TOOLS FOR PROBLEM ANALYSIS
1. Brainstorming
2. Cause and Effect Diagram (Ishikawa Diagram)
3. Pareto Chart
4. Check Sheet
5. Scatter Diagram
POPULATION (N)- Set of all possible outcomes for a 6. Control Chart
specific group of objects
POPULATION PARAMETER- Numerical measure of a BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
population characteristic There are two branches of statistics.
SAMPLE (n)- Subset of observations selected from a DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
population also known as deductive statistics
SAMPLE STATISTIC- Numerical measure of a deals with gathering, classification, and
sample characteristic presentation of data
summarizes values to DESCRIBE generalized
characteristics of data
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
uses descriptive statistics to get information
about the data
statistical techniques and concepts are
PROBABILITY VS STATISTICS applied to data
PROBABILITY data is used to make INFERENCES on the
Given the information of a POPULATION, population (where the sample came from)
describe a SAMPLE.
IN PROBABILITY, we were guessing what we DATA
will get from a POPULATION. -Raw facts that when processed become relevant
STATISTICS information. They can then be used to describe
Given the information of a SAMPLE, describe something.
the POPULATION. -There are two types.
IN STATISTICS, we will generalize based on a QUALITATIVE
SAMPLE. attributes that provide classifications
QUANTITATIVE
STATISTICS real numbers stored as values of random
Statistics is a branch of science and variables.
mathematics that deals with the following:
1. Collecting and summarizing data. DATA COLLECTION
2. Designing experiments with surveys. -The act of gathering useful data.
3. Measuring variation in experimental, production,
and survey data. RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
4. Estimating population parameters and providing simply uses historical data
measures of accuracy of estimates. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
5. Testing hypothesis about populations. observes an ongoing process or population
6. Studying relationship of two or more variables. with very minimal disturbance
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
The application of multiple sample statistics makes purposeful changes to see which
(mean, standard deviation, variance, etc.) to variables produce significant changes
provide a conclusion given a set of data.
DATA FORMATS JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING
RAW DATA researcher chooses sample based on who
unprocessed data they think would be appropriate (biased to
ORDERED DATA interest, biased to field of study)
sorted according to some criterion CASE STUDY
FREQUENCY DATA researchers focus to one particular group or
tabulates occurrences per value instance
GROUPED DATA MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
tabulates occurrences per grouped value After one sampling technique is done (to
obtain a sample), another sampling technique
DATA PRESENTATION is done on that sample to obtain a more
-Data is then presented in ways that can be easily specific sample.
interpreted. SAMPLING PLAN
A well-devised plan stating the method on
TABULARPRESENTATION which sampling technique/s are to be applied
most simple presentation in order to get an adequate sample from a
BAR CHART population considering all factors of the
often used for frequency data situation.
PIE CHART
often used for grouped data DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
LINE CHART -Deals with gathering, classification, and presentation
often used for time-series data of data. Summarizes values to DESCRIBE generalized
characteristics of data.
SAMPLING
-Selection of a random subset of observations DATA ORGANIZATION
intended to describe the population. done after data presentation for better
-a sample must achieve two criteria: graphical representation
a) large enough b) unbiased. Tool 1: Frequency Distribution Table
Tool 2: Cumulative Frequency Distribution Table
PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Tool 3: Histogram
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING Tool 4: Ogive
each observation is chosen at random
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING STATISTICAL MEASURES
each observation is chosen according to a numerical values for better understanding of
system starting at random data
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
each observation is chosen according to a Measures of Central Tendency
system starting at random
CLUSTER SAMPLING
each observation is chosen at random BY
group
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
members of the population are chosen based
on their relative ease of access
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
first respondent refers a friend, the friend also
refers a friend, and so on
Measures of Location DATA ANALYSIS
• done after data organization for extracting
useful information
Tool 1: Stem and Leaf Diagram
Tool 2: Boxplot
Tool 3: Time-series Plot
Tool 4: Probability Plot
Measures of Variability/Dispersion
Measure of Symmetry
Measure of Kurtosis
