Earth Science c.

Biological weathering through physical means

Module 1: Weathering d. Biological weathering through chemical compounds

WHAT I KNOW 9. Which of the following conditions promotes slow

chemical weathering?
1. Which of the following best describes weathering? a. fracturing c. high amount of rainfall
a. The process by which rocks are exposed to severe b. thick soil d. cold temperature
weather
b. The process by which rocks are formed by heat and 10.Which type of rocks tends to weather more rapidly
pressure through hydrolysis process?
c. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are a. Rocks that contain iron. c. Rocks that are impermeable.
broken down b. Rocks that contain quartz. d. Rocks that contain feldspar.
d. The process by which rocks are chemically strengthened
due to exposure to heat and pressure 11.Which is an example of oxidation?
a. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time.
2. How does gravity contribute to weathering? b. Some of the minerals get dissolved in water.
a. by abrasion of the rocks c. by dissolving rocks’ particles c. The joints enlarge in size and lime is removed in the
b. by expansion of rocks d. by creating holes in rocks solution.
d. Due to the absorption of water by rocks, its volume
3. Which of the following is NOT an example of physical increases.
weathering?
a. Freeze- thaw b. Wind blowing 12.Which of these statements is NOT true about mechanical
sand onto a rock weathering?
c. Plant that grows on the cracks of the d. Abrasion due to a. breaks rock material into smaller pieces
the movement of glaciers b. changes the chemical composition of rocks
c. strong winds carrying sand blows on the rocks
4. What happens to pieces of rock as they are transported d. beach rock gets hot in daytime and cools in the evening
by a river? thus creating fracture on the rock
a. they get smaller and rounder c. smaller and
more jagged 13.Which of the following activities has resulted in an
b. much larger and rounder d. gets larger increased rate of chemical weathering through
and more jagged acidification? I.The production of SO2 and NO in the
atmosphere that combine with rain to form acids. II.The
5. In hydration, water is an active agent of chemical release of too much carbon dioxide in the air that turn rain
weathering. What happens when water loosely combines into weak acid. III.The disintegration of rocks during
with the minerals of the rock? construction and mining IV.The growth of the plant roots on
a. cements them together b. converts the rock crack.
the mineral into another kind a. 1 only b. 2 only
c. transports the rock into a lower altitude d. weakens c. 1 and 2 d. 2 and 3
the molecular binding of the mineral
14.Which is NOT included in the group?
6. What are the two things that affect the rate of a. carbonation b. abrasion c. acidification d.
weathering? hydration
a. time and date c. rain and ice
b. type of rock and climate d. size of rock and 15.In which of the following climates will chemical
time of the year weathering be most rapid?
a. cold and dry b. cold and humid c. hot and dry
7. Which of the following best describes chemical d. hot and humid
weathering?
a. The process by which rocks are broken down by physical ASSESSMENT
forces
b. The process by which rocks are broken down by chemical 1. Which of these statements are TRUE about mechanical
means weathering?
c. The process by which rocks are broken down by I. breaks rock material into smaller pieces
anthropogenic activities II. changes the chemical composition of rocks
d. all of the above III. moss growing on the wall fence creates crack on the
walls
8. Weak organic acids are produced by the action of the IV. beach rock gets hot in daytime and cools in the evening
growing roots of lichens. These acids react with some thus creating fracture on the rock
minerals in rocks resulting in the decomposition of rocks. a. I and II b. I and III c. I and IV d. II and III
How will you classify this process?
a. Physical weathering
b. Chemical weathering
2. Which of the following activities has resulted in an b. Rocks that contain quartz. d. Rocks that are
increased rate of chemical weathering through impermeable.
acidification?
a. The growth of plant roots on the rock crack. 11.Which is an example of oxidation?
b. The disintegration of rocks during construction and a. Some of the minerals get dissolved in water.
mining b. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time.
c. The release of too much carbon dioxide in the air that c. The joints enlarge in size and lime is removed in the
turn rain into weak acid d. The production of SO2 and NO in solution.
the atmosphere that combine with rain to form acids d. Due to the absorption of water by rocks, its volume
increases.
3. Which is NOT included in the group?
a. abrasion b. acidification c. carbonation d. hydration 12.What are the two things that affect the rate of
weathering?
4. In which of the following climates will chemical a. rain and ice c. type of rock and climate
weathering be most rapid? b. time and date d. size of rock and time of the year
a. hot and dry b. cold and dry c. hot and humid d. cold
and humid 13.Which of the following best describes chemical
weathering?
5. Which of the following DO NOT describe weathering? a. The process by which rocks are broken down by physical
I. The process by which rocks are broken during severe forces
weather b. The process by which rocks are broken down by chemical
II. The process by which rocks are formed by heat and means
pressure c. The process by which rocks are broken down by
III. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are anthropogenic activities
broken down d. all of these
IV. The process by which rocks are chemically strengthened
due to exposure to heat and pressure 14.Weak organic acids are produced by the action of the
a. I, II and III b. I, II and IV c. I, III and IV d. II, III growing root of lichens. These acids react with some
and IV minerals in rocks resulting in the decomposition of rocks.
How will you classify this process?
6. How does gravity contribute to weathering? a. Physical weathering b. Chemical weathering
a. by expansion of rocks c. by creating holes in c. Biological weathering through physical means d.
rocks Biological weathering through chemical compounds
b. by abrasion of the rocks d. by splitting rocks 15.Which of the following conditions promotes slow
particles chemical weathering?
a. fracturing c. high rainfall
7. Which of the following is an example of biological b . thick soil d. cold temperatures
weathering?
a. Freeze- thaw b. Wind blowing
sand onto a rock Module 2: Earth’s Internal Heat Sources
c. Abrasion due to the movement of glaciers d. Plant that
grows on the cracks of the rocks WHAT I KHOW

8. What happens to pieces of rock as they are transported 1. The heat __________ from the crust down to the inner
by a river? core due to several reasons. Which of the following words
a. smaller and more jagged c. much larger and will best complete the thought of the given statement?
rounder a. Decreases b. Equals c. Increases d. Proportional
b. gets larger and more jagged d. they get smaller and
rounder 2. Each layer of the earth has its own distinct features,
composition, properties and characteristics. Which among
9. In hydration, water is an active agent of chemical the layers of the earth has the highest temperature?
weathering. What happens when water loosely combines a. The core which has decaying isotopes.
with the minerals of the rock? b. The crust which is the most exposed to ultraviolet rays.
a. cements minerals of the rock together b. converts the c. The lithosphere which is the solid part of the earth.
mineral into another kind d. The mantle which is the mostly solid bulk layer of the
c. transports the rock into a lower altitude earth.
d. breaks down the molecular binding of the minerals
3. Different elements with varying properties comprises the
10.Which type of rocks tends to weather more rapidly layers of the earth. Which layer of the earth has the highest
through the hydrolysis process? amount of molten state iron?
a. Rocks that contain iron. c. Rocks that contain a. The core which is the hot and dense inner most layer of
feldspar. the earth.
 b. The crust which is the lightest and thinnest layer of the b. Heat released by colliding particles during the formation
earth. of the planet
c. The lithosphere which is known as the solid outermost c. Primordial heat from the formation of the planet
part of the earth. contributes to its internal heat.
d. The mantle which is the most massive layer of the earth. d. When iron is crystallized heat is released causing the
inner core to be the hottest layer.
4. Why do you think Earth is considered as a thermal
engine? 10.How did the Earth generate heat on its early stage of
a. As a natural satellite the moon gives thermal energy to formation?
earth. a. Due gravitational pressure at the center of the planet.
b. Decay of isotopes contributes to the internal heat of the b. Due to radioactive decay of some isotopes.
earth. c. Due to the collision of huge amount of gas and dust
c. The energy coming from the sun gives tremendous heat particles.
on the surface. d. Through absorption of energy from planetisimals.
d. Too much pressure on the crust causes materials to be 11.What process exist as heat is transferred from one plate
molted which gives large amount of heat. to another along plate boundaries? a. Conduction b.
Convection c. Radiation d. Thermal transfer
5. What do you think will happened to the amount of heat
from the outermost layer of the earth down to its core? 12.How do radioactive isotopes emit heat energy and
a. As you move from the surface of the earth to the inner contribute to Earth’s internal heat?
core the amount of heat lower. a. Due to preservation of primordial heat from the earliest
b. As you move from the surface of the earth to the inner stage of the earth.
core the amount of heat becomes higher. b. Due to spontaneous radioactive decay of isotopes.
c. The amount of heat in the surface of the earth is equal to c. Through gravitational pressure between particles.
its interior. d. Through pressure freezing of the particles.
d. The amount of heat is indirectly proportional to the
location of the earth. 13.How do naturally occurring isotopes play a vital role in
the production of earth’s internal heat?
a. Due to chemical stability.
6. Which of the following pertains to the process by which b. Due to its abundance and emission of heat when it
gasses and dust of cloud were attracted by gravitational decays.
energy 4.6 billion years ago? c. Due to its high energy capacity.
a. Accretion b. Gravitational pull c. Solidification d. d. Due to the heat it releases as it is subjected to low
Planetesimal temperature.

7. Direct observation is not possible to know all the details 14.What happened to the pressure inside the Earth as you
about the interior of the earth due to its changing nature of go deeper?
internal composition and tremendous heat that come from a. The pressure decreases as you descend to the interior of
its inner most layer. Which of the following will best the earth.
describe the given sentence? b. The pressure increases as you descend to the interior of
a. The statement conveys correct information. the earth.
b. The statement conveys incorrect information. c. The pressure is the same all throughout.
c. The statement is dependent on the inner or outer core. d. The pressure is unstable and is affected by gravity.
d. The thought of the statement cannot be determined due
to the nature of Earth. 15.Why does Earth’s internal heat builds up due to
gravitational pressure?
8. Which among the layers of the earth has the greatest a. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is
pressure which contributes to the production of the greater than the heat generated.
tremendous internal heat? b. Heat cannot escape from the interior of the earth since it
a. Crust has the greatest pressure due to movement of is a closed system.
rocks. c. The amount of heat that can be generated on the earth’s
b. Inner core has the greatest pressure among the layers of interior is tremendous while lesser amount can escape on
the earth. the surface.
c. Mantle contains most volume of the earth causing it to d. The amount of heat that can be released on the surface is
have high pressure. greater
d. Outer core has greater pressure than the inner core.
ASSESSMENT
9. There are several sources that contribute to the internal
heat of the earth. Which of the following is NOT a major 1.What happens to the temperature as you move from the
process that contributed to Earth’s internal heat? surface of Earth to its inner most layer?
a. As radioactive isotopes decay, it releases heat which a. The temperature decreases as the amount of heat
contributes to the earth’s internal heat. increases.
b. The temperature fluctuates from the crust done to the c. The energy coming from the sun gives heat tremendous
core. heat on the surface.
c. The temperature increases from the crust down to the d. Too much pressure on the crust causes materials to be
core. molted which gives large amount of heat.
d. The temperature stays the same in all the layers.
10. Why does Earth’s internal heat builds up due to
2. As you move from the surface of Earth to the inner core, gravitational pressure?
what happens to the density of the materials of each layer? a. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is
a. Density of materials decreases due to its composition. greater than the heat generated.
b. Density of materials may increase but will decrease from b. Heat cannot escape from the interior of the earth since it
time to time. is a closed system.
c. Density of materials remains the same in all the layers. c. The amount of heat that can be generated on the earth’s
d. Density of the materials increases from the crust to the interior is tremendous while lesser amount can escape on
core. the surface.
d. The amount of heat that can be released on the surface is
3. What prevents the iron and other minimal amount of greater.
some elements in the core from melting?
a. Density b. Pressure c. Temperature d. Vapor 11. How did the Earth generate heat on its early stage of
formation?
4. How do naturally occurring isotopes play a vital role in a. Due gravitational pressure at the center of the planet.
the production of earth’s internal heat? b. Due to radioactive decay of some isotopes.
a. Due to chemical stability c. Due to the collision of huge amount of gas and dust
b. Due to its abundance and emission of heat when it particles.
decays. d. Through absorption of energy from planetisimals
c. Due to its high energy capacity
d. Due to the heat it releases as it is subjected to low 12. Which of the following sentences about the internal
temperature heat of the earth is INCORRECT?
a. As someone goes down the center of the earth, the
5. Heat flows from the different layers to the earth. What density of the materials increases, thus, the temperature
type of heat transport occurs between the mantle and the increases.
core? b. As someone goes down the center of the earth, the
a. Conduction b. Convection c. Radiation d. Sublimation pressure increases, thus, the temperature increases.
c. Due to radioactive decay in the center of the Earth, the
6. Which of the following is an isotope that is present in the planet is cooling off.
core of the earth which contributes to immense heat in its d. There are remains of primordial heat of the Earth.
interior?
a. Uranium – 235 13. The heat that flows from the inner most layer makes
b. Uranium – 253 materials move in the different layers of the Earth. Which of
c. Uranium – 523 the following best describe the given sentence?
d. Uranium – 325 a. It cannot be determined due to the composition of
Earth.
7. Which of the following terms pertains to the b. The given statement conveys correct information.
spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus which results c. The given statement conveys incorrect information.
to the release of energy and matter from the nucleus? d. The information is dependent on the given layer of the
a. Convection b. Gravitational pressure c. Radiation d. Earth.
Radioactive decay
14. How do radioactive isotopes emit heat energy and
8. What happens to the amount of pressure as you move contribute to Earth’s internal heat?
from the outermost layer of Earth to its inner most layer? a. As gravitational pressure is applied to isotopes, it
condenses then emits heat.
a. The amount of pressure decreases from the outermost b. High amount of pressure freezes the isotopes.
layer to the innermost layer. c. Isotopes preserves the primordial heat of the earth.
b. The amount of pressure increases from the crust down to d. Radioactive isotopes releases heat upon undergoing
the core. spontaneous radioactive decay.
c. The amount of pressure remains the same.
d. The pressure will increase then decrease from each layer. 15. Which of the following is the main source of Earth’s
internal heat?
9. Why do you think Earth is considered as a thermal a. Decay of radioactive elements in the core of the earth.
engine? b. Dense materials in the core of the Earth.
a. As a natural satellite the moon gives thermal energy to c. Gravitational pressure acting on the materials of the
earth. internal layers.
b. Decay of isotopes contributes to the internal heat of the d. Primordial heat from the beginning of the earth.
earth.
Module 3: Endogenic Processes: Plutonism and Volcanism
11. Which statement best describes plutonism?
What I Know a. A geological phenomena that occurs on the surface of the
earth
1. Magma varies widely in composition. Which is the most b. A motion that takes place inside the cracks that infiltrate
abundant element composition in magma? a. Aluminum the upper mantle
b. Oxygen c. Silicon d. Sodium c. A process where magma infiltrates the Earth’s crust but
fails to make it to the surface
2. What is the tendency of the magma with high silica d. A process correlated with the flow and transportation of
content? igneous material towards the surface
a. It tends to be hotter. b. It tends to be less
viscous. 12.Which igneous rock formation is produced when the
c. It tends to be more viscous. d. It tends to be less process of crystallization takes place on the Earth’s surface?
explosive. a. Plutonites and Volcanites b. Plutonites c. Volcanites d.
None of the above
3. What is the effect of the magma’s high viscosity on
volcanic eruption? 13.What condition is ideal for metallogenesis?
a. It becomes less explosive. b. It becomes more a. magma differentiation occurs
explosive. b. magma reaches the Earth’s surface
c. It has less magma emission. d. It has more magma c. magma infiltrates the Earth’s crust but fails to make it to
emission. the Earth’s surface.
d. magma infiltrates the Earth’s crust, fails to make it to the
4. Magma plays an important role in geologic processes. Earth’s surface and magma differentiation occurs.
Which of the following best describes magma?
a. a molten rock 14. What happens during flux melting?
b. a molten metal A. Rock’s melting point is reduced when mixed with some
c. a mixture of liquids and gases water or carbon dioxide.
d. a molten rock came out to the Earth’s surface b. Rock’s melting point is increased when mixed with some
water or carbon dioxide.
5. Which geologic process takes place inside cracks and c. Rock’s melting point is reduced when mixed with some
infiltrates the upper mantle allowing liquids and gases to oxygen or carbon dioxide.
reach the surface of the earth? d. Rock’s melting point is increased when mixed with some
a. Plutonism b. Hydration c. Tectonic d. Volcanism oxygen or carbon dioxide.

6. Why does partial melting of rocks occur on the earth’s

mantle?
a. Because rocks are made of metals. 15. What temperature and pressure conditions allow
b. Because rocks are pure materials. magma to form?
c. Because rocks are made up of silicates. I. low pressure and low temperature
d. Because rocks’ composition has different melting points. II. high pressure and low temperature
III. low pressure and high temperature
7. What rock is produced when the process of crystallization a. I only b. I and II c. II and III d. III only
takes place inside the crust?
a. Plutonites and Volcanites b. Plutonites ASSESSMENT
c. Volcanites d. None of the above
1. How does decompression melting occurs?
8. Which of the following factors affect the melting of a. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the
rocks? pressure increases.
a. temperature and pressure b. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the
b. pressure and minerals components of a rock pressure decreases.
c. temperature and minerals components of a rock c. It occurs when the temperature decreases directly
d. temperature, pressure and mineral components of a rock proportional to pressure.
9. Which geologic process occurs on the earth’s surface d. It occurs when the temperature increases inversely
correlated with flow and transportation of igneous proportional to pressure.
material? a. Metamorphism b. Plutonism c. Volcanism d.
Seismic activities 2. How is magma formed?
10.Geologist found out that rocks melted under various A. Magma is formed through movement of rocks and
pressures. Which of the following best describes how minerals.
pressure affects the melting of rocks? b. Magma is formed under the earth’s mantle through solar
I. The higher the pressure, the lower the melting point. radiation.
II. The lower the pressure, the higher the melting point. c. Magma is formed through heating and cooling of
III. The higher the pressure, the higher the melting point. materials on the earth’s surface.
a. I and II b. II only c. III only d. II and III
 d. Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special III. A process where magma infiltrates the crust but fails to
location deep in the crust or in the upper mantle of the make it to the surface IV. A process correlated with the flow
Earth. and transportation of igneous material towards the surface
a. I, II and III b. I, II and IV c. I, III and IV d. II, III
3. What happens after magma is formed? and IV
I. Magma escapes by intrusion.
II. Magma escapes by extrusion.
III. Magma escapes to the bodies of water.
IV. Magma escapes through a magma chamber. 10. At what temperature will magma turn entirely to liquid?
a. I, II and III b. I, II and IV c. I, III and IV d. II, III and IV a. More than 2000 degrees Celsius
b. Between 1000 and 1200 degrees Celsius
4. Which of the following statements is correct? c. Between 800 to 1000 degrees Celsius
a. High viscous magma means higher temperature, more d. More than 1300 degrees Celsius
silica content, and less violent eruption.
b. High viscous magma means higher temperature, less 11. Which condition will initiate the combination of silicon
silica content, and more violent eruption. and oxygen to form silica tetrahedra that link together to
c. High viscous magma means lower temperature, less silica make chains or to polymerize?
content, and less violent eruption. a. Magma rapidly moving upward towards the Earth's
d. High viscous magma means lower temperature, more surface while its temperature remains constant.
silica content, and more violent eruption. b. Magma rapidly moving upward towards the Earth's
5. Which set of elements are all present in magma? surface thus increasing its temperature.
a. Silicon, Lithium, Iron, Manganese c. Magma slowly moving upward towards the Earth's
b. Oxygen, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum surface thus increasing its temperature.
c. Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, Aluminum d. Magma slowly moving upward towards the Earth's
d. Iron, Calcium, Silicon, Lithium surface thus decreasing its temperature.

6. What is the tendency of a magma with high silica 12. What happened during flux melting?
content? a. Rock’s melting point is reduced when mixed with some
a. It tends to be hotter. oxygen or carbon dioxide.
b. It tends to be less viscous. b. Rock’s melting point is increased when mixed with some
c. It tends to be more viscous. water or carbon dioxide.
d. It tends to be less explosive. c. Rock’s melting point is reduced when mixed with some
water or carbon dioxide.
7. Which of the following statements describe volcanism? d. Rock’s melting point is increased when mixed with some
I. A geological phenomena that occurs on the surface of the oxygen or carbon dioxide.
earth
II. The motion takes place inside cracks that infiltrate the 13. What temperature and pressure conditions allow
upper mantle magma to form?
III. The process where magma infiltrates the crust but fails I. low pressure and low temperature
to make it to the surface II. high pressure and low temperature
IV. A process correlated with the flow and transportation of III. low pressure and high temperature
igneous material towards the surface a. I only b. I and II c. III only d. II and III
a. I, II and III b. I, II and IV c. I, III and IV d. II, III
and IV 14. Why does partial melting of rocks on mantle occur?
a. Because rocks composition has different melting points.
8. To which activity can you compare partial melting of b. Because rocks are made of metals.
mantle rocks? c. Because rocks are made up of silicates.
a. Butter and chocolate bars are heated together until they
both melted. d. Because rocks are pure materials.
b. Chocolate bars with almond and pistachio nuts are
heated until all the chocolates melted while the nuts 15. Which of the following factors affect the melting of
remained solid. rocks?
c. Vanilla ice cream was left to melt on the table. a. temperature and pressure
d. Ice cubes disappeared in a pitcher of orange juice. b. pressure and mineral components of a rock
c. temperature and mineral components of a rock
9. Which of the following statements do not describe d. temperature, pressure and minerals components of a
plutonism? rock
I. A geological phenomena that occurs on the surface of the
earth Module 4: Metamorphism
II. A motion that takes place inside cracks that infiltrate the
upper mantle What I Know
1.What causes changes in the composition of a rock during a metamorphic rock. Others claimed that it was a volcanic
the process of metamorphism? rock because it was found near a volcano hence, an igneous
a. increase in pressure rock. What features of the rock would have convinced Rigel
b. increase in temperature that it was a metamorphic rock and not an igneous rock?
c. reaction with hydrothermal fluids
d. All of these. a. The minerals in rocks are almost invisible to be seen.
b. The rock contains bits of old shells of snails and wood.
2. Which of the following is the process exhibited by c. The surface of the rock has holes similar to Swiss cheese.
parallel alignment of mica in a metamorphic rock? d. The rock contains interlocking and large crystals of
a. bedding b. foliation c. metasomatism d. porphyroblasts minerals compared to minerals found in igneous rocks.
10.Diamonds are minerals made through a process like
3. Which of the following sets of rocks is arranged in order metamorphism which results in a very dense arrangement
of increasing metamorphic grade? of carbon atoms. What type of metamorphism would create
a. shale - slate - schist b. phyllite - schist - slate a diamond?
c. schist - shale – gneiss d. phyllite - gneiss – schist I. Burial metamorphism
II. Contact metamorphism
4. Which of the following statements about the III. Shock metamorphism
metamorphism of limestone is FALSE? IV. High-pressure metamorphism
a. With increasing metamorphism, foliation develops. V. Hydrothermal metamorphism
b. With increasing metamorphism, the amount of water a. I and II b. II and V c. III and IV d. IV and V
decreases.
c. With increasing metamorphism, the calcite minerals form 11.Which of the following metamorphic rocks may have
a larger crystal. come from a shale?
d. With increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the a. gneiss b. phyllite c. schist d. All of the above.
minerals gets smaller.
12.In which geographic area will there be a metamorphic
5. Which of the following is TRUE about contact rock with very distinct foliations?
metamorphism? a. near magma intrusion
a. It occurs within the continental crust. b. at the core of the Himalayas
b. It takes place when heat and shock waves are formed c. in the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean
from meteor or asteroid impact. d. in convergent boundaries where plates move towards
c. Pressure has an important role in the transformation of each other
rocks in contact metamorphism.
d. It is prominent in areas where surrounding rocks are 13.Low-grade metamorphism takes place at temperatures
exposed to heat coming from magma intrusion. between 200 oC to 320 oC, and at relatively low pressure.
Which metamorphic rock is created in this environmental
6. Which of the following transformations is directly related setting?
to pressure in producing metamorphic rocks? a. Gneiss b. Hornfels c. Schist d. Slate
a. formation of foliation
b. change mineralogical in the rock 14. How does the presence of a hot pluton contribute to
c. the increasing size of mineral crystals metasomatism?
d. change in mineral composition of the rock I. The heat coming from the pluton heats up the rock and
triggers the recrystallization of its original minerals.
7. Which of the following metamorphic rocks would NOT II. A hot pluton heats the surrounding water, causing
come from mudrock? groundwater to circulate around the rocks.
a. Gneiss b. Marble c. Schist d. Slate III. Magma within the pluton cooks up the minerals and
destroys its original crystal arrangements.
8. What process contributes to the metamorphism of a. Only I is correct. b. Only II is correct. c. I and II are
oceanic crust at the zone of spreading ridge? correct. d. All are correct.
a. Dissolved minerals in the water confined within the rocks
react with the heat and trigger a chemical reaction. 15. How does metasomatism occur?
b. Minerals present in the ocean water percolate through a. Minerals recrystallize through contact metamorphism
the rocks and become deposited within the rocks while due to heat
replacing other minerals. . b. The arrangement of original minerals is destroyed by
c. The heat coming out from hydrothermal vents under the the impact due to asteroid bombardment.
ocean heats the rock which leads to recrystallization of the c. Minerals recrystallize and realign through regional
original mineral content of the rock. metamorphism due to heat and pressure.
d. Interaction of plates below the spreading oceanic crust d. The dissolved minerals in the fluids react with rocks that
creates horizontal movements and deforms the rocks within the fluids penetrate causing changes in chemical and
leading to formations of foliations and cracks. mineral compositions.

9. Rigel argued with his classmates that the rock that he ASSESSMENT
found in the campsite near the foot of the Taal volcano was
1. Which of the following statements about the B. The rock was formed through high-pressure
metamorphism of shale is FALSE? A. Foliation develops as metamorphism made by the impact of a large body into the
metamorphism increases. Earth’s surface.
B. The amount of water decreases as metamorphism C. The minerals in the rocks were altered through
increases. recrystallization changing their size into large crystals.
C. The clay minerals break down to form micas as D. The bands in the rock were formed through the
metamorphism increases. deposition of minerals from the hot fluids that surround it
D. The size of the minerals gets smaller as metamorphism during the formation process.
increases.
8. Which of the following is the cause of high temperature
2. Which of the following has the CORRECT set of major and pressure in regional metamorphism?
agents in metamorphism? A. temperature and pressure A. impact force B. greater depth of burial
B. pressure and tectonic forces C. the local intrusive heat source D. increased rate of
C. temperature and mineral fluids radioactive decay
D. hydrothermal fluids and pressure
9. Which of the following metamorphic rocks CANNOT form
3. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the major from a shale?
role of pressure in producing metamorphic rocks? A. hornfels B. marble C. schist D. slate
A. Pressure leads to foliation in the rock.
B. Pressure decreases the size of mineral crystals. 10.On a local field trip, a group of students noticed that
C. Pressure leads to a mineralogical change in the rock. they were walking across a path made of rocks that starts
D. Pressure facilitates change in the mineral composition of from shale into a slate and into a phyllite. What can you
the rock. infer from the direction taken by the students concerning
the grades of metamorphic rocks?
4. What type of metamorphic rock will form if a mudrock A. It follows a decreasing metamorphic grade.
experiences high-grade metamorphism? A. Gneiss B. B. It indicates an increasing metamorphic grade.
Phyllite C. Schist D. Slate C. It indicates an increasing degree of contact
metamorphism.
5. Granite is an igneous rock that is formed through the D. It shows a decreasing degree of regional metamorphism.
slow solidification of magma. Accordingly, it does not
change very much at lower metamorphic grades. Why is 11.In which geographic area will there be the HIGHEST
this so? potential for regional metamorphism?
A. Granite minerals are still stable at lower temperatures. A. in the Philippine trench
B. Granite, like any other igneous rock, is geologically B. near an igneous intrusion
impossible to become a parent rock of metamorphic rock. C. at the core of the Himalayas
C. Granite remains largely unchanged at lower metamorphic D. in the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean
grades because its surrounding environment is constantly
stable. 12.Which of the following does NOT belong to the group?
D. All of the above A. Gneiss B. Hornfels C. Marble D. Quartzite

6. What process contributes to the metamorphism of 13.Blueschist metamorphism takes place within subduction
oceanic crust at a spreading ridge? zones. What are the temperature and pressure
A. Dissolved minerals in the confined water within the characteristics of this geological setting?
rocks react with heat and trigger chemical reactions. A. low temperature and pressure
B. The heat coming out from hydrothermal vents under the B. high temperature and pressure
ocean heats up the rock and forms recrystallization of the C. low temperature and high pressure
original mineral content of the rock. D. high temperature and low pressure
C. Minerals present in the ocean water percolate through
the rocks and get deposited within while replacing other 14.How does the presence of a hot pluton contribute to
minerals. metasomatism?
D. Interaction of plates below the spreading oceanic crust I. A hot pluton heats the surrounding water, causing
creates horizontal movements and deforms the rocks groundwater to circulate the rocks.
within leading to formations of foliations and cracks. II. Magma within the pluton is the source of minerals that
seeps through the rocks and causes chemical exchange.
7. While walking, Daniel picked up a rock that had been III. The heat coming from the pluton heats up the rock and
washed up onto the beach. Noticing that it has wavy bands triggers recrystallization of its original minerals.
of light and dark-colored minerals, he claimed that the rock A. Only I is correct. B. Only II is correct. C. I and II are
is a metamorphic rock. Which of the following inferences correct. D. All are correct.
about its formation is the MOST CORRECT?
A. The pressure was the main agent in rock’s formation
which aligned the minerals into a new orientation. Module 5: Rock Behaviors Under Stress

What I Know
 12.Which of the following type of fault system creates
1. Mountains are result of high-impact stress caused the world’s highest mountain ranges?
when two plates collided. What kind of stress A. Normal B. Reverse C. Strike Slip D. Transverse
caused it to form?
A. compressional stress B. confining stress 13.Which of the following type of fault formed the San
C. shear stress D. tensional stress Andreas Fault?
A. Normal B. Reverse C. Strike Slip D. Transverse
2. Rock undergoes changes when it is stressed. How
does the rock behave when a tension stress acted on 14.East African Rift is formed by stress on rocks that
it? causes the hanging wall to drop down. Which among
A. It is pulled apart or lengthen. the type of fault does it belong?
B. It is compressed. A. Normal B. Reverse C. Strike Slip D. Transverse
C. It formed fold or fracture.
D. It is deformed. 15.Reverse fault is formed through the stress that
causes the hanging wall to move up. Which among the
3. Which of the following type of stress is exerted in following is an example of this type of fault?
convergent plate boundaries? A. Himalayas B. East African Rift C. San Andreas D.
A. Compressional stress B. Direct stress C. Shear stress West Valley
D. Tensional stress
ASESSMENT
4. Ava played a clay bar. She pushed the two sides of
the clay bar using equal force from her hands on the 1.Ava plays a clay bar. She pushed the two sides of the clay
same axis. What type of stress did she exert on the clay bar using equal force from her hands on the same axis.
bar? What type of stress did she exert on the clay bar?
A. Compressional stress B. Direct stress C. Shear stress a. Compressional stress b. Direct stress c. Shear stress d.
D. Tensional stress Tensional stress

5. How will the clay bar behave after the application of 2. How will the bar of clay behave after the application of
stress in item no. 4? stress in item no. 1?
A. The clay bar will lengthen. a. The clay bar will lengthen. b. The clay bar will
B. The clay bar will break apart. break apart.
C. The clay bar will fold. c. The clay bar will fold. d. The clay bar will be
D. The clay bar will be pulled apart. pulled apart.

6. Stress between two plates may cause rocks to be 3. Mountains are result of high-impact stress caused when
compressed or pulled apart. In which plate boundary two plates collided. What kind of stress caused it to form?
does shear stress commonly occur? a. compressional stress b. confining stress c. shear stress d.
A. Combine boundaries tensional stress
B. Convergent boundaries
C. Divergent boundaries 4. Which of the following type of stress is exerted in
D. Transform boundaries convergent plate boundaries? a. Compressional stress b.
Direct stress c. Shear stress d. Tensional stress
7. What happened to the rocks under shear stress?
A. The rocks are squeezed. 5. Which of the following plate boundaries do rocks slide
B. The rocks fold or fracture. past each other?
C. The rocks are pulled apart. a. Combine plate boundaries b. Convergent plate
D. The rock walls slip to each other on opposite boundaries
direction. c. Divergent plate boundaries d. Transform plate
boundaries
8. A compressive stress was exerted on the rock layers
forming a simple fold or bend. What is the type of fold 6. What happened to the rocks under shear stress?
formed on the rock layers? a. The rocks are squeezed.
A. Anticline B. Incline C. Monocline D. Syncline b. The rocks fold or fracture
c. The rocks are pulled apart.
9. What type of fold is formed when a compressive d. The rock walls slip to each other on opposite direction.
stress resulted to a landmass that arches upward?
A. Anticline B. Incline C. Monocline D. Syncline 7. Which of the following type of fault is found in divergent
plate boundaries?
11.Which of the following type of fault is found in a. Normal b. Reverse c. Strike Slip d. Transverse
divergent plate boundaries? A. Normal B. Reverse C.
Strike Slip D. Transverse 8. East African Rift is formed by stress that causes the
hanging wall to drop down. Which among the type of fault
does it belong?
a. Normal b. Reverse c. Strike Slip d. Transverse d. The seafloor is broken up by trenches.

9. A compressive stress was exerted on the rock layers 5. What features of seafloor mountain ranges on the ocean
forming a simple fold or bend. What is the type of fold floor upwells magma and formed new ocean floor?
formed on the rock layers? a. abyssal plain b. continental slope c. mid-ocean ridge d.
a. Anticline b. Incline c. Monocline d. Syncline trench

10. Rock undergoes changes when it is stressed. How does 6. What technology did scientist used in the mid-1900s to
the rock behave when a tension stress acted on it? map the mid-ocean ridge?
a. It is pulled apart or lengthen. b. It is compressed. a. deep sea diving b. magnetometer c. sonar d. submarine
c. It formed fold or fracture. d. It is deformed. 1
7. Which of the following is not included in the group? a.
1.What type of fold is formed when a compressive stress drilling sample b. magnetic strip c. mid-ocean ridge
resulted to a landmass that arches upward? a. Anticline b. d. molten materials
Incline c. Monocline d. Syncline 8. What feature of seafloor is described as the deepest
areas of the ocean where subduction takes place?
13.Reverse fault is formed through the stress that causes a. abyssal plain b. continental slope c. mid-ocean ridge d.
the hanging wall to move up. Which among the following is trench
the result of this type of fault?
a. Himalayas b. East African Rift c. Marikina Fault d. West 9. What indicators were observed by geologist to conclude
Valley that the polarity is reversed?
a. the north and south are at the center
14.Which of the following type of fault system creates the b. the north and south are in same direction
world’s highest mountain ranges? c. the north and south are in opposite direction
a. Normal b. Reverse c. Strike Slip d. Transverse d. the north and south are aligned as they are now

15.Which of the following type of fault formed the San 10.Which scientist from the 1960s is credited for proposing
Andreas Fault? the theory of seafloor spreading?
a. Normal b. Reverse c. Strike Slip d. Transverse a. Albert Einstein b. Alfred Wegener c. Charles Darwin d.
Harry Hess
Module 6: Seafloor Spreading
11.What earth internal process drives seafloor spreading?
What I Know a. conduction b. convection c. fusion d. radiation

1.Which of the following supports the theory of seafloor 12.Where can we usually found the shrimps, crabs and
spreading? other organisms cluster near hot water vents in the ocean
a. continuous mountain chains b. correlation of rock floor?
layers a. mid-ocean ridges b. seamount c. deep-ocean floor d.
c. crustal age d. magnetic reversal deep-ocean trench

2. Why were magnetic patterns found on the ocean floor 13.Which is not true about the age pattern on the seafloor?
puzzling? a. The pattern is symmetrical on each side of the mid-
a. No rocks were magnetic. Atlantic ridge
b. They showed alternating bands of normal and reversed b. Seafloor near the mid-Atlantic ridge can be up to 10
polarity. million years old
c. They did not show alternating bands of normal and c. The oldest seafloor can be found towards the edges of
reversed polarity. the ocean, near the eastern and western continents
d. All rocks were magnetic. d. The youngest seafloor can be found towards the edges of
the ocean, near the eastern and western continents
3. How did scientists discover that rocks farther away from
the mid-ocean ridge were older than those near it? 14.What comprises the Mid-Ocean ridges? a. mountains b.
a. by mapping rocks on the sea floor using sonar rivers c. rocks d. valleys
b. by measuring how fast sea floor spreading occurs
c. by determining the age of rock samples obtained by 15.Where do you expect to find the oldest rock on the
drilling on the sea floor ocean floor?
d. by observing eruptions of molten materials on the sea a. near the ridge
floor b. at the center of the ridge
c. opposite side of the ridge
4. What does scientist thought about the seafloor before d. further away from the ridge
they had data from echo sounders?
a. The seafloor is steeply sloping.
b. The seafloor is completely flat. ASSESSMENT
c. The seafloor is covered with ridges.
1. How did drilling samples show that seafloor spreading IV. This crust eventually subducts at the deep ocean
has really taken place? trenches and melt back into the mantle.
a. The ocean changes in size and shape. a. 2-1-3-4 b.1-2-3-4 c.3-1-4-2 d.4-3-2-1
b. The molten materials cool and form a strip of solid rocks
in the center of the ridge. 9. What device uses sound waves off underwater objects
c. The Atlantic Ocean only has a few short trenches, the and then record the echoes of these sound waves.
spreading ocean floor has nowhere to go. a. magnetometer b. geologist’s compass c. sonar d.
d. The further away from the ridge the samples were taken, seismometer
the older the rocks were, the younger rocks were always in
the center of the ridges. 10. How was new oceanic crust formed?
a. when the ocean changes in size and shape.
2. In seafloor spreading, in which of the following parts b. when a deep valley along the ocean floor slowly sink
does molten material rises from the mantle and erupts or towards the mantle.
flows out? c. when molten material erupts through the mid ocean
a. Along mid-ocean ridges ridge called seafloor spreading.
b. In the deep ocean trenches d. when molten material cool and form strip of solid rocks
c. In the north and south poles in the center of the ridge.
d. Along the edges of all continents
11. Before the invention of sonar device, what was the
3. Mr. Alvarez wants to make a research about the magnetic belief of many people about the ocean floor?
property of the sea floor. One day he joined his friend in a. an oblate spheroid. b. a perfect circle c. empty d. a flat
making a research. He noticed that he used a device that surface
detect magnetic field. What do you call that instrument?
a. geologist’s compass b. magnetometer c. seismometer d. 12. Who proposed that seafloor is spreading?
sonar a. Alfred Wegener b. Alfred Williams c. Harry Hess d. Harry
Humphrey
4. Which is not involved in the process of seafloor
spreading? 13. Which of the following causes seafloor spreading?
a. magma A. Earthquakes and convection b. Magma and convection c.
b. mid-ocean ridges Magma and subduction d. Volcanoes and earthquakes
c. it tends to happen near the edges of continents
d. the newest rock is at the center of the mid-ocean ridges 14. What is the age of the oldest seafloor?
a. 1.8 million years b. 180 million years c. 4 billion years d. 3
billion years
5. How will you compare the age of the rocks in the
seafloor? 15. Which of the following provide evidences for seafloor
a. both younger and older rocks are at the middle at the spreading?
ridge a. Explosive stratovolcanoes and rock drilling
b. the younger rocks are at the left side, the older are at the b. Floating continents and the ages of continental rocks
right side c. The pattern of seafloor ages and the pattern of seafloor
c. the younger rocks are in the middle at the ridge, the older magnetic stripes
are far from the ridge d. the older rocks are in the middle at d. The pattern of seafloor magnetic strip and the age of
the ridge, the younger are far from the ridge continental rocks
6. What are the evidences that support the theory of
seafloor spreading? Module 7: Structure and Evolution of Ocean Basins
a. Magma, magnetic strips, drilling sample
b. Deep ocean trench, mid-ridges, magnetic strips 1.Which of the following structures of the ocean basin is
c. Molten materials, magnetic polarity, abyssal plain partly a shallow extension of the continent underwater?
d. Molten materials, magnetic strips, drilling sample a. Continental rise b. Continental shelf c. Continental slope
d. Island
7. What feature of seafloor is shallow, gradually sloping
seabed around the edge of a continent and has a depth less 2. Which of the following best describes continental slope?
than 200 meters and can be thought of as the submerged a. It is the flattest part of the ocean.
edge of a continent? b. It is where the ocean begins.
a. Abyssal plain b. Continental shelf c. Continental slope d. c. It starts from oceanic crust to continental crust.
Mid- ocean ridge d. It is part of the ocean basin that extends up from the
ocean floor.
8. Which is the correct sequence on seafloor spreading?
I. This forms new oceanic crust at the ridges 3. Which of the following is the deepest part of the ocean?
II. Magma moves up from the mantle and erupt as pillow a. Abyssal plain b. Continental Slope c. Seamount d. Trench
lava.
III. Then the new oceanic crust forms, it pushes the older 4. Which of the following refers to the mountain system?
crust aside.
a. Abyssal plain b. Continental Slope c. Mid-oceanic ridge d. c. Pacific Ocean d. Red Sea
Trench
15. In which stage of ocean basin formation does
5. Why are undersea mountain flat? divergence occur?
a. because of earthquake a. Juvenile and Mature b. Embryonic and Juvenile
b. because of large marine animal c. Mature and Declining d. Terminal and Suturing
c. because of erosion caused by waves
d. because of large ships that pass through it ASSESSMENT

6. Where does upwelling process most likely occur? 1. Where does upwelling process most likely occur?
a. Abyssal plane b. Mid-oceanic ridge c. Seamount d. a. Abyssal plane b. Mid-oceanic ridge c. Seamount d.
Trench Trench

7. What happens during embryonic stage of ocean basin? 2. What happens during embryonic stage of ocean basin?
a. Formation of young to mature mountain belts a. Formation of young to mature mountain belts
b. Formation of narrow seas with matching coasts b. Formation of narrow seas with matching coasts
c. Formation of ocean basin with continental margins c. Formation of ocean basin with continental margins
d. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on d. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on
continents continents

8. What will most likely occur during juvenile stage of the 3. Which of the following will most likely occur during
ocean basin? juvenile stage of the ocean basin?
a. Formation of young to mature mountain belts a. Formation of young to mature mountain belts
b. Formation of narrow seas with matching coasts b. Formation of narrow seas with matching coasts
c. Formation of ocean basin with continental margins c. Formation of ocean basin with continental margins
d. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on d. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on
continents continents

9. Which of the following is the ocean basin in mature 4. Which is an example of the ocean basin in mature stage?
stage? A. Atlantic Ocean b. East African Rift Valley c. Pacific Ocean
a. Atlantic Ocean b. East African Rift Valley c. Pacific Ocean d. Red Sea
d. Red Sea
5. An ocean basin formed a narrow, irregular seas with
10. An ocean basin formed a narrow, irregular seas with young mountains. What stage of the Wilson cycle was
young mountains. What stage of the Wilson Cycle was exhibited?
exhibit? a. Juvenile b. Mature c. Suturing d. Terminal
a. Juvenile b. Mature c. Suturing d. Terminal
7. Which of the following is the best example of ocean basin
11. How will you categorize the stages of the ocean basin in Suturing stage?
that formed island arcs and trenches around basin edge? a. Atlantic Ocean b. Himalayas Mountains c. Pacific Ocean d.
a. Declining b. Embryonic c. Juvenile d. Mature Red Sea

12. Which stage of ocean basin forms a rift valley? 8. In which stage of ocean basin formation does divergence
a. Declining b. Embryonic c. Suturing d. Terminal occur?
a. Juvenile and Mature b. Embryonic and Juvenile
13. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the c. Mature and Declining d. Terminal and Suturing
Wilson Cycle?
I. Young to mature mountain belts 9. Which of the following structures of the ocean basin is a
II. Narrow seas with matching coasts partly shallow extension of the continent underwater?
III. Ocean basin with continental margins a. Continental rise b. Continental Shelf
IV. Narrow irregular seas with young mountains c. Continental slope d. Island
V. Islands arcs and trenches around basin edge
VI. Complex system of linear rift valleys on continent 10.Which of the following best describes continental slope?
a. I,II,III,IV,V,VI a. It is the flattest part of the ocean.
b. VI,V,IV,III,II,I b. It where the ocean begins.
c. VI,II,III,V,IV,I c. It starts from oceanic crust to continental crust.
d. I,V,VI,IV,III,II d. It is part of the ocean basin that extends up from the
ocean floor.

14. Which of the following is the best example of ocean 11.Which of the following is the deepest part of the ocean?
basin in Suturing stage? a. Abyssal plain b. Continental slope c. Seamount d. Trench
a. Atlantic Ocean
b. Himalayan Mountains
 12.Which of the following refers to the seafloor mountain
system?
a. Abyssal plain b. Continental slope c. Mid-oceanic ridge d. A. Mountain C. Trench B. Ridge D. Valley
Trench
7. What plate boundary can be formed based on the
13.Why are undersea mountains flat? illustration below?
a. because of earthquake
b. because of large marine animals
c. because of erosion caused by waves A. Convergent plate boundary
d. because of large ships that pass through it C. Subduction plate boundary
B. Divergent plate boundary
14.How will you categorize the stage of the ocean basin that D. Transform plate boundary
formed island arcs and trenches around basin edge? a.
Declining b. Embryonic c. Juvenile d. Mature 8. What type of plate movement is shown in the illustration
in number seven? A. Collision C. Spreading B. Intrusion D.
15.Which stage of ocean basin forms a rift valley? a. Transform
Declining b. Embryonic c. Suturing d. Terminal
9. Convergent plate boundary may exist between
Module 8: Movement of Plates continental and oceanic plates. How do plates move in
these locations forming land masses with distinct features?
1. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about A. The plates will collide.
plate movements? B. The plates will make intrusions.
A. The movement of plates is not a source of earthquakes. C. The plates move away from each other and spread out.
B. Tectonic Plates are responsible for shaping the earth's D. The plates will slide past each other.
crust.
C. Every continent formed rises above the sea due to plate 10. How Mid-oceanic ridges were formed at divergent plate
tectonics. boundary?
D. The movement of plates elicit the formation of A. As the plates collide, molten rock moves to the seafloor,
landforms such as rifts, valleys, mountains and trenches. producing volcanic eruptions of sedimentary materials.
B. As the plates move away from each other, molten rock
2. Earth’s surface is dramatically reshaping itself in an moves to the seafloor, producing volcanic eruptions of
endless, slow-motion movement. Which of the following basalt.
choices will best describe the thought of the given C. As the plates subduct, molten rock moves to the seafloor,
sentence? producing volcanic eruptions of Sedimentary materials.
A. It connotes correct information regarding the D. As the plates slide past each other, molten rock moves to
deformation of landforms. the seafloor, producing volcanic eruptions of basalt.
B. Forming components
C. Reconstructing 11. The Great Rift Valley in Africa and the Gulf of Aden all
D. It connotes correct information on how the surface of formed because of divergent plate motion. How did these
the earth may change over time. landforms were created from the movement of divergent
plates in these locations?
3. How do magma intrusions occur? A. One plate overlaps the other.
A. Through drifting of continents B. One plate subsides the other.
B. When two continental plates collide C. Two plates move away from each other.
C. When two oceanic plates move apart D. Two plates move toward each other.
D. When sea floor spreads
12. West Valley Fault may move and can cause high
4. What will occur when there is movement in narrow zones intensity and magnitude earthquake in Metro Manila and
along plate boundaries? nearby provinces. Which of the following caused its
A. Magma intrusion B. Formation of crust formation?
C. Solidification of liquid materials D. Earthquake in the
location and nearby areas
A. Two plates moving above each other.
5. Why is the rim of the Pacific Ocean called as the Ring of B. Two plates moving away from each other.
Fire? C. Two plates moving toward each other.
A. It is composed of fault-block mountains. D. Two plates that are moving past each other.
B. It is comprised of folded mountains.
C. It is an area where normal fault mountains are situated. 13. How do you think Mariana Trench was formed?
D. It is composed of several volcanoes both in land and A. It is a result of the breakage of a part of Pacific plate.
water. B. It is formed when the Pacific plate collide with Philippine
plate.
6. If the figure is a movement of two continental plates, C. It is formed when the Pacific plate subducts the
what land formation can be formed? Philippine plate
D. It is an outcome of the rising of magma in the shoreline C. Due to the stress from continental plate sliding past the
oceanic plate
14. What other term is used to describe when continents D. Due subduction of the oceanic plate under the
grow at convergent margins as plates are consumed? continental plate
A. Converge C. Subduct B. Spread D. Transform
7. Why do plates of the Earth is slowly moving in an
15. Convergent boundary between two oceanic crust results unnoticeable manner?
to subduction. Which of the following locally found land A. Because of the energy from the Sun
formation can be formed in this scenario? B. Due to movement of faults in Mountain Ranges
A. Cagayan Valley C. Mayon Volcano B. Manila Trench D. C. Light form the natural satellite
Sierra Madre D. Due to convection currents in the mantle

Assessment 8. Based on the given illustration below about the

movement of plates, which would likely NOT be formed?
1. How will you describe the plate movement that resulted
in the formation of Cordillera Central Mountain Ranges?
A. The plates move in the same direction.
B. The plates collide.
C. The plates subduct.
D. The plates move away from each other A. Caraballo Mountains
C. Mount Kanlaon
2. Hawaiian Islands are born from rising volcanic hotspot B. Marikina Fault System
from the sea floor of the Pacific Ocean. Which set off D. Sierra Madre
arrows best represents the plate movement that resulted in
the formation of these great islands? 9. Movement of plates may result to the formation of faults.
Which set of arrows represent this movement?

3. What type of plate boundary resulted to the formation of

new material from molten magma? 10. What will be formed when there is a build-up of rocks in
A. Convergent plate boundary B. Divergent plate a convergent plate boundary composed of two continental
boundary crusts?
C. Strike-slip fault boundary D. Transform plate A. Faults C. Trench B. Mountain D. Valleys
boundary
11. Lubang fault line is underwater and estimated to start
4. Which of the following statements about transform plate off the tip of the Calatagan Peninsula and runs across
boundary and transform movement is INCORRECT? Balayan and Batangas Bays. How does this fault line was
A. The relative motion of plates is horizontal. formed?
B. It can occur both underwater and on land. A. Two plates moving above each other
C. In the process, the crust is destroyed nor created. B. Two plates moving away from each other
D. Transform plate boundaries are where plates slide past C. Two plates moving toward each other
each other. D. Two plates that are moving past each other

5. How does Mariana Trench was formed? 12.What plate boundary will exist in the given illustration?
A. It is a result of the breakage of a part of Pacific plate.
B. It is formed when the Pacific plate collide with Philippine
plate. A. Convergent plate boundary B. Divergent plate
C. It is formed when the Pacific plate subducts the boundary
Philippine plate. C. Subduction plate boundary D. Transform plate
D. It is an outcome of the rising of magma in the shoreline. boundary

6. How do the oceanic and continental plate along the 13. How does the movement of plates affect the surface of
western coast of South America resulted in the formation of the Earth?
Atacama Trench? A. When the plates move slide past each other mountain
A. Due to the heating of the plates of the Earth ranges were formed.
B. Movement of convection currents flowing in the mantle B. It may result to the formation and deformation of
landforms.
C. It may create earthquakes along fault lines far from the 9. What is the settling out of the sediment called?
origin of movement. a. compaction b. deposition c. lithification d. weathering
D. Rising and falling movement of plates may result to the
formation of mountains and volcanoes. 10. Which of the following choices best describes the
14.What plate boundary will exist in the given illustration? statements below?
I. The layers or rocks are piled one on top of the other.
II. Sedimentary rocks are formed particles by particles and
A. Convergent plate boundary B. Divergent plate
bed bybed.
boundary
III.In sequence of layered rock, a given bed must be
C. Subduction plate boundary D. Transform plate
younger thanany bed on top of it.
boundary
a. Only statement I is true. b. Only statement II is false.
c. Statements I and II are true. d. Statements I and III are
15.How did the plates move which resulted in the formation
true.

11. What is the process called where sediment is glued

together when minerals are dissolved? a. cementation b.
compaction c. deposition d. weathering
of mount Pulag?
12.Which of the following describes the law of
superposition?
Module 9: How Layers of Rocks (Stratified Rocks) are
a. Objects are more than 1 million years old.
Formed
b. Older layers are generally deeper than more recent
layers.
What I Know
c. More recent layers are generally deeper than older
layers.
1.What are the three types of rocks?
d. Older layers are generally thicker than more recent
a. weathering, erosion, deposition
layers.
b. sedimentary, deposition, igneous
c. igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
13. Which of the following is a process that leads to the
d. metamorphic, sedimentary, deposition
formation or depositionof rock layers?
a. compaction b. metamorphism c. sedimentation d.
2. In which type of rock do most fossils appear?
stratification
a. deposition b. igneous c. metamorphic d. sedimentary
14. Which of the following does NOT lead to the formation
of rock layers?
3. Which type of rock is formed when bits of rocks are
a. change in particle size b. erosion and
layered and cemented together?
weathering
a. deposition b. igneous c. metamorphic
c. rock sediments remained on its position d. successive
lava flow
4. sedimentary Which of the following is NOT an example of
sedimentary particles?
15. Which of the following principles states that all rock
a. gravel b. limestone c. sandstone d. shale
layers are continuous until they encounter other solid
bodies that block their deposition?
5. Which of the following refers to a series of processes on
a. Law of Deposition b. Law of Lateral
earth's surface and in the crust and mantle that slowly
Continuity
changes rocks from one kind to another?
c. Law of Original Horizontality d. Law of Superposition
a. crystallization b. erosion c. rock cycle d. water cycle
ASSESSMENT
6. What step in the rock cycle would be required to change
an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock?
1. Which is NOT true about the rock cycle?
a. heat and pressure
a. Rocks are recycled.
b. melting and cooling
b. It shows that rock is lost forever.
c. melting and pressure
c. It shows the rock’s journey as it changes.
d. weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and
d. It is a summary of the processes that change rock from
cementation
one kind to another.
7. During which process does layer upon layer of sediment
2. Which best defines a sedimentary rock?
build up and exert pressure on the layers below?
a. It is formed by heat and cooling.
a. compaction b. deposition c. erosion d. weathering
b. It is formed by heat and pressure.
c. It is a layered rock formed by compaction.
8. What is the moving of sediments from their original
d. All of the above
position called?
a. deposition b. erosion c. lithification d. weathering
3. Limestone is formed from layers of sand, shells and 12. Superposition means that in an undisturbed sequence
animal remains that have been compacted together. Which of sedimentaryrocks, which of the following is true?
type of rock is a limestone? a. the oldest rocks are on top
a. igneous b. indigenous c. metamorphic d. b. the youngest rocks are on top
sedimentary c. the youngest rocks are in the middle
d. there is no way to know which layers are older
4. What process is used to form a sedimentary rock?
a. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock. 13. Which of the following causes the formation of rock
b. Magma trapped under the Earth’s surface cools and layers?
solidifies. a. inactive volcanoes b. erosion and weathering
c. Bits of sand and gravel form layers that turn into rock c. Rock remains on its position. d. Particle size does not
from pressure. change.
d. Extreme heat and pressure from inside the Earth turn 14. An undeformed sedimentary layer is than the layer
rocks into new rocks. above and___________then the layer below. Which of the
following pairs of words best completes the sentence?
5. Which type of rock usually contains fossils? A. older, older b. older, younger c. younger, older d.
a. all types of rocks b. igneous c. metamorphic d. younger, younger
sedimentary
15. Which of the following describes the Principle of
6. Where do sediments come from? Original Horizontality?
a. Rock weathering produces sediment. a. In rare cases, horizontality of rock layers occurs.
b. There have always been sediments on Earth. b. In most cases, sedimentary beds are deposited as
c. Sediment is transported and deposited all over the Earth. horizontal units.
d. Sediments accumulated as dust fell to Earth from outer c. Not all layers of the rock are deposited horizontally.
space. d. Both b and c

7. What is the Law of Superposition? Module 10: Different Methods of Determining the Age of
. a. Igneous rock is older than nearby sedimentary rock, Stratified Rocks
which is older than nearby metamorphic rock.
b. A sedimentary rock layer in its original position is older 1.What do geologists use to figure out if a rock is older or
than a. the layer above it and younger than the layers below younger than another rock?
it. A. EM dating B. Relative dating
c. Metamorphic rock is older than nearby sedimentary rock C. Radiometric dating D. Amino acid dating
because the latter is deposited before the former.
d. The exact age of a sedimentary rock layer can be found 2. Which is true about absolute dating?
using the layers above and below it. A. Breakdown isotopes
B. Arrange the historical remains in order of their ages
8. In a cliff, where are the oldest layers of rocks made of C. Depends on the traces of radioactive isotopes found in
sedimentary rocks usually found? fossils
a. at the bottom D. Determine the age by comparing the historical remaining
b. at the top to the nearby layers
c. in the middle
d. nowhere to be found 3. Which absolute dating technique depends on the traces
of radioactive isotopes found in fossils?
9. Which of the following are the processes of compaction A. Amino acid B. Radiometric C. Dendrochronology D.
and cementation commonly associated with? Thermoluminescence
a. erosion b. lithification c. sedimentation d. transportation
4. What is the process of breaking down isotopes?
10. Which of the following do sedimentary rocks provide A. Half-life B. Isotopes C. Radioactive decay D. Radioactive
clues about? metric dating
a. polar climates b. tropical climates c. temperate climates
d. Earth surface conditions at the time the sediment was 5. What do we call the atoms of the same element with the
deposited. same number of protons but different number of neutrons?
11. Which statement is FALSE on how layers of rocks are A. Isotopes B. Absolute dating C. Relative Dating D.
formed? Radioactive Decay
a. A break-down of igneous rocks forms layers of rocks.
b. Sediments are deposited vertically by gravity. 6. What term describes absolute dating? A. Exact c.
c. Erosion and weathering that occur on a flat field form Adjacent B. Close d. Relevant
layer of rocks.
d. Sediments are cemented over hundreds of years and 7. Which shows the approximate age of a rock?
form layers. A. Color c. Texture B. Shape d. Fossil index

8. In a canyon, where is the youngest rock located?

A. Top c. Middle B. Side d. Bottom D. Measuring the amount of isotope and calculating the
half-lives passed
9. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Rock layers are undisturbed 6. How many half-lives have passed if a rock contains 25%
B. Deposition of evenly distributed sediments isotopes and 75% daughter isotopes?
C. The layers are gone after folding A. One (1) half-life c. Three (3) half-lives B. Two (2) half-lives
D. Rock layers are older than faults found in them d. Four (4) half-lives

10.What is a gap in the rock sequence? A. Break c. Uplift B. 7. Which of the following describes relative dating?
Fault d. Unconformity A. Precision is high B. Quantitative extent
C. Arranges fossils in order D. Works better for metamorphic
11.What is the time needed for one-half of the parent rocks
atoms to turn into daughter atoms? A. Half-life c. Half-way
B. In-behalf d. Better-half 8. What does the number of daughter atoms indicate?
A. The more daughter atoms, the older the rock is
12.Which technique uses the half-life of atoms to figure out B. The daughter atoms remain after 10 half-lives.
their age in the rock layers? A. Amino acid c. C. The higher the percentage, the older the rock is
Dendrochronology B. Radiometric d. Thermoluminescence D. A shorter half-life means more accurate age.

13.What method has helped scientists to determine the 9. Which is true about absolute dating?
exact age of Earth? A. Official dating c. Absolute dating B. A. Precision is low B. Quantitative measurement
Relative dating d. Complete dating C. Less expensive and efficient D. Works better for
sedimentary rocks
14.Which of the following is true?
A. The half-lives of all radioactive isotopes are the same. 10.Which is true in a series of sedimentary rocks?
B. The amount of parent atom remaining does not affect A. The upper layer is composed of older rocks.
the decay of the isotope. C. As the number of parent atoms B. The lower layers are placed before older rocks.
decreases, the number of daughter atoms increases. C. The bottom layer is the oldest, and the top layer is the
D. As the number of parent atoms decreases, the number youngest.
of daughter atoms also decreases. D. The bottom layer is the youngest, and the top layer is
the oldest.
15.Which is one of the most popular and widely used types
of a radioactive isotope? A. Carbon c. Phosphorus B. 11.What happens when the isotopes decay?
Potassium d. Uranium A. Parent isotopes become half B. Parent isotopes become a
team
ASSESSMENT C. Parent isotopes become a parent D. Parent isotope
become a daughter
1.What technique explains that the lowest layer is the
oldest while the topmost layer is the youngest just like the 12.What is the importance of dating?
clothes in the laundry basket? A. Determines the age of fossils
A. Dendrochronology c. Relative dating B. Absolute dating d. B. Defines the sample of fossils C. Identifies the number of
Stratigraphy fossils D. Regulates the particles in fossils

2. Which method evaluates the exact age of the sample? 13.What is the extended version of the stratigraphy?
A. Total dating c. Absolute dating B. Relative dating d. A. Cross dating B. Biostratigraphy C. Amino acid dating D.
Comparative dating Thermoluminescence

3. Which type of dating method can be used on rock layers 14.What is the meaning of the statement: You can’t break a
by applying the law of superposition? rock if it does not exist?
A. Radioactive dating c. Absolute dating B. Radiometric A. Rock layers are not undisturbed.
dating d. Relative dating B. Rock layers are older than the faults found in them.
C. Igneous intrusions are younger than the rock that they
4. Which of the following indicates the relative age of a rock cut through.
layer? D. Fossils are generally the same age as the rock layers in
A. The thickness of the layer which they are found.
B. The chemical make-up of the rock
C. The distance of the layer over the Earth 15.What can you conclude about relative and absolute
D. The position of the layer compared to other layers dating?
A. Absolute dating arranges the fossils in order while
5. How can the absolute age of rock be determined? relative dating determines the numerical age.
A. Matching the half-life B. Absolute dating compares the age while relative dating
B. Comparing the samples arranges the fossils in an order.
C. Calculating it to another ratio
C. Absolute dating is the technique that determines the 11. Which of the following is not considered as criteria to
exact age of a historical remain while relative dating gives determine an index fossil?
the order of age of several samples. a. The fossilized organism must be easily recognizable.
D. Absolute dating is the technique that gives the order of b. The fossils must be geographically widespread.
age of several samples while relative dating determines the c. The fossil must have lived for only a short time.
exact age of a historical remain. d. The fossil must have lived for a long time.

Module 12: Describe How Index Fossils (also known as 12. The process in which a living organism becomes a fossil
Guide Fossils) are Used to Define and Identify Subdivisions is called________.
of the Geologic Time Scale a. Microfossils c. index fossils b. Fossilization d. living fossils

1.Index fossils are defined as ________________. 13. The term Phanerozoic means _________________.
a. remnants of the living things. b. remnants of the non- a. “Time of unwell-displayed life”
living things. c. remnants of the planets and stars. d. b. “Time of well-displayed life”
remnants of the universe. c. “Time of well-unplaited life”
d. “Time of well-replayed life”
2. It is the process by which organic matter exposed to
minerals over a long period is turned into a stony substance. 14. The largest mass extinction in Earth history occurred at
a. Molds c. Trace b. Petrified d. Cast the end of the ______. a. Precambrian period, about 250
million years ago
3. Which of the following subdivision of geologic time b. Phanerozoic period, about 250 million years ago
portrays the differences in life forms? a. Period c. Eons b. c. Permian period, about 250 million years ago
Epoch d. Eras d. Archean period, about 250 million years ago

4. Eons are divided into smaller time intervals known as 15. First mammals on Earth were seen during the Mesozoic
eras. Which is the youngest era which means “new life”? era. It was how many million years ago? a. 130 c.200
a. Mesozoic c. Cenozoic b. Paleozoic d. Proterozoic b. 150 d.251

5. Precambrian takes up the history of the earth by how

many percent?
a. 60% c. 80% b. 70% d. 90% ASSESSMENT

6. Greek ammonites is named after the ram god who is 1. What are the common fossils?
____________. a. Bones and teeth b. Spores and seeds
a. Rah c. Ahmed b. Kareb d. Ammon c. Options A and B are correct. d. Options A and B are
incorrect.
7. Which of the following creatures when fossilized the
bones become 12 meters (39 feet) a wingspan? 2. What type of preserved fossils are trapped in a tree’s
a. dinosaur Argentinosaurus sticky resins and dies?
c. Protoceratops a. Amber b. Tar c. Ice d. Wood
b. pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus
d. Griffin 3. Which Era represents “ancient life? a. Cenozoic b.
Mesozoic c. Paleozoic d. Proterozoic
8. These index fossils are formed by preservation and the
remains of specific species are found in the strata 4. When did the Precambrian Era begin?
of_________. a. 4.53 billion years ago b. 4.54 billion years ago
a. sedimentary rock c. 4.55 billion years ago d. 4.56 billion years ago
b. metamorphic rock
c. igneous rock 5. What is the shorter unit of Epochs? a. Period b. Time c.
d. Magma System d. Eon

9. Charles Walcott discovered a fossil with a soft body like a 6. A good index fossil must include four characteristics
worm, five eyes, and a long nose like a vacuum cleaner except for __________.
hose. In which Paleozoic era does he discover the said a. distinctive b. widespread
fossil? c. abundant d. long life
a. Cambrian c.Ordovician b. Silurian d.Devonian
7. _________ is another name for index fossil.
10. These living fossils are organisms that have existed for a a. Key fossils a. Pattern fossils b. Lead fossilsc. Design fossils
tremendously long period from the Cambrian period up to
the present without changing very much. a. Lingulata 8. He is sometimes called the “Father of Geology.”
brachiopods c. Anomalocaris b. Archaeopteryx d. Ammonite a. Charles Darwin b. Charles Doolittle Walcott c. James
Hutton d. James Ingram
9. __________ means that an organism completely dies IV. eon>era>epoch>period
out. a. I b. II c. III d. IV
a. Adaptation b. Extinction c. Evolution d. Regeneration
7. Mount Everest is the tallest land form in the planet.
10.Which of the following statement is correct about the Which period did the top rocks of Mount Everest form?
Geologic Time Scale? a. Cambrian b. Devonian c. Ordovician d. Permian
a. It is divided into major chunks of time called Eras. Eras
may be further divided into smaller chunks called eons, and 8. In _____________ period, three northern continents
each eon is divided into periods. collided and formed the supercontinent Euramerica.
b. It is divided into major chunks of time called eons. Eons a. Carboniferous b. Ordovician c. Permian d. Silurian
may be further divided into smaller chunks called eras, and
each era is divided into periods. 9. When did mammals become the most dominant
c. It is divided into major chunks of time called periods. organisms?
Periods may be further divided into smaller chunks called a. Cenozoic b. Mesozoic c. Paleozoic d. Precambrian
eras, and each era is divided into eons.
d. It is divided into major chunks of time called eras. Eras 10.When identifying period under Mesozoic era, Jana
may be further divided into smaller chunks called period, knows that ______________, _______________ and
and each period is divided into eons. ________________ are correct.
11.Which of the following represents the longest time? a. a. Cambrian, Devonian and Jurassic b. Creataceous,
Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic Jurassic and Triasic
c. Paleozoic, Ternary and Quarternary d. Devonian,
12.Which rock type are fossils most common? Ordovician, Silurian
a. sedimentary b. igneous c. metamorphic d. all these
commonly contain fossils 11.How do we separate the geologic time scale into eras?
a. Every 100 million years
13.Which of the following will not make a fossil? b. Every 10 billion years
a. animal footprints b. loose animal bones c. Based on major changes to life on Earth
c. plant impressions (casts) d. decomposed organic material d. Based on the appearance of new reptiles

14.Most periods in the geologic time scale are named for 12.Archean eon is the time when the Earth cooled down
_______. and able to support continents and oceans while
a. geographic localities b. catastrophic events c. Phanerozoic eon is the time when rapid expansion of life
paleontologists d. fossils occurred. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements
are false. c. Only the first statement is true. d. Only the
15.Which geologic era do human beings evolve? second statement is true.
a. Cenozoic b. Mesozoic c. Paleozoic d. Precambrian
13.Which era is also known as the time of the hidden life
Module 13: The History of Earth and ranges from 4.6 billion years ago to 544 million years
ago?
1.Which branch of science deals with the study of the a. Archaean b. Phanerozoic c. Precambrian d. Silurian
origin, history and structure of the Earth?
a. Biology b. Geology c. Mineralogy d. Paleontology 14.Which event was largely responsible for the demise of
great coral reefs, jawless fishes and trilobites?
2. Which division of the geologic time scale is the longest? a. Coal Event b. Cooksonia Event c. Kellwasser Event d.
a. eon b. epoch c. era d. period Miocene Event

3. How old do scientists believe the Earth is? 15.All are parts of the Tertiary period EXCEPT:
a. 4000 years old b. 3.6 billion years old a. Eocene b. Holocene c. Miocene d. Paleocen
c. 4.6 billion years old d. 6.6 million years old
ASSESSMENT
4. Approximately, 90 percent of the most important events
in Earth’s history happened in ___________ era. 1. What is the smallest main unit of geologic time? a. eon b.
a. Cenozoic b. Mesozoic c. Paleozoic d. Precambrian era c. epoch d. period

5. If Pangea is the supercontinent before the Mesozoic era, 2. Which is the present eon that began 541 million years
what is the biggest body of water that covers the Pangea? ago?
a. Gondwana b. Laurentia c. Panthalassa d. Romundina a. Cenozoic b. Holocene c. Phanerozoic d. Quartenary
6. Jose is a Grade 11 student and ask to arrange the correct
order of geologic time in his science class. Which of the 3.When did the breakup of Pangea happen where all
following order is correct? dinosaurs and reptiles also wiped out? a. Cenozoic b.
I. era>eon>period>epoch Mesozoic c. Paleozoic d. Precambrian
II. eon>era>period>epoch
III. epoch>period>era>eon
4. Which of these was believed to be the first life form on d. It refers to the division of period in history.
Earth?
a. amphibians b. bacteria c. mammals d. reptiles
Module 11: Relative and Absolute Dating
5. Which of these is correctly paired?
a. eon (half a billion years)
b. epoch (hundreds of millions of years)
c. era (several hundred million years)
d. period (one hundred million years) What I Know
1.Which is true about absolute dating?
6. How many years did reptiles rule the Earth? a. breakdown isotopes
a. 100 million years b. 300 million years c. 200 million years b. arrange the historical remains in order of their ages
d. 400 million years c. depends on the traces of radioactive isotopes found in
fossils
7. Myra understands the characteristics of Agnatha when d. all of the above
she describes it as:
a. a primitive jawless fish 2. Which absolute dating technique depends on the traces
b. a primitive armored fish with cartilage skeleton of radioactive isotopes found in fossils?
c. a fish with jaw a. Amino acid b. Dendrochronology
d. a fish with legs c. Radiometric d. Thermo luminescence

8. In what order do the following organisms appear in the 3. Which geological dating technique is very effective in
geologic record from oldest to youngest? estimating the age of fossils through comparing it with
a. bacteria, fish, birds, humans fossils of known ages?
b. bacteria, birds, fish, humans a. Relative Ages b. Relative Dating
c. human, fish, birds, bacteria c. Radiometric Dating d. Radioactive Isotopes
d. fish, bird, humans, bacteria
4. Which of the following refers to the breakdown of
9. When is the time where proliferation of life occurred and isotopic energy?
rocks became less metamorphosed? a. Half-life b. Isotopes c. Radioactive decay d. Radioactive
a. Archaean eon b. Proterozoic eon c. Phanerozoic eon d. metric dating
Paleozoic era
5. Which of the following refers to atoms of the same
10.Joan was asked to identify the current period we are in. element that have the same number of protons but
Which is the correct answer of Joan? different numbers of neutrons?
a. Holocene b. Jurassic c. Quarternary d. Tertiary a. Absolute dating b. Isotopes c. Radioactive Decay d.
Relative Dating
11. Devonian period is the age of fishes while Silurian
period is the age of vascular plants. 6. What do you mean by strata?
a. The first statement is true while the second is false. a. Rock ages b. Rock layers c. Rock particles d. Rock
b. The first statement is false while the second is true. sediments
c. Both statements are true. 7. Which law of stratigraphy describes that sedimentary
d. Both statements are false. rocks are formed particle by particle and bed by bed, and
the layers are piled one on top of the other?
12. In which period did the level of carbon dioxide is several a. Law of deposition b. Law of superposition
higher than today? c. Law of lateral continuity d. Law of cross-cutting
a. Devonian b. Ordovician c. Permian d. Silurian relationships
13. Which period did sharks and bony fishes develop?
a. Cambrian 8. What is the science that deals with all the characteristics
b. Devonian of layered rocks and how these rocks relate to time?
c. Permian d. Silurian a. Absolute Dating b. Relative dating c. Stratigraphy d.
Unconformities
14.All statements are true about the Cenozoic era EXCEPT:
a. It is also known as the “age of mammals” 9. Which law of stratigraphy states that any rock, fault or
. b. It is also known as the “age of flowering plants”. structure that cuts another rock or other structure is
c. It is the time of widespread glaciation. younger than the rock or structure it cuts?
d. It is the time when gymnosperms replaced angiosperms. a. Law of deposition b. Law of superposition
c. Law of lateral continuity d. Law of cross-cutting
relationships
15. Which describes the geologic time scale correctly?
A. It is a record of old geologists. 10.Which is true about sedimentary rocks?
b. It refers to the history of rocks and minerals. a. Formed from particles of older rocks that have been
c. It is a record of the known history of rocks and fossils. broken apart by water or wind
 b. May contain remnants from dead animals and plants
settled at lake or sea bottom 8. Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of plants and
c. With the passage of time and the accumulation of more animals that have lived on Earth throughout Earth’s history.
particles, and often with chemical changes, the sediments How does the fossil record of animals compare to animals
at the bottom of the pile become rock. that exist today?
d. all of the above
a. Animals in the fossil record are the same as animals that
11.What is the originally deposited horizontal layers that exist today.
folded or tilted and then eroded? b. Animals in the fossil record are ancestors of animals that
a. Angular unconformity b. Disconformity c. Nonconformity exist today.
d. Paracomformity c. Animals in the fossil record have no similarities to animals
that exist today.
12. Which of the following refers to the layer of sediments d. Animals in the fossil record are more complex than
which are uplifted without folding but exposed to erosion animals that exist today.
and weathering?
a. Angular unconformity b. Disconformity c. Nonconformity 9. A geologist is studying three layers of sedimentary rock
d. Paracomformity in an area. The layers have not shifted from their original
positions. The geologist records the relative ages of the
13.Which system is used by scientists to relate stratigraphy rocks. The bottom layer is listed as the oldest. The top layer
and time to any geologic events? is listed as the youngest. What did the geologist use to
a. Time scale b. Period scale c. Half-life Scale d. Geological determine the relative ages of the rocks?
time scale a. mineral content b. radioactive decay
14.Which of the following is commonly used to date rocks? c. the law of superposition d. the principle of
a. Carbon-14 b. Potassium-Argon c. Rubidium d. Uranium unconformity

15.Which of the following is a layer that indicates a period 10.What is a geologic column?
of uplift and erosion? a. a rock structure that is shaped like a column
a. Angular unconformity b. Disconformity c. Nonconformity b. a body of rock that cuts through sedimentary rock layers
d. Paracomformity c. a group of rock layers that are taken out of the ground to
study
Assessment d. a group of rock layers that are placed in order of their
relative ages
1.Which geological dating technique determines the actual
age of a fossil? Module 12: Describe How Index Fossils (also known as
a. absolute b. radioactive isotopes c. relative d. stratigraphy Guide Fossils) are Used to Define and Identify Subdivisions
of the Geologic Time Scale
2. Which geological dating technique arranges them in the
geological order of their formation? WHAT I KNOW
a. absolute b. radioactive decay c. radioactive isotopes
Relative d. relative 1. Index fossils are defined as ________________.
a. remnants of the living things. b. remnants of the non-
3. Which of the following is the original isotope? living things.
a. daughter b. half-life c. parent d. radioactive c. remnants of the planets and stars. d. remnants of the
universe.
4. What happens when the isotopes decay?
a. parent isotopes become half 2. It is the process by which organic matter exposed to
b. parent isotopes become a team minerals over a long period is turned into a stony substance.
c. parent isotopes become a parent a. Molds c. Trace b. Petrified d. Cast
d. parent isotopes become a daughter
3. Which of the following subdivision of geologic time
5. What is the importance of dating? portrays the differences in life forms?
a. determine the age of fossils a. Period c. Eons b. Epoch d. Eras
b. determine the amount of fossils
c. determine the sample of fossils 4. Eons are divided into smaller time intervals known as
d. determine the particles in fossil eras. Which is the youngest era which means “new life”?
a. Mesozoic c. Cenozoic b. Paleozoic d. Proterozoic
6. Which of following is an example of the way a geologist
would use relative dating? 5. Precambrian takes up the history of the earth by how
a. determining the minerals that make up rocks many percent?
b. placing rock layers in order of oldest to youngest
c. classifying rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic a. 60% c. 80% b. 70% d. 90%
d. using radioactive isotopes to determine the exact age of
rock samples
6. Greek ammonites is named after the ram god who is
____________.
a. Rah c. Ahmed b. Kareb d. Ammon

7. Which of the following creatures when fossilized the

bones become 12 meters (39 feet) a wingspan?
a. dinosaur Argentinosaurus c. Protoceratops
b. pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus d. Griffin

8. These index fossils are formed by preservation and the

remains of specific species are found in the strata
of_________.
a. sedimentary rock c. metamorphic rock
b. igneous rock d. Magma

9. Charles Walcott discovered a fossil with a soft body like a

worm, five eyes, and a long nose like a vacuum cleaner
hose. In which Paleozoic era does he discover the said
fossil?
a. Cambrian c.Ordovician b. Silurian d.Devonian

10. These living fossils are organisms that have existed for a
tremendously long period from the Cambrian period up to
the present without changing very much. a. Lingulata
brachiopods c. Anomalocaris b. Archaeopteryx d. Ammonite

11. Which of the following is not considered as criteria to

determine an index fossil?
a. The fossilized organism must be easily recognizable.
b. The fossils must be geographically widespread.
c. The fossil must have lived for only a short time.
d. The fossil must have lived for a long time.
12. The process in which a living organism becomes a fossil
is called________.
a. Microfossils c. index fossils b. Fossilization d. living fossils

13. The term Phanerozoic means _________________.

a. “Time of unwell-displayed life”
b. “Time of well-displayed life”
c. “Time of well-unplaited life”
d. “Time of well-replayed life”

14. The largest mass extinction in Earth history occurred at

the end of the ______. a. Precambrian period, about 250
million years ago
b. Phanerozoic period, about 250 million years ago
c. Permian period, about 250 million years ago
d. Archean period, about 250 million years ago

15. First mammals on Earth were seen during the Mesozoic

era. It was how many million years ago?
a. 130 c.200 b. 150 d.251