last name(s) of the author(s) at the end of the cited information, in
parenthesis. This is called idea-focused.
• The second strategy is by incorporating the name(s) of the author(s) together with the cited
information, and immediately after the name(s) of the author(s), the date of publication is placed
in parenthesis. This is what we call researcher-focused.
• The last way is by incorporating both the name(s) of the author(s) and date of publication
together with the cited information. We call this chronology-focused.
Basic Rules For Writing In-Text Citations Using APA Style
1. When directly quoting from the source, always include the author, the year of publication, and the page
number (preceded by p.) where you got the information. Start the quotation with a signal phrase that has
the author’s last name and the date of publication in parentheses. If there is no signal phrase used to
name the author, the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number should be placed
in parentheses after the quotation.
According to Estrada and Nem Singh (2008), “Journalism is the art of writing for publication in newspapers and other
periodicals, embracing all thoughts and actions that have significance and interest to the readers” (p.1).
2. In case the source text is paraphrased in the research, only the author and the year of publication need
to be included in the in-text citation. However, providing the page number is still encouraged, although
not required.
According to Estrada and Nem Singh (2008), journalism is the act of writing news and information to be published in
newspapers and other publications.
3. A quotation made up of 40 words or more should start on a new line, indented by one-half inch from
the left margin. The entire quotation should be typed on the new margin, and the parenthetical citation

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should be placed after the final quotation mark. Long quotes do not have to be enclosed in quotation
marks.
Estrada & Nem Singh (2008) stated the following:
Journalism is the art of writing for publication in newspapers and other periodicals, embracing all thoughts
and actions that have significance and interest to the readers. The field of journalism has widened its scope through
the years. Now it may be roughly divided into five categories: newspapers, general magazines and reviews,
professional journals or newsletters, news magazines and magazine digests, radio and television. (p. 1)
4. When citing a source found within another source, use the name of the original source in the signal
phrase. Make sure to include the secondary source in parentheses.
Basa states that in the olden times, women were so modest that even their ankles cannot be seen (as cited in Estrada
& Nem Singh, 2008, p. 256).
5. In case an electronic source is used, it should be cited, if possible, in the same way as any other
document using the author-date style.
According to Jervis (2015), starting treatment early plays a vital role in the recovery process.
6. In case the name of the author is not given in the electronic source, the title should be used in the signal
phrase. Only the first word or two words of the title are enclosed in double quotation marks. In case there
is no date, the abbreviation “n.d.” should be used.
A mental illness is a condition affecting an individual’s feelings, moods, or ways of thinking (“Mental Health,” n.d.)
7. For electronic sources lacking page numbers but with numbered paragraphs, the abbreviation “para.”
should be used, followed by the number of the paragraph. In case the paragraphs are not numbered but
the source contains headings, cite the appropriate heading and note the paragraph under that heading.
According to the research done by Kerry (2013), 20 percent of adults experience a mental health condition each year
(Wellness section, para. 1).
The Reference List in the APA Style
The reference list is a list of works such as books, magazines, and articles that are used as
references for a paper. The list always appears at the end of the paper, and the works are arranged
alphabetically based on the last names of the authors. Including a reference list in a paper prevents you
from committing plagiarism, an act of using another person’s ideas without giving proper or due credit to
the author or owner of that source. Below are some important pointers in writing a reference list using the
APA Style:
1. When making a reference list handwritten, the names of the publications should be underlined. When
typed, the names should be italicized.
Estrada, E. & Nem Singh, R. (2008). Basic journalism. Mandaluyong: National Book Store, Inc.
2. Citations in the reference list should use hanging indentation: the first line of each entry is flush left, and
the following lines are indented by a half inch.
Santos, B. & Reyes, S. (2013). Language in modern-day society: A look at how language evolved through time. Pasig:
Books, Inc.
3. The APA Style uses sentence-style capitalization for the titles of articles or books; only the first word of
the title and the subtitle are capitalized. Exceptions are proper names and periodical titles.
Cruz, A. (2014). Persuasion in advertising. Manila: Growley Books, Inc.
4. In case there are several authors, the ampersand (&) should be placed before the last author’s name.

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For works with more than seven authors, list the surname and first name initial of the final author.
Canto, G., Protacio, M., & Mercado, R. (2010). Feminism in films. Cebu: Kawayan Publishing.
Formats of the Different Types of Reading Materials in The Reference List
1. Book: Surname, first name initial. (Year of publication). Title of work. Additional information. Location:
Publisher.
Magalang, F. (2005). Magic in Manila. Manila: Big Books Publishing.
2. Encyclopedia and Dictionaries: Author’s last name, first name initial. (Year of publication). Title of
article. Title of Dictionary (Volume, pages). Location: Publisher.
Mendez, T. Happenstance. In The New Dictionary (Vol. 2, p. 123). Manila: New Book House.
3. Magazine, newspaper, and journal articles: Surname, first name initial. (Year and month of
publication). Article title. Periodical title, volume number (issue number if available), page range.
Chamberlin, J., Novotne, A., and Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health
psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5),
26–29.
4. Websites: Surname, first name initial. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved from full URL. In
case the website does not have a date, write “n.d.” Note that there is no period after the URL.
Hizon, V. (2016, August 7). Optimism and its benefits. Mind facts. Retrieved from http://mindfacts.org
/topics/optimism.html

Let’s Apply
Identify what is/are being asked on the following questions.
_______1. What is an established approach in citing the sources that a writer quoted from,
consulted, or gathered ideas from?
_______2. What style places a superscript number at the end of a sentence in the body text to
indicate that he or she is referring to a source for a specific piece of information?
_______3. What style usually prescribes recording the name of the author in the text?
_______4. What style is commonly prescribed by the teachers in the Philippines?
_______5. A note placed at the bottom of the page is called?
_______6. What is found in the body of the report or paper that gives more credible information
from another author?
_______7. What is the most important detail needed if you are directly quoting from a source?
_______8. What do you call a list of works such as books, magazines, and articles that are used as
references for a paper?
_______9. What is the act of using another person’s idea without using proper citation to credit
the person?
_______10. What are the two important details to include if you paraphrased the citation?

Let’s Analyze
Correct the error in the citation format of the following directly cited information
that used the indicated documentation style. If there is no error, write No Error.
_____1. (Lockhart, 2017, p.134) “The tearing down of the Berlin Wall signifies the end of
communism in Germany.” - APA style
_____2. “Europe, Africa, and Asia are involved in World War II” (Lucius, 2009, p. 57). - APA
_____3. “Muhammad brought together the Middle East” (Ogaya). - MLA style
_____4. “Until the present time, no one knows what happened to the lost colony of Roanoke.” 1
Jeffrey S. De Lara (Manila: BooksandMore, Inc., 2018), 291. – MLA style

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_____5. “The reformation which happened between 1517-1648 caused the faction between the
Catholic Church and the Protestants” Marlie, 2011, p.23. - APA style
_____6. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1440 (Dela Cruz 187). - MLA style
_____7. “The Renaissance period is a complete overturn of the Dark Ages.”1
Leslie S. Clemente, Historical Events that Impacted the World (Manila: LovelyBooks, Inc.,
2018), 108. - Notes-bibliography style
_____8. “The Life of Jesus of Nazareth impacted the world, religiously speaking.” (Novak, p.78). –
APA style
_____9. The American Revolution was sparked by the belief that everyone should be equal and
be treated equally (Lunar, 2008, p.15). - APA style
_____10. “World War I is considered as the Great War” (Gomez 2014 23). - MLA style

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

Transform the following information to the appropriate style.
Information: Ragnarok is an event in Norse mythology that is similar with our notion of the apocalypse.
Source: Title of the Book: Norse Mythology That Matters Author: Jemerlyn C. Cruz
Date Published: 2012 Publisher: BooksClub, Inc.
Place of Publication: Manila Page Number: 120
(Citation) Notes-bibliography Style:
(Citation) MLA Style:
(Citation) APA Style:
(In-Text Citation) APA Style:
(Reference List) APA Style:

Let’s Create
Goal: Create your own dictionary with a reference list using APA style.
Role: You are a researcher defining different terms connected to the concept of “New Normal”
Audience: The target readers of your research are people who have lesser knowledge about the concept
of “New Normal”.
Situation: As part of the drastic changes happening due to the Pandemic, people are always asked to
embark the concept of “New Normal”. As a researcher, you will define terminologies connected to the
concept to enlighten the readers.
Product Performance: Research at least 20 words or terminologies connected to the concept of “New
Normal”. Arrange the words following the format used in a dictionary. At the end of your dictionary, a
reference list using APA style should be written to cite your sources.
Standards: Rubrics for scoring

Criteria Score

Content: The information in the reference list is included. (10 pts)

Organization: The reference list followed the APA style correctly. (10 pts)
Mechanics: Appropriate punctuation marks were used to separate the information. (10
pts)

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