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Statinties No ae vie Leom / FA /FSe [ICs thie soe RS THR Fer Aigo ACCA
Solution
Introduction to
Statistical Theory
Part-II >
Chapter # 14
Survey Sampling and
Sampling Distributions
By
Prof. Muhammad Chaudhary
Dr. Shahid Kamal
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CHAPTER 14
SURVEY SAMPLING AND ©
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
Q.14.1. (a) Population. In Statistles, @ population (or
universe) Is defined an nn aggregate or totality of units of
Interest or objects, whethor animate or Inanimate,
conerete or abstract, eg. population of College student
population of helghts, population of botanical _p
Population of opinions, ote. A statistics! poy
consists ofall measurements or counts of a variable.
A pepulation may be finke or Infinite, A finite population
contains a finite number of units or objects such as the
population of students in a college, the population of all licensed
motor drivers, the population of houses in a country, etc. The
size of a finite populstion is ‘usually denoted by the letter W. A
population containing an infinite number of units, is called an
Infinite poputation wlich-is usually regarded eonecptual
device beenuse nobody enn ever actually I tho units.
The population of all points on a line, tho population of all the
results obtained by throwing of two dieg, the population of all
heights between 8 fect and 6 fect, etc. are the exaniples of infinite
population:
‘Sample, A sample is @ part of « population, selected for
study. The number of units included In the sample Is called the
‘of the sample and is denoted by the letter m. Semetimes, a
sample may include the entire population. Saruplys are selected
from population (o provide estimates ef population paranieters.
One cannot obtain valid conclusions if the sample Is not
representative of the population,
Sampling Frame. A tist of elements or form of \dentification of
the elements in the population that ig vxod to select a sample, I
called sampling frome,
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Parometer, A numerical quantity used to describe the
characteristics of « population in called a parameter.
‘A Statiatle ism numerical descriptive ma
sample.
(ur Sampling, The procedure of selecting « sample from the
population is called sompting, and different procedures give
different types of sampling.
Objects of Sampling. The fundamental objects of
sampling on
4) to get the maximum information about a population
without examining each and every unit in itz and
(ii) ta Gind the reliability of the estimates obtained from the
samp! NL
Q.14.16. The population conalite Of X y= 2. Xy=4,%376,
X,=10, The mean, jt and the weriance, ¢? of the
mare computed
re computed from a
below: > *y
~
2e4e6+Be+10)
+
These fire members of the population ean ba used to
simulate ai te population, if samples are drawn with
roplacement. Theoretically an infinite number of samples could
be drawn, many of them would be identical, All the possible
random samples of size 2 that could result when sampling ia with
replacoment, from the pnpulution are (5)? = 25.
But thy munber of all possible distinct samples (Le, when
gampling In without replacement) In Sey, Le mei. These ten
with their means and
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mbers of Samples | Samp Sample Variance
Mean (82)
{2-324 (4-313
Now the mean of sample meang, jt; ie
ee!
Saino e
¢ meen of sample means Is equal to the mean of the
population, Thla property Iv of fundamental Importance.
‘The ineen of sample rariance It
which)}fa mat identical with tha population variance. The
sampling variance is a biased estimator.
Q.14.17. We are required to select a random sample
of 10 households from a Hat of 250 households, by waing'a
table of random sampling numbers, *
‘We first list the households and aueign a S-digt serial
Humber to each household from O01 to 280 as 280 la & S-fgit
Aumber, Then using the first columns from Random Numbers
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‘Table (Table XXXII 196, Statistical Tables by Fisher and
‘Yates, 6th edition), we find the fallowing numbers:
221, 193, 187, 784, 032, 932, 787, 236, 153, 587, 673, 485,
619, 969, 188, B85, 092, 129, 859, 346, 534, 407, 021, 951, ete.
‘Hence we select the following 10 houscholds for our sample,
skipping a number larger than 250,
221, 193, 167, 92, 236, 153, 188, 92, 129 and 21
In case of sampling with replacement, a hovsshold may be
selected more than once but when sampling is done without
replacement no household ix selected again. Thus In such « case,
@ random sampling number if appears again, is to be skipped,
8. First of all, we un 2-digit numb
tudenta from 00 to 89. Thus th
‘aro aeslgnod tho numbers
students with helghts 63-85 Inches are
given the cumbers 05-27, and #0 on.
“. ‘Then we draw the sampling numbers from the Random
Number Tables (Table XXXI! on page 136, Statistical Tables by
Fisher and Yates). As the 100 students bave been assigned 2-
digit numbers, we therefore use the first 2 columns (and then the
next 2 columns) and find the following numbers.
22, 19, 16, 78, 03, 93, 78, 29, 15, 68, ete.
Each of these random sampling numbers, glves tha height of
a particular student. Thus the first randam sampling number 22
corresponds to & student Whose beight in 63-65 Inchoa, which wa
ha midpoint of the concerned beight group.
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ampling mumbers 19, 16, 78, 03
correspond to heights of 64, 64, 70, 61 inches, A student Is to be
sclected more than once ax the eampling Is with replacement.
Proceeding in this way, we draw 90 samples of size 3 each. These
samples with their mean heights are presented in the following
table:
Simil
Sample Number | Corresponding | Mean Heights
Drawn Heights
22, 19, 16 G4, 64, 64 Hn
78, 03, 99 10, 61, 73 68
78, 23, 15 70, 67, 64 ~67
58, 57, 48 67, 67, 67 ~\6t
36, 18 67, 67, 4 |) 68
08, 12 70, 64, 64 ~ 68
» 38, 59 70, 61, 67 * 68
02, 95 67, 61,.73 67
26, 7 67, 67, 70 68
37, 61 67, 61, 67 67
21,95 |» 73, 6473 |. 70
69, 04 73°70, 61 68
» 85, 21 67, 64 67
02, 87 70 65
10, 47 a7 8
61,27 67 eT
43, 17 64 a
71,43 67 65”
22, 76 70 eT
39, 71 70 69
50, 96 . 73 6a
87, 56. 3 70
86, 94 73 2
44, 78 70 6a
17, 76 70 66
80, 40
63, '43
20, 86
31, 08
74, 69
7
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-6
To find the mean of means, we construct the following
frequency table:
EAS | 2001
Hence jig = St = 31S a7 tinches
mer, 8
QuU4.19. (9 Given X hae a binomial distribution with
pa0d and n=5.1 -
Pit*x) = (Co. FU0.6* for x= 0,1,2,3,4,5
We first calculate the probabilities associated with each
value of 2, The probabilities and the essigned numbers are shown
below:
Cumulative | assigned Numbers:
Puts:
0.0778 0000 = 0777
0.3370 0778 - 3369
0.6826 "3370 = 6825
0.9190 - | - cs26—g139
09398 9130-9897
1.0000 sigs - 9999
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We now consult a table of random numbers t0
sample of 10 by finding 10-four-digit numbers. Let us
columns, say columns 11, 12, 13 end 14 of Table 14.1, page 8 of
Text. Then going dewn the four columns, wa eolect the first 10
numbers. These numbers and the x-values (in brackets)
correspanding to them are listed below:
6192(2), 9900 (5), O672(0, G551(2), 0191 (0),
7150 (9, 48220), 0110 (0 6154¢2), 6148 a2,
fur] 3 9 5 1 [Was:
below:
0183 - 0915
Of16 — 2380
2381 — 4334
4335 ~ 6288
6289-7851
7852 ~ 8893
BBO4 ~ 5488
9489 = 9786
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Now we select a sample of 10 by finding 10-four digit
numbers from a table of random numbers, Let us select the last
four columns of Table 14.1, page 8 of the Text. Going down these
columns, the following 10 numbers are found (the corresponding
x values are shown In brackets):
1995 (2), 806016), O019(0), B9ES(6), 3707 (3),
8698 (6), 2329 (2), 8980(6), 189742), 4257 (3). n,
Thus the sample consists of the following x-values: C
0, 2, 2, 2,3,5, 6,6,6,6 Cy”
@.14.21, (b) According to proportions! allocation, Le,
Ba, we would aclect the following, nub: amples:
mH Jn
yy
ye nN, N= oer
¥
ng =n (NG/NY af 3, and
.
Using a table of Fandam sumbers, we get from
Stratum i: Xj Xyy7 4
Stratum Il: %yy = 10, Hyp = 18, Xpg= 20.
Stratwom Il: Xyq = 19, X3, = 22, X35 = 26.
ANY by
Hence the sample meane E Px, de no.ofstrawy
belie
(344610016 420+18 422426]
119
ree
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Q.14.22, (n) Calculation of sample alse for each
atratum by Proportional Allocation:
‘Classification No. of
* [students (N,)
as 2
(6) A sample of 2% of all the emplayees mouns that m= 75
¥ 300,000 = 6,000,
~. Y X,
Now, using the proportional allocation, Le nj =n. at, the
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duiribution Iam
bution farmed by the values of a siatlstic auch as the
ample proportion, (he sample carrelaton cocfficlent,
from
Q.1423 te)
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10
Sampling Distribution. A sampling
probability (realtive frequency)
Il the different passibla samples of
slze a, which ean be drawn eliher with replacement or
without replacement fram the same population, The
mean, the variance etc, can be computed from. a
The sampling dia!
groat Importance In atatlutlcal Inferenes.
drawn without replacement from &
the varlance’pf the sampling distribution of say, mean is given bY
i
ai)
au
Properties of the Sampling
‘The important properties of the sampling
‘The mean of
atribu
sampling distribution of mean
equal to the mean of the populution, he,
when the sampling is without replacement from a finite
population of size N, or by
“when the aampling Is with replacement or random
dion, and where 7 [a the
population ¥arianc
The sampling distribution of mean will be normal or
approximately normal for a reasonably large sample size.
{b) Finite Correction Factor. When a sample of size m is
finite population of size N,
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where o? is the population variance
‘The factor x ~ is wsually ealled the finite correction fsctor
(tcf) or finite poputation correction (fpe) for the warlance. The
finite correetion factor approaches unity as the population
bocomes Larger and largar.
‘The formula for o* Ia, In fact, exact and needs no correction.
However, when the
portion of the population sampled = 57
(called the sampling fraction’-{s small, say lesa than 5 per cent,
many statisticians are of the viuw that the finite correction factor
may be neglected, ue
Q.14.26. (b) Let A, B, C, D and E stand for eblldren,
There are (5)7225 samples whieh can be drawn with
replacement, The samples and the mien ages are giv
below:
No. [Members
‘Mean [No [Members] Agon
of sample of sample
4 CG
4, c
NOoOd>moawemy
POOP PEP Spy > pp >
Our mruneremoanw>
{1) The theoretical sampling distribution of Z, the mean ego
of two children in any sample, is given aa follows:
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(Gi) The mean, 1; anu ome standard error oft, ozare
ZAR 150 7
ri 38 = oF ani
> Eh fi ae
ER NEG G
-37-38=3, 4
eo that o; = 1. 4
Q.14.27, (I) The possible number of samples of alzo
at
nat that could be drawn without replacement ia(9) = 15.
(1) Let AeB, ©, D, E and F stand for the population
values 2/4, 88, 10 and 10. Then the samples of size 2 and
thelr means are:
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Q.14.28. Total possible samples of size 4 with replacement
from the population 2, 4, 6 are 3! = 81 samples.
‘The 81 possible snmples and their mean:
64,22
6.4.24
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The nampling distribution of the Mean [x obtained below:
For verification, we first calculate mean and variance of the
riven population,
as4s6
wos!
2 24 ea?
por als eas b $2084 367
¥ 2
Now. WM wede ny cd Sm
Hones the result.
Q.14.29. (1) All possible random samples of size n=
that could be drawn without replacemant, are:
(2, 29, (2, 4), (2, 4), (2, 6s (2, 8), (2, 10), (2, 42, (2, 4, (2,
(2, BD, (2, 10), A, 49 (4, 6D, (4, BD, (4, HO), C4, 6, (4, 8D, (4, 108,
(6, 8), (8, 10), (8, 10), :
Thy sample means are 2, 3, 3, 4,5, 6,3, 9, 4,5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 7,
5.8.7,7.8.9.
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15,
Bedsavdegene May
0 \- BY EB
= 934.2857 ~ 26.4490 = TdT = 2.7004 ee
=~,
dow
=y, 108 J
pe ep
3 " Hovofsamplea gy S14 =H )
foxa
= 29.7143 26 4490 = JT2005 » 1.6070
£\E PE
(
= (27904 (2.2361)
“\ a46a1
= 1.8070 = 9,
Heneo the'Fesut.
Gil). ‘The Chebyshev inequality says, ‘at
1 dot the
obsoryations Hie within meen 2 hind)". The problem says’, at
jr: which gives b= 3
Hence we would expect ot feant Bot the sasnple means to fall
between Qe; and ji; + Sa;, th
(1.807) and 6,146. (1.807) of between 0
ween B1d-3 4
J
Q.14.30, Tho porsitite amples of uiza na 3 are (3 )=20.
To compute the sampling distribution of means, we first
calewlate the ample means as follows,
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169/20
15 i 225/20
a od
Eo = py
a; « \/ES- 001 » aoa a1 = 2.8989
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Q.1431. Total number of possible samples with
replacement = N* = 4? = G4 samples, The sampl
together with thelr means are glyen below:
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Eee Fy
= ay 38 RY «15
* rs rr a a
For verification, we first calculate mean and the variance of
Se given population, Thus
3+6+9+12_ 30
Ke 7 Do 75, and
gt = SETS) 0 (607.519 419-7.) 6 (12-7.57
4 ry
= 20:25 + 225 = 2.25 +2028 95 ~*
a he
Hence the statements and verification of the relation desized are;
() wpa wie 15 = 75 4 ED.
2 07 1125 [SY
ay ote Se TS 3.75 <)
Q.14.32, (2) Computa
varlance. 7
EM)
Gon) tne nts ents ont
= ote toca sop en oo
saesecedes, 2
7 6
(014). When sampling Is done without replatement, then,
a lo? Non
= (nb2
of -&, at where the lotter have their usual meangings
i =
9d S8. Beosn
Bee Be
(ii) When sampling | done without replacement, then
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(c) There are *C3 = 1D samples of alze 3, which can be
drawn without roplacement. The samples and thelr
means are given in the table belows
ich eon be
(dy There are (5/9=125
drawn with replacumont. Linting
forming the sampling dlatributlon of meana, we find t
igo 7 and of
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The following table gives the sampling distribution of sample
micans:
S120 _
“DE
sampling distribution of sampte
25-5.
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Population mean is why
pedeoen ~y
er eee Oo
Population varinace Is NO
a
Comparing the variances, x
of means has @
The m
of the popu
also equal to
Let, 4.6, DE,
3, 3.4. Then the possible samples of nize w=3 and the:
given as fullgwa:
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Bisa
= 6.0794 = (1.4286)? = 6.0794 ~ $ nv = OID
ORT Do8
7
(Slight difference due ta rounding off}
ax
And
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Q.1438, Here w= 100, = 2,0=4,
(0) Sampling D:
sample sive is large cnough,
Sep Te20
(re ar
At Y= 20.78, we find that =
ion of J
be opprosimatcly nord an
se PUT220.78) = PZP 5) = 0.8 - 0.4992 = 00668,
Q.1456. The Sampling distribu
it,=60 am a, Som a
= 60 Cc
Ths ~ Tone A)
freed
=
Row at S39, we find that ¢# 9725" = 1 = 20.89, and
61 - Go» et
a Sear 2 BS
[va
f PUS9 20.5)
0
* MT > 20.5) =r? Beh) mPz> 1 my
a
=0.5-0.1129=00571,\_
(Gi) We require POT < 19.3) Nd
* poversa = p(2< syn
= MZ <-2 21} 00136
Gi) We require PUII55e= = = LHS and
nas, F528 136, aa
23-
Jat 0.2236 (
fe PULISSE\=“R<2.5) = PE-1.18 <2 €2.236)
Nhe”
SANZ <2 <0)4 RO Ww
$.9 in standard units
Hence PINASE/=#j<5.9] eP-149SZ$0.80)
~ a De =P(=1 435250)+P(0S250.80)
ech 90.4236 + 0.2881 0.7117
Q.14.47 The tsmple proportions of even aumber in 20 possible
samples 2
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33
‘The sampling distribution of proportions is:
Vari) = Dea — (EB AAT ~\
oy eu
-#-Q) =03-0.25=0.05 -
a)
ang @2, Moe 05)09
Let A. B.C, DE, F and G stand for popula
2, 3,4, 4 and 5 respectively. Then the possible samples
‘of size m-3 that could be drawm without replacemnct and the
proportion of edd numbers In the samples arc givea below. —
[Posathic samples are 34)
‘ABC
ABD
(ABE
ABP
aBG
acD
ACE
ACF
ace
ADE
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Statistics Notes for Leom / FA /FSe /1Cs/ BSe/ B.com / BS /BBA/ MBA/ M.Com/ ACCA
au
‘The Sampling diitribution of proportion and other ealevlations.
are piven below:
[Lah Ten | an |
Was
a ae
uns ses
mam 20 7
how p= Ent = 38d and ete
Ay Ae ay a0 (8? 40,
7 LP AP IEefe ie = is-@)
@ 3.
WD ya1
E the Sampling Distribution of Sample
oo
Lat be the 19. the propartion of diseased plants in the sample
(1¥ the sample sire (#280) Is large enough) p is approximately
The
Hj 72007, and standard erior
5 of = E oomsss
aw
4 2
Thin “2 Faunt le epprosimately NU, 1
Cy We require MB < 0,01)
PEDO = P(p<0.01 = as) (continuity correction)
B= 002 , 0 01-1500) =002)
~PSoansa D008
0.4123 = 0.0877
PZ <-1355)
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3s
‘Thus the probabitity that less than 1%. of the tees
0.0877.
(iiy We require Ptp > 0.02)
Now PUs>0.01) => P(p>0.08 +a) {egntinuity correction)
(0.04617500) =.0.02
=Pz> ne st) ANS
= P(Z > 2.485) = 0.5 — 0.4935 = 00065 » “
Hence the probability that more than 4% of the cece ate dizeated *
is 0.0065. \
Alternatively. Using the Normat approximation 10 The Binomial
Distribution,
Let be the £0, the number of diseased plaats In the sample
Then “OS
X is approximately Np, apa), where n=250, p=0.02 and q~0.98.
Now ap =0,02"25005 and pq (0,02) (0.93){25) = 4.90
‘That in Xis U5, 490) ~
(1) An 1% 0f 250 = 2.5, 50 we require PLY<2.5).
PLY. a > PU<25-0.5) — (contimulty correction)
t— 2 5— =
- ore a)
rn tat “a az-< 1.385) = 05~ 0.4123 2 0.0807
A Gi) AN 4% 0F 250 = 10, s0 we ecquire PLY>10).
Pui0y => PEX> 10+ 0.5) (continuity correction)
> tlos= 31)
2216
19913 = 9,063
Using Normal approximation, me get
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Statistics Notes Ne eee) BSc/ Reom /DS/HDA/MBAT AI Com / ACCA,
38
PR < 0.52) te = Piz <-2) = 0.0238
70.3) 4300 = 4000
00 “300-1
= (0.0229) (0,9546) = 0.02186
Q.14.50, 15-97, 5
i 0.05 ep , 0.05
ni-005 s7-ps0.08) - Plggais *‘G. < para! OS
=P[-228