E2-E3/E&WS/IT Infrastructure Rev date: 01-04-2011
E2-E3: ENTERPRISE & WHOLESALE
CHAPTER-15
IT INFRASTRUCTURE
(Date Of Creation:01-04-2011)
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IT Infrastructure
For implementing any IT application each SSA/Circle need to build up and maintain IT
Infrastructure. IT Infrastructure consists of the equipment, systems, software, and
services used in common across an organization, regardless of mission/program/project.
IT Infrastructure also serves as the foundation upon which mission/program/project-
specific systems and capabilities are built.
The three primary components of IT Infrastructure are Servers, Desktop PCs and
network. Servers are different from Desktop PCs in two aspects – they have more
hardware resources and they are loaded with Network Operating System.
Application
N/W
RDBMS
NOS
Clients/Users
Server
What are Servers?
Servers are the computers that provide some service to the network, to be shared by
the network users/ clients.
Servers are typically powerful computers that run with network operating system.
Servers are often specialized for a single purpose. This is not to say that a single
server cannot do many jobs but more often we get a better performance if we
dedicate a server to a single task.
Some Services provided by Servers:
DNS (Domain Name System) – It is used to resolve URL to IP Address and vice
versa
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DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) – It is used to allocate IP address
and configure other parameters like Gateway Address, DNS address, Alternate
DNS Address on lease basis.
Mail (Mail Transfer Agent) – It sorts dispatches and delivers electronic mails.
Web Hosting - It hosts website(s)
Proxy – It controls and restricts outgoing and incoming traffic.
Database – It will have some RDBMS package like Oracle and will manage data.
Requirements of Servers:
Better & Faster CPU ( Xeon, Dual-Core, Core 2 Duo )
More RAM ( > 2 GB )
Higher Bus Width & Speed (PCI)
More CACHE (>512 K b )
Higher Capacity Hard Disk (160 GB x 2 or so.)
Better Hard Disk Controllers (SCSI )
Fault Tolerance (Disk Mirroring, Duplexing or RAID )
Backup Devices (CTDs, DATs, optical storage etc.)
Better Cooling
What is a Computer Network?
Computer Network describes two or more connected computers that can share
resourcessuch as data, a printer, an Internet connection, applications, or a combination of
these.
Why do we need Computer Networking?
To share Hardware resources
To share Software Resources
To share Information or Databases
For Communications: E-mail, e-commerce, video conferencing, chatting, etc.
What are the types of Computer Network?
Depending on Geographical Coverage of Inter-connected Computers:
LAN - Local Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
WAN - Wide Area Network
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Depending on the architecture of the network:
Peer to peer (Workgroup)
Client – Server
Domain
What are the components of Network?
A network has three types of components – Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), Data
Communication Equipment (DCE) and Media.
1) DTE (Data Terminal Equipments):-
DTE are the devices like PCs, Servers, and Printers etc which are either source or
destination of information or data. DTEs must have an interface like Network Interface
Card (NIC) to be connected to DCEs.
Network Interface Card (NIC):
DTE are linked to DCEs with NICs.
NIC implements the MAC Protocol which determines how workstations/servers
share access to network. The MAC (media access control) address is a 48 bit (6
bytes) unique hard coded address.
NIC has memory for buffering in and outgoing data packets.
2) DCE (Data Communication Equipment):-
DCE are devices which help us to connect different DTEs and they themselves are
neither the source nor destination of information. Commonly used DCEs are Modems,
Switches, and Routers etc.
DCEs are themselves of two types:–
Intra Networking Devices like Modems, Hub, Switch
Inter Networking Devices like Routers, Gateways etc.
3) Media: -
Media is the path by which traffic is flowing from source to destination. It can be Cu
cable (Ethernet cable, DSL tech etc.), OFC Cable and Wireless media.
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Networking Devices:-
Hub
LAN Switches
Routers
HUB: - The active central element of the star layout. When a single station
transmits, the hub repeats the signal on the outgoing line to each station. Hub
physically a star topology but logically a bus topology. Hubs can be cascaded in a
hierarchical configuration.
LAN Switches: - A switch has a switch table in which following entry is there like
MAC Address, Interfaces etc.
PC Next Switch
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
PC PC
Routers: Number of LANs can be connected with the help of some inter Networking
Devices like Routers.
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LAN is basically a numbers of DTEs and DCEs which are connected together with the
help of Intra Networking DCEs like switches. Information is exchanged between
different DTEs in a LAN by sending packets, which are called Ethernet packet.
Individual Computers in a LAN are identified by a unique address associated with each
NIC. This address is 48 bit unique binary number hardwired in every NIC and this known
as MAC (Media Access Control) or Physical address.
Software:
System Software: Operating Systems, Device Drivers, Utilities etc.
Application Software: Word-Processor, Spread-sheet, Database, Presentation, Graphic,
Multimedia etc.
Operating Systems:
Desktop Operating System: MS Windows XP, Vista, Macintosh etc.
Network Operating System: MS Windows Server, UNIX, Linux, Sun-Solaris etc.
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E2-E3/E&WS/IT Infrastructure Rev date: 01-04-2011
Chapter 15: IT Infrastructure
Sample Self study Objective type questions
1.
2. 1.____________ is a powerful computer runs on Network Operating System.
a. Client
b. Server
c. Personal Computer
3.
4. 2.____________ is used to allocate IP address & configure other parameters like
Gateway Address, DNS address, Alternate DNS address.
a. DNS
b. DHCP
c. Proxy
5. 3.____________ control & restrict outgoing & incoming traffic.
a. Proxy
b. Database
c. Mail
6. 4.____________ sorts dispatches & delivers electronic mails.
a. Proxy
b. Database
c. Mail
7.
8. 5.____________ links Data Terminal Equipment & Data Communication Equipment.
a. MODEM
b. NIC
c. Router
9. 6.____________ is physically a star topology but logically a Bus topology.
a. HUB
b. Switch
c. Router
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10.
11. 7.____________ uses maximum available bandwidth.
a. HUB
b. LAN Switches
c. Router
12. 8.____________ is internetworking device which connected number of LANS.
a. HUB
b. LAN Switches
c. Router
13. 9.____________ is system software.
a. Word Processor
b. Multimedia
c. Operating System
10.____________ is a Desktop Operating System.
a. Windows Vista
b. Unix
c. Sun Solaris
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