INTRODUCTION
A calculator is a portable electronic or mechanical device designed to perform
mathematical calculations quickly and accurately. It typically includes basic arithmetic
functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as more
advanced features like square root, percentage calculations, and memory functions.
Electronic calculators, which gained popularity in the mid-20th century, come in various
forms, including handheld devices, desktop models, and software applications. They are
widely used in education, business, finance, engineering, and everyday tasks where
numerical computations are required.
Calculators have evolved over time, with modern versions often featuring scientific,
graphing, or programmable capabilities. While digital technology has largely replaced
traditional mechanical calculators, these devices remain indispensable tools for quick and
efficient mathematical operations in various professional and academic fields.
Basic calculators: These perform the four basic mathematical operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division) and may also include features like percentages,
memory functions, and square roots.
Scientific calculators: These offer a wider range of mathematical functions, including
trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential calculations. They are often used in science,
engineering, and mathematics courses.
FEATURE
While basic calculators handle addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, advanced
calculators offer a wider range of functions, including:
Trigonometric Functions (sin, cos, tan):
These functions calculate the relationship between angles and sides in triangles.
Sin (sine): Ratio of opposite side to hypotenuse.
Cos (cosine): Ratio of adjacent side to hypotenuse.
Tan (tangent): Ratio of opposite side to adjacent side
.
Factorial (n!):
Represents the product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given number (n).
Example: 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120.
Advanced calculators also perform:
Logarithms (log): The inverse of exponentiation, finding the power to which a base must
be raised to get a specific number.
Using these functions:
Advanced calculators often require specific button sequences or function menus to access
these functions.
Consult your calculator's manual or online resources to learn the specific instructions for
your model.
XML CODE:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<color name="purple_200">#0F9D58</color>
<color name="purple_500">#0F9D58</color>
<color name="purple_700">#0F9D58</color>
<color name="teal_200">#FF03DAC5</color>
<color name="teal_700">#FF018786</color>
<color name="black">#FF000000</color>
<color name="white">#FFFFFFFF</color>
<!--three different shades of black color-->
<color name="blac_shade_1">#292D36</color>
<color name="black_shade_2">#272B33</color>
<color name="black_shade_3">#22252D</color>
<color name="yellow">#ffa500</color>
</resources>
JAVA CODE:
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
// Creating variables for our text view and buttons
private TextView tvSec, tvMain;
private Button bac, bc, bbrac1, bbrac2, bsin, bcos, btan, blog, bln, bfact, bsquare, bsqrt,
binv, b0, b9, b8, b7, b6, b5, b4, b3, b2, b1, bpi, bmul, bminus, bplus, bequal, bdot, bdiv;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
// Initializing all variables.
tvSec = findViewById(R.id.idTVSecondary);
tvMain = findViewById(R.id.idTVprimary);
bac = findViewById(R.id.bac);
bc = findViewById(R.id.bc);
bbrac1 = findViewById(R.id.bbrac1);
bbrac2 = findViewById(R.id.bbrac2);
bsin = findViewById(R.id.bsin);
bcos = findViewById(R.id.bcos);
btan = findViewById(R.id.btan);
blog = findViewById(R.id.blog);
bln = findViewById(R.id.bln);
bfact = findViewById(R.id.bfact);
bsquare = findViewById(R.id.bsquare);
bsqrt = findViewById(R.id.bsqrt);
binv = findViewById(R.id.binv);
b0 = findViewById(R.id.b0);
b9 = findViewById(R.id.b9);
b8 = findViewById(R.id.b8);
b7 = findViewById(R.id.b7);
b6 = findViewById(R.id.b6);
b5 = findViewById(R.id.b5);
b4 = findViewById(R.id.b4);
b3 = findViewById(R.id.b3);
b2 = findViewById(R.id.b2);
b1 = findViewById(R.id.b1);
bpi = findViewById(R.id.bpi);
bmul = findViewById(R.id.bmul);
bminus = findViewById(R.id.bminus);
bplus = findViewById(R.id.bplus);
bequal = findViewById(R.id.bequal);
bdot = findViewById(R.id.bdot);
bdiv = findViewById(R.id.bdiv);
// Adding click listeners to all buttons.
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// Appending the expression to the text view.
tvMain.setText(tvMain.getText().toString() + "1");
}
});
}
OUTPUT:
Advantages:
Increased Functionality: Advanced calculators offer a wider range of functions compared
to basic calculators, including trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan), factorials, logarithms,
and exponents. This makes them more versatile and suitable for solving complex
mathematical problems encountered in various fields like engineering, physics, and
advanced mathematics.
Improved Accuracy: Advanced calculators often provide higher precision calculations
compared to basic models. This is crucial for scientific and engineering applications where
even slight errors can have significant consequences.
Efficiency: By incorporating multiple functions and memory features, advanced calculators
can streamline calculations, saving time and effort compared to manual calculations or
using multiple basic calculators.
Disadvantages:
Overdependence: Excessive reliance on calculators can hinder the development of
foundational mathematical skills, such as mental arithmetic, estimation, and problem-
solving without technological assistance. These skills are crucial for building a strong
mathematical foundation and applying them in real-world scenarios.
Input Errors: Mistakes in entering data or choosing the correct function on the calculator
can lead to inaccurate results, further hindering understanding and progress.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the calculator stands as a quintessential tool that has transcended time,
evolving from ancient counting devices to modern electronic applications. Its historical
journey reflects a continuous quest for efficiency and precision in mathematical
computations.
The calculator's diverse types, including mechanical, electronic, scientific, and graphing
variants, cater to various needs across disciplines. From simplifying basic arithmetic to
facilitating complex scientific calculations, calculators have become indispensable in both
educational and professional settings.
The advent of digital calculator applications on computers and smartphones has further
extended the accessibility and versatility of these computational tools. These applications,
readily available to a global audience, offer convenience and portability, reshaping how
individuals approach mathematical problem-solving.
The key features embedded in calculators, such as basic arithmetic functions, scientific
capabilities, memory storage, and graphical representation, collectively contribute to their
indispensability in diverse fields. Scientific and graphing calculators, in particular,
empower students, scientists, engineers, and professionals by providing specialized
functionalities suited to their respective domains.
REFERENCES
https://data-flair.training/blogs/build-scientific-calculator-app-
android-studio/
https://www.clcoding.com/2021/02/calculator-in-android-studio-
with.html
https://www.scribd.com/document/488397259/Scientific-calculator-
app-Internship-Report
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69685219/calculate-in-
android-studio-java
