CHAPTER- VI REMEDIAL MEASURES TO CONTROL CLIMATE CHANGECHAPTER- V. REMEDIAL MEASURES TO CONTROL CLIMATE CHANGE Climatic change is not a product of one day or one year or 100 years change is law of Nature . But mushrooming growth of population is not only in the study area and India but all over the world. Desire to consume more and to lead sophisticated life is behind the scene of climate change. The ongoing trend is not soing to be stopped due to throat cut competitions among nations. Hence remedial measures to contain some ill-effects of climate change may be taken . To bring changed in methods of cultivation through applying modern environment friendly technology and to’ contain automation and reduce industries refuges in the form of smokes and poisonous gases can be solution to some extent or remedial measures. To adopt sustainable development practices in every economic field with emphasis on a forestation may prove as remedial measures to minimize climate change. Sustainable development is a process in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development , and institutional changes are all lamed 225consistent with future as well as present needs. The premises for sustainable development are: > Symbiotic relationship between consumer human race and producer natural systems > compatibility between ecology and economy. ‘The preconditions to sustainable development are: > Equity and social justice > Endogenous choices > Economic efficiency > Ecologic harmony. The present day environmental problems are not so much due to the lack of Government thrust as to the direction of its efforts resulting in legalistic, pectoral, media-specific, _repair-oriented environmental planning and management that overlook the interactive capture of our common environmental and development concerns. The agenda for change thereby relates to the restructuring of economy based oenological principles. The available indicators of growth do not provide environmentally relevant information about the structure of economy . ‘This chapter analyses the economic indicators in vogue, and presents a schematic for the incorporation of environmental and resource degradation costs in economic accounting process. The analysis of 226Indian economy during 1980-95 is also presented to illustrate the utility of the approach in delineating policies for discernible movement towards sustainable development in India. Economic Indicators: The national income and output account have traditionally served two main purposes: > measure of level, extent and nature of economic activity. > delineation of the factors of production, and indicators of living standards. The income and human well-being (or welfare) are questionable as the income accounts do not, for example, reflect the equity in quality of life, ecological loading and environmental degradations, all of which are relevant of human welfare. Aslo conspicuous by their absence in accounting procedures are the unrecorded production of goods in informal (unorganized) sectors, resource depletion in building the economy; deterioration in working, living and environmental conditions; and losses due to accidents. As the gap between improved economic growth and deteriorating quality of life began to widen in 1970s , criticism against GDP as the most important economic indicator has been more articulate, although the critique against GDP as the sole measure of welfare is a old as the origin of GDP itself, ranging from Bounding in 1950s to Daly in 2271970s. The latest Club of Rome report, while criticizing the measure of ai GDP , presents new measures of economic welfare and quality of environment, and calls for redirection of economy. A measure of economic welfare should reflect besides ‘classical’ material welfare, as described by System for National Accounts (SNA) , the following aspects: > Non-market production > Various parts of production that are not addressed too consumption, but are needed to repair damages caused by the economic system itself (defensive costs) > Environmental damage that is not 'repaired’ ~ - 228a MEASURES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Exhibit I: ape " es < Measure: Need for Simetural Agjustment a [*— Detensive Expenditures © fe] Depreciation of © fe Resonate Natural Caps ures o — Damage {~ cost Measure: Weak leash Sustainability w duet Adjusted —— Noc-optimal Use NNP Of Resources r Adjusted tL © Net Savings GDP as = +) 0 =" eet logy Gross *) Cleaner Technet Beetogieal Options and Substitution of me Non-renewable Resource base with Renewable Resources a 229> reduction in future welfare caused by production/consumption today > Questions of (income) distribution. The value addition from economic activities arising out of the ameliorative investments in environmental quality caused by the economic development itself needs to be subtracted from the GDP to obtain an indicator of positive growth in economy. The items for subtraction from GDP include: » Costs of unsustainable cultivation of soil . > Loss of natural areas > costs of air pollution control > Costs of noise pollution control > Costs of water pollution control > Long-term environmental damages > Defensive environmental expenditures » Defensive health expenditures > Defensive societal costs > Future reduction in economic welfare > Depletion of non-renewable resources. The Chapter 8, Agenda 21 of the Earth Summit calls the Governments to: 230Expand existing system of national economic accounts in order to integrate environmental and social dimensions in accounting framework, including at least satellite systems of natural resources in all member States *8,42)......' The statistical offices are responding slowly to this commitment. With the latest revision of the system of national accounts. (SNA), the UN is aiming at a paradigm of integrated environmental and economic accounting (SEEA), with a framework too compile environmental data, be it physical or monetary, in a form consistent with the SNA structure . This ‘satellite approach’ towards environmental accounting was developed jointly by the UN Statistical Division and the World Bank, and pioneered by two country studies in Mexico and Papua New Guinea, Within the SEEA, two measures, viz. depletion of natural resources and environmental costs are included that allow the calculation of ‘environmentally adjusted net domestic product (EDP) . The imputation follows the restoration/avoidance cost approach. However, the data could also be organized to compute a set of indicators including measures of Need for Structural Adjustment, Cleaner Technology Options, 231Exhibit Hz Integrated Environment and Economic Accounts 2000-01 and 2010-11 Item Change during | Annual ‘Change Annual (2000-01) Growth Rate | Growth during (Rs. crore) Rate — (2000-01) (Rs. crore) Economic Accounts | 72.02, 354 +5.66% 387,721 GDP (Without +4.43% (Without accounting | accounting —_for for environmental environmental | degradation) degradation) Environment Accounts | 26,772 =17.308 * Air Environment Damage to health and ecology due too Air Pollution * Water Environment | -96.900 ~48.877 Ground water mining | -24.985 -13.386 ~ Quantitative decline - Quality degradation = Pollution avoidance | -1,014 “312 cost *Land Degradation | =1,38,750 “61,268 Productivity losses due to land degradation 232and rejuvenation cost 24,000 10,668 * Forest Cover Decline | -2.704 Loss of services/values 1.337 ‘Total environmental and ecological damage costs 315,125 “147,856 Adjusted growth in GDP (Accounting Environmental degradation) for 112,771 4.92% 60.135 -4.74% Source OF DATA: 1. National Accounts Statistics, 1995, Central Statistical Organizations. 2. India's National Income Statistics, October 2012, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy it 1: Annual Growth Rates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Environmentally Adjusted Net Domestic Product (EDP) during 2000-01 and 2000-11 for different countries Country [Rate of growth] Rate of growth during | Remarks during 2000-01 (%) | 2010-11 (%) GDP EDP | GDP EDP India 366 «|-492 [403 478 The resources and environmental degradation due to informal sector and consumption activities are also included, 233Papua New | 4.52 432 NA NA Only the use of Guineas resources and environmental services utilized in production activity is accounted ‘Austria °2.26 0.70 1.0 0.41 the 1991-92 figures are obtained using the data upto 1993 The growth rate figures corresponding to EDP are: that of Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (sew) NA- Note Available Substitution of Non-renewable Resource base with Renewable Resources, Weak Sustainability, and Gross Ecological Product (Exhibit I) that could provide a compass for internalizing environmental concerns in the process of socio-economic decision making. After a decade of research on inclusion of such concerns into national accounts, two broader approaches have emerged: ** Resource and environmental accounts in non-monetary units either to accompany conventional accounts, or to appear separately as satellite accounts 234* Resource use and environmental damage monetization to adjust conventional (GNP/GDP measures. While there is no international agreement on the propose or the utility of green accounts, different countries have taken recourse too environmental accounting with a view to: + seeking an indicator of sustainability + persuasive purposes. + design of environmentally benign sect roll policy responses. One dimensional sustainability indicators such as the Gross Ecological Product (GDP), or the Environmentally Adjusted Net Domestic Product (EDP) provide the extent of environmental and resource degradation unaccounted for in the economic accounts, and their time series reveals the direction in which the economy is moving, viz. towards sustainability or away from sustainability. The computation of Gross Ecological Product or Environmentally Adjusted Net Domestic Product involves environmental valuation which is ridden with uncertainties and controversies between ecologists and economists. The second indicator, viz. growth of economy towards/away from sustainability , is amenable to computation with recourse too estimation of relative sector all growth rates, resource use, and emission intensities thus minimizing uncertainties. 235Natural Resource Accounts: The Integrated Economic and Environment Accounting framework for India has been a subject of debate since the last decade. A pilot multi institutional study , sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1995 and coordinated by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI, aims as evolving Natural Resource Accounting framework for India, and its illustration in Yamuna river sub-basin. Another study, covering the whole country, aiming at the estimation of the extent of environmental and resource degradation during the last decade and a half, as an instrament for alerting the decision makers, and emphasizing the significance of environmentally benign paradigms of socio-economic development leading to equity in quality of life, and minimal ecological loading and environmental degradation has also been carried out by NEERI. The salient finding of the study are presented here. The economic and environment accounts for India, delineated in Exhibit II, include: degradation of air quality, with concomitant health and ecological damages. > unsustainable utilization of ground water resources, and pollution of surface with bodies, 236‘ degradation of land mass due to erosion, salinity, and water logging ‘% degradation of forest cover. The issues related to the loss of bio-diversity, flora and its crown density, freshwater aquatic ecological resources, coastal and oceanic resources, and non-renewable energy resources are not included in the calculations. The accounting period (1908-1985) is chosen in view of the availability of data on resource degradation. Economic Accoun: The country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at constant prices increased during 1980-90 by Rs, 2,02,354 crore, thus re\glistering a growth of 73.5%, while the increase during 2010-11 was Rs. 370884 crore, a growth of 21% Environmental Accounts: Air Environment The combined damages to human health and ecological functions of vegetation due too air pollution was Rs. 26,772 and Rs. 55308 crore during 1980-90 and 2010-11, respectively. Water Environment The ground water mining has caused quantitative and qualitative impairment to the ground water resource. The avoidance costs of ground water decline (mining) and degradation are estimated at Rs. 23796,900 and Rs. 24,985 crore, during 1980-90; and Rs. 48,877 and Rs. 13, 386 crore during 2010-11 respectively. The avoidance costs of surface water pollution are estimated at Rs. 1,014 crore and Rs. 512 crore during the same period, Land Environment The productivity and ecological function losses due to land degradation, and cost involved in rejuvenation and reclamation of degraded landmass during 1991-92, and 2001-02 are estimated at Rs. 1,38,750 and Rs. 24,000 crore: and Rs. 61,768 and Rs. 10,668 crore, respectively. Biological Environment The forest cover decline during the periods 1990-91 and 2001-02 has resulted in loss in productivity and ecological service offered by the forts amounting to Rs. 2,704 crore; and Rs. 1,337 erore, respectively. The salient issues in computation of adjusted growth in GDP, as delineated in Exhibit II, are: > Health damage cost due to air pollution are based on population exposure, and morbidity and morality figures that are attributable to respiratory ailments > Ecological damage costs due to air pollution include vegetation loss, loss too ground water recharge, and soil erosion. 238> Losses due to quantitative decline and quality degradation due in excessive withdrawal of water, and groundwater contamination are estimated. Avoidance costs for surface water contamination from domestic and industrial waste waters and estimated. Costs associated with land degradation are productivity losses of land mass under cultivation by assuming aggregate cropping patterns. A period of three years is assumed for land rejuvenation through soil erosion control programme in watersheds. Loss of forest services/values is estimated based on the changes in forest cover with recourse to the guidelines of the Ministry of Environment and Forests on benefit-cost evaluation of projects involving diversion of forest land mass. Biodiversity losses are not included in the estimation of total, environmental and ecological looses. Monetized value of natural resources used for growth in GDP has not been included in the calculation of Environment Accounts. The annual growth rates of gross domestic product and environmentally adjusted net domestic product for some other countries is delineated in 239Exhibit U1, Policy Implications The following observations ensure from Exhibit I with relevance to policy formulations % The environmental damages have increased during the period spanning 2004-05 in comparison to the period between 1991-95 * The economic activity during 1991-95 is characterized by larger growth in environmental costs related to water and air pollution, whereas the land degradation and forest cover decline continued with the trends observed during 1980-=90. “ The environmental damage to landmass continued to outpace improvements in agricultural production. This combined with the loss of cultivated land for urban expansion seriously jeopardize country's food supportive capacity. The analysis brings out the crying need for pursuing an agenda for ecologic modemization in the process of economic liberalization.; Solely pursuing the targets of growth in GDP could lead the economy away from sustainability compromising the growth of future generations. Ecologic Modernization: Ecologic Modernization aims at raising the levels of both ecologic and economic efficiency by increasing material and energy 240affectivity in production and consumption processes in order to minimize the expense on environmental protection while keeping the cost of natural source exploitation within acceptable limits . In effect, ecologic modernization aims at restructuring of economy base on ecologic principles. A few examples of ecologic modernization are outlined below as an illustration: ** Manufacturing sector transition to production processes which save oracle raw materials and energy, substitution of ecologically harmful with harmonious products, application of biotechnology for substitution of non-renewable, carrying capacity. based planning of industrial estates, ecological grouping of industries. Energy sector rational use of primary energy, greater use of regenerative energy sources, decentralization of supply, improvement in combustion processes. * Agriculture sector ecoo-cultivation and __ biotechnological improvements, promotion of organic manures and biocides, development of land-use plans compatible with species and ecosystem types. Construction industry, use of renewable and environmentally compatible building materials, land and energy saving designs, labour intensive designs. 241% Transport sector; reduction in specific energy consumption of motor vehicles, reduction in total number of motored kilometers, provision of efficient public transport systems. The socio cultural roots of our present environmental crisis lie in the paradigms of scientific materialism and economic determinism which fall to recognize the physical limits imposed by ecological systems on economic activity. The economies must expand within ecosystems which have limited regenerative capacities. Contrary to the neoclassical theory of continuous material growth, economic activities directly undermine the potential for development through over-exploitation of natural resources, and indirectly compromise future production, through the discharge of residuals. The entrenchment with quantitative growth as a major instrument of social policy is thus quite paradoxical. It is this concern that warrants a country wide debate on the present and future scenarios of India's economy with a view to delineating strategies for urgent policy shifts. Environment Friendly Agriculture The term green revolution coined by Dr. William Gaud of the United States of America in 1968 has come to be associated with not only higher production through enhanced productivity, but also with several negative ecological and social consequences. There is also 242frequent reference to the fatigue of the green revolution, due to stagnation in yield levels and due to large requirement of nutrients to produce the same yield in early seventies. Is it likely that as we enter a new millennium, we will not have the benefit of new technologies which can help our farmers to produce more food and other agricultural commodities from less land and water? I believe we are now in a position too launch an ever-green revolution which can help increase yield, income and livelihood per units of land and water, if we bring about a paradigm shift in our agricultural research and development strategies. The green revolution was triggered by the genetic manipulation of yield in crops like rice, wheat and maize. The ever-green revolution will be triggered by farming systems which can help produce more from the available land, water and labour resources without either ecological or social harm. Thus, progress can be achieved if we shelf our mind set from a commodity-centered approach to an entire cropping or farming systems approach. This does not mean that we should decelerate our efforts in the area of crop improvement research. But such research should be tailored to enhancing the performance and productivity system. The transition from the fatigue of the green revolution to an ever-green revolution involves a shift from a 243crop-centered approach to a systems-based approach to technology development and dissemination. Let us take for example the prospects for "super-rice", capable of yielding over 10 tonnes of rice per ha. Such a rice plant will need a minimum of 200 kg N per has, together with other major and micro-nutrients. Addition of such nutrients solely through ’ mineral fertilizers will lead too serious environmental problems, and hence, the introduction of legumes in the rotation becomes important. Scientists now have unique opportunities for designing farming systems for achieving the triple goals of more food, more income and more livelihoods" per ha of land by hamessing the fools of iconologies resulting from a landed of traditional knowledge with frontier technologies such as biotechnology, informatics including Gets ae space technology , renewable energy technologies, renewable energy technologies (solar, wind, biomass and biogas) and management and marketing technologies. Industrial countries are responsible for much of the global environmental problems such as potential changes in temperature, precipitation, sea level and incidence of ultraviolet-B radiation, While further agricultural intensification in industrialized countries will be ecologically disastrous, the failure too achieve agricultural intensification and diversification in developing countries where farming provides most 244of the jobs will be socially disastrous. This is because, agriculture including crop and animal husbandry, forestry and agro-forestry. fisheries and agro-industries provides livelihood to over 70 per cent of our population. The smaller the farm, the greater is the need for higher marketable surplus for increasing income. Eleven million new livelihoods will have to be created every year in India and these have to come largely from the farm and rural industries sectors. Importing food and other agricultural commodities will hence have the same impact as importing unemployment. Thus, what we need how is an environmentally sustainable and socially equitable green revolution or what may be termed an ever-green revolution. Meeting The Challenges: The responses being developed and field tested by the M.S. Swaminathan Research . Foundation (MSSRF) to identify implement able approaches at the micro and policy levels to meet the challenges outlined earlier are briefly described below: a) Linking the ecological security of an area with the livelihood security of the local community: creating an economic stake in conservation. The community biodiversity programme of MSSRF illustrates how such mutually beneficial linkages can be fostered in biodiversity rich areas, It is.a sad fact that the tribal and rural families 245who have conserved and enhanced biodiversity remain poor , while those who are utilizing the products of their efforts of their efforts become rich. When the conservers have no social or economic stake in conservation, denudation of natural ecosystems becomes more rapid. MSSRF has adopted a three-pronged strategy for creating an economic stake in biodiversity conservation. First, a transparent and implement able methodology has been developed for incorporating in suit generic systems of plant variety protection procedures for recognizing and rewarding informal innovations in genetic resources conservation and enhancement. Second, a symbiotic social contract between commercial companies and tribal and rural families is being fostered for the purpose of promoting the cultivation ’by local communities of genetic material of interest to the companies on the basis of buy-back arrangements. Such a linkage will prevent the primary material being unsustainably exploited. Third local women and men are trained in the compilation of biodiversity investors and in bio-monitoring, so that they themselves become custodians of their intellectual property. Such trained women and men constitute an Agro biodiversity Conservation Crops and will be able to help their respective communities to deal with issues such as "prior informed consent" in the use of genetic resources. 246Technical Resource Centre: For assisting the community biodiversity movement, MSSRF has established a Technical Resource Centre for the implementation of the equity provisions of the Convention on Biological Div verity. Since this is the first Technical Resources Centre of its kind in the world, the six major components of the Centre are described below: i, Chronicling the contribution of tribal and rural families to the conservation an d enhancement of agro biodiversity through primary data collection in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa as well as in the Lakshadweep and Great Nicobar group of islands. ii. Organization of an Agro biodiversity Conservations Crops of young tribal and rural women and men, who have a social stake in living in their respective villages and who, with appropriate training, can undertake tasks such as compilation of local biodiversity inventories, revitalization of the in situ genetic conservation traditions of their respective communities, monitoring of ecosystem health with the help of appropriate bio-indicators and restoration of degraded sacred groves. The members of the crops will be able to assist their respective communities in dealing with “the prior informed consent" provision of the Convention on Biological Diversity in the use of genetic resources. 247iii, vi. Development of multimedia databases documenting the contributions of tribal and rural families in the conservation and improvement of agro biodiversity, for the purpose of enabling them to secure their entitlements form National and Global Community Gene Funds. Maintenance of a community Gene Bank and Herbarium: A Community Gene Bank with facilities for medium term storage has been established to conserve farmer preserved and developed seeds from the tribal areas of South India. The material will be catalogued and linked to the Technical Resource Centre database. The herbarium serves as a reference centre for the identification of landraces, traditional cultivars and medicinal plants conserved by tribal and rural families. Revitalization of genetic conservation traditions of tribal and rural families through social recognition of their contributions and the creation of an economic stake in conservation . For this purpose, replicable models or private sector engagement in contract cultivation by tribal and rural families of plants of commercial value are being developed. Legal Advice Cell: This cell will make available to tribal and rural families appropriate legal advice in matters relating to intellectual property rights and plant variety protection. 248vii. The population supporting capacity of ecosystems: local level socio=demographic charter. In order to help internalize an understanding of the vital need to restrict population growth within the supporting capacity of land, water, forests and the other components of the ecosystem, training modules have been developed to enable the women and men members of village level democratic institutions to prepare social-demographic charters for their respective villages. These are local level planning tools designed to assist in priority setting in the matter of meeting unmet minimum needs. A gender code is an important component of the charter. Such socio-demographic charters will help local communities to view population issues in the context of social development and to ensure that children are born for happiness and not just for existence. c. Information and skill empowerment. For this purpose, the concept of Information Villages has been developed. Trained rural women and men will operate Information Shops where generic information on the meteorological, management and marketing factors relevant to rural livelihoods will be converted into location-specific information. Trained farm women and men themselves become trainers. The computerized extension system adopted in the information shops also help sensitize local families on their entitlements from government and other programmes. Information technologies 249provide considerable opportunities for value added jobs in rural areas, While new technologies are important, folk, media are often even more effective in reaching the undetached. Hence, folk plays and folk arts and theater are fully mobilized for achieving information empowerment . For ensuring the success of information empowerment programmes, the information disseminated should be demand -driven and should be local- specific. d. Environmentally sound Agricultural intensification, diversification and value addition. This is achieved through participatory research with farm families . Echo technologies like integrated pest management and integrated nutrient supply are used. Echo technology development involves the blending of the best in frontier technologies with traditional wisdom and practice. Modern science and the ecological prudence of the past can thus be combined. Echo technologies are also practiced in aquaculture. Integrated agriculture and aquaculture techniques enhance both from income and the nutrition security of the household. Whole villages are being enabled to adopt such integrated, intensive farming systems (IIFS). This approach is essential for meeting the triple goals of more food, income and jobs from the available land and water resources. The seven basic principles guiding the IIFS movement are described below. 250i. Soil health care: This is fundamental to sustainable intensification. IIFS fosters the inclusion of stem modulating legumes like Sesbania prostrate, incorporation of Azolls, blue green algae and other sources of symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation and promotion of cereal-legume rotation in the farming system. In addition, vermiculate compositing and organic recycling constitute essential components of IIFS. IFS farmers are trained to maintain a Soil Health Card to monitor the impact of farming systems on the physical, chemical and microbiological components of soil fertility. ii, Water harvesting and management: IFS farm families include in their agronomic practices measures to harvest and conserved rain water, so that it can be used in a conjunctive manner with other sources of water. Where water is the major constraint, technologies which can help to optimize income and jobs form every liter of water are chosen and adopted. Maximum emphasis is placed on on-farm water use efficiency and on the use of techniques such as. drip irrigation, which help to optimize the benefits fom the available water, ifi. Crop and pest management: Integrated Nutrient Supply (INS) and integrated Pest Management (IMP) systems from important components of IIFS. The precise composition of the INS and IPM systems will depend on the 251components of a framing system as well as on the agro -ecological and soil conditions of the areas. Computer aided extension systems will provide farm families with timely and precise information on all aspects of land, water, pest and post-harvest management, iv. Energy management: Energy is an important and essential input. Besides the energy efficient systems of land, waster and pest management described earlier, every effort will be made to harness biogas, biomass, solar and wind energies to the maximum extent possible. Solar and wind energy will be used in hybrid combinations with biogas for farm activities like pumping water and drying grains and other agricultural produce, v. Post-harvest management: IFS farmers will not only adopt the best available threshing, storage and processing measures, but will also try to produce value-added products from every part of the plant or animal . Post harvest technology assumes particular importance in the case of perishable commodities like fruits, vegetable, milk, meat, egg, fish and other animal products, and processed food. A mismatch between production and post-harvest technologies affects adversely both producers and consumers. Growing urbanization leads to a diversification of food habits. Therefore there will be increasing demand for animal products like milk, cheese, eggs and processed food. Agro-processing industries can be promoted on the basis 252of an assessment of consumer demand. Such food processing industries should be promoted in villages in order to increase employment opportunities for rural youth. In addition, they can help to mitigate micronutrient deficiencies in the diet, Investment in sanitary and phytosanitary measures important for providing quality food both for domestic consumers and for export. To assist the spread of IFS. Governments should make a major investment in storage. roads, transportation and on sanitary and phytosanitary measures, vi. Choice of the crop and animal components of farming systems: In IIFS, it is important to give very careful consideration to the composition of the farming system. Soil conditions, water availability, agro-colorimetric features, home needs and above all, marketing opportunities will have to determine the choice of crops, farm animals and aquaculture systems. small and large ruminants will have a particular advantage among farm animals since they can live largely on crop biomass. Backyard poultry farming can help to provide supplementary income and nutrition, vii, Information, skill, organization, management and marketing empowerment. IFS is based on the principle of precision farming . Hence, for its success, IIFS system needs a meaningful and effective information 253a and skill empowerment system Decentralized production systems will have to be supported by a new key centralized services. such as the supply to credit, seeds, biopesticides, and animal disease diagnostics. Ideally, an Information Shop will have to be set up by trained local youth in order to give farm families timely information on their entitlements as well as on meteorological, management and marketing factors. Organization and management are key elements and depending on the area and farming system, steps will have to be taken to provide to small producers the advantages of scale in processing and marketing. TIFS is best developed through participatory research between scientists and farm families. This will help to ensure economic viability . environmental sustainability and social and gender equity in IFS villages. The starting point is to learn from families. who have already developed successfill IIFS procedures. It should be emphasized that IIFS will succeed only if it is a human centered rather than a mere technology driven programme. The essence of IIFS is the symbiotic partnership between farming families and their natural resource endowments of land. water, forests, floors, fauna and sunlight . Without appropriate public policy support in areas like land reform, security of tenure, credit supply, rural infrastructure, input and output pricing and marketing, small farm families will find it difficult to adopt IIFS. 254e. Increasing farm and non-farm employment: The biovillage programme addresses three key areas- preventing resource degradation, improvement of crop and animal productivity and alleviation of poverty. The biovillage programme in progress in village in the Pond cherry area of India places equal emphasis on off-farm livelihood opportunities and on-farm jobs. This programmed avoids a patronage approach to poverty alleviation. It regards the poor as producers and innovations and helps to build their asset building and sustainable human development leading to the growth of entrepreneurship. Human-Centered: The programmes are designed on a pro-nature pro-poor and pro-women foundation. By placing emphasis on the strengthening of the livelihood security of the poor, the biovillage model of sustainable development revives around the welfare of the economically and socially underprivileged. It is thus a human-centered pattern of development . The enterprises chosen are based on marketing opportunities. The technological and skill empowerment of the poor is the major approach. because of the market-driven nature of the enterprises, the economic viability of the biovillage approach it assured. Production and post- 255harvest technologies and farm and non-farm occupations are brought together in manner that both producers and consumers benefit, * Bio villages around biosphere reserves would help in providing alternative sources of meeting the day-to-day needs for food, fuel, fodder and other commodities of the families living near such biodiversity rich areas. Also, bio villages near urban areas help to link the rural producer and the urban consumer in a mutually beneficial partnership. By producing the processed and semi- processed food products needed in urban areas in the villages around in urban areas in the villages around towns and cities, the need for the rural poor to migrate too urban centers for livelihood opportunities is minimized. Also, food processing can be used as a method of providing the needed micronutrients by including millets and grain legumes in the food. Environment friendly agriculture is the pathway to sustainable food and livelihood security. It is based on the non- exploitative use of natural resources. It is based on Gandhiji's advice, "Nature provides for everyone's needs but not everyone's greed’. it is the spread of a greed revolution that causes harm too our life support systems. An ever-green revolution based on harnessing solar energy through green plants and adopting environment friendly agricultural 256practices can alone ensure opportunities for a productive and healthy life for all. FORESTATION AS REMEDIAL MEASURES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: The principal aim of the National Forest Policy. 2010 is to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of ecological balance through preservation and rehabilitation of forests while providing for fuel wood. fodder, minor forest produce and small timber needs of the rural and tribal population . The Policy envisages that the national goal should be to have a minimum of one-third of the total land are of the country under forest or tree cover . In the hilly and mountainous regions, the aim should be to maintain at least two-third of the area under such cover so to prevent erosion and land \degradation and to ensure stability of the fragile ecosystem. In order to achieve the goal, the National Forest Policy calls for a massive need-based and time-bound programme of forestation on degraded forests, wastelands, community lands and the lands of individuals including agriculture lands , with particular emphasis on the production of fuel wood and fodder. The policy also provides that the land laws should be modified wherever necessary so as to facilitate and motivate people to undertake tree farming and growing of fodder plants, grasses and legumes on their own land withdrawals from forests are 257likely to increase at an exponential rate with the increase in population . Earlier, a sizable portion of rounds from poverty alleviation programmes was being allocated for social foresty in rural areas but there is no sect oral allotment now under various poverty alleviation schemes. In such circumstances, the community users have themselves to develop a paradigm of sustainable development through creating stakes for people who are presently alienated and have become indifferent to the future of forests. There is need to evolve a system whereby a sizable portion of proceeds from the harvest of forest produce, even if assumed nationally, gets ploughed back in kind )labor/or cash) for rehabilitation or forests. It is evident tat the current requirements and growing demands cannot be met from the present incremental growth and level of plantation. The plantations, mostly government funded, have only reached a level of one million ha per annum in degraded forests and 0.4 to 0.5 million ha in non-forest lands and private lands. This will not meet even the fueled needs of the country on sustained basis while the growing demand of industrial wood will degrade the remaining natural forests. Moreover, in view of highly polluting nature of producing wood substitute like aluminum, plastic or steel products as well as shortage of recycled paper, the demand for industrial wood will keep increasing. One of the primary obstacles in raising of high quality plantations is lack of adequate financial resources. The government funds 258should naturally go for raising fuel wood, small timber and fodder plantations for meeting the requirements of local people and tribal we are dependent on forests for their basic needs. In view of the growing gap between demand and available sustainable yield, the government agencies will have to raise around 3 million ha per annum of fuel wood, fodder and timber plantations including the regeneration of felled forest areas to meet the highly subsidized basic survival needs of the rural poor and forest dwellers. The other important obstacle in maintenance of plantations is the increasing interference of barman and cattle living in and around the forests. Organic Manure And Natural Farming As remedial Measures Human kind is believe to have taken too settled agriculture about 10,000 years ago. Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, and basins of the Yangtze and Hwang Ho were probably areas where agriculture and animal husbandry originated . At that rudimentary stage of farming. lone can imagine, seeds were broadcast with the onset of rains for what are kn own today as the kharif crops such as rice, maize, sorghum etc. The next job was to harvest the crops. in some cold regions, wheat was sown at the beginning of winter and harvested in spring. 259Apart ftom the seeds, rainwater was the only other input at the beginning of settled farming. We do not, however, hear of any plant nutrients being applied to the fields at that stage. This is understandable, because land area was infinite, the population to feed was small and whenever shortfall was anticipated, one could always to on adding more land under crops. In course of crop and animal husbandry, it must have been discovered at one stage that cow dung, crop wastes, goat, pig and poultry droppings etc. when supplied to fields growing cereal crops, increased productivity. For several thousand years, humankind has been practicing this type of agriculture- broadcast seeds, aging irrigation when possible, and use the organic matter available in the farmyards, collectively known as farmyard manure (FYM) for providing nutrients to the plants. Even when the population increased manifold, great kingdoms and empires were built, and civilization developed, the basic agricultural systems did not undergo the metamorphosis we witness today. Land was either fertile and well watered or just barren. No gone had yet gone beyond applying FYM to the fields growing food grains, firetraps, fodder and firewood. However, the Industrial Revolution on the one hand and explosion of scientific knowledge beginning from the 18th century, mostly in Europe on the other hand, changed all that . Agriculture too became a major scientific discipline and farm scientists started 260experiments with agriculture in their laboratories and in fields. Thus it became known that of the nearly 100 elements known to men, at least 16 always constitute the plant body and play vital role in plant nutrition. These sixteen elements are Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (0), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Born (B), chlorine (Cl) and Molybdenum (Mo), When any element form these sixteen is in short or sub- optimum supply, vigorous and healthy growth of plants cease and the plants cannot complete their fife cycles. This means that deficiency of any of these essential elements. If not restored, will limit the growth the decrease the yield. This lesson was first made known by Lie big and is known as the Principle of- Limiting Nutrient. With the exception of C.H.O. and to some extent N (in case of legumes), soils are the principal resource from which plants derive their ration of essential elements (the sixteen), Scientists have also found the soils differ in their nutrient supplying capacity and so do plants in their nutrient absorbing capacity from soilss . With deficient soils and inefficient plant species, it is necessary to balance the availability through supplementation via natural (manures) of man-made (fertilizers) sources of nutrients, (J.C: Katyal, National Academy of Agricultural Research and Management), KL. 261Sharma, K. Srinivas and M. Narendra Reddy, Central Institute of Dryland Agriculture, both at Hyderabad in Fertilizer News, April 1997, published by the Fertilizer Association of India (FAI). This statement from a Chinese agricultural scientist should dispel the notion that it is time the world gave up using chemical fertilizers and depended entirely upon organic manures, In conclusion, one would like to quote what Dr. Norman Burling, in his convocation address to the students of the IARI New Delhi » said on February 9, 1996. “Currently , extremists in the environmentalist movement, who have strong influence over international financial institutions, by way of lobbying, have convinced the authorities that there is no need for chemical fertilizer, and that organic, fertilizers can meet crop needs for a stable food supply. How far this is form the truth! we cannot produce the food that the world needs with the use of organic fertilizers alone, especially for African countries south of the Sahara where there is very little organic manner available. To preach this recommendation is to condemn these African countries. It is time that the world wakes up to this threat!" To conserve the scarce resources of dry lands a number of practices or methods are used which constitute dryland conservation technologies . These technologies are agronomic or cultural practices like 262conservation tillage, mulching, organic manure application, contour faring, strip cropping, use of wind breaks, allay cropping, vegetative barriers etc, and mechanical or engineering methods which include basin listing, sub-soiling, terracing, contour bonding, contour trenching, use of gully plugs, check dams and water harvesting structures like community tanks, intra- terrace water harvesting and roof top water harvesting etc. In spite of these practices of methods there are several other measures which can be applied for land conservation to slow down climate change effect. These approaches are: > Sustainable farming practices > Precision conservation > Integrated watershed approach, and > use of agro forestry Agronomic or Cultural Pra Agronomic or cultural practices for soil and water conservation in the region help too interrupt rain drops and reduce the splash effect, help to obtain a better intake of water by the soil by improving the organic matter content and soil structure, help to retard and reduce the surface runoff though the use of mulches, strip cropping, mixed cropping and contour cultivation. Use of vegetation on mechanical structures such as gully checks and water harvesting structures etc. enhance their strength and extend their life span. 263Mechanical and engineering methods: These are permanent structures used to supplement the agronomical practices, when the later alone are not adequately effective. These measures play a vital role in controlling soil erosion and reducing runoff. These are used mostly in drylands were the slope of the soil is more than permissible limit. The main objective of the mechanical methods for controlling soil erosion are : (i) to increase the time of concentration by intercepting the runoff and thereby providing an opportunity for the infiltration of water and (ii) to divide a long slope into several short ones so as to reduce the velocity of the runoff and thus preventing erosion. These measures are basin listing, sub-soiling, terracing, contour bonding, contour trenching, gully plugging, check dams and water harvesting structure for hilly areas. Water harvesting structures for dry hilly area: Water harvesting is a prominent and technically fusible technology in arid hilly areas. It helps in runoff harvesting and ground water recharging. Different types of water harvesting structures are used, for efficient utilization of rainfall. Such as community tanks, inter-terrace runoff harvesting, hill spring outflow harvesting and rooftop harvesting structures. Runoff utilization is increasingly becoming a common practice in dry land conservation agriculture. 264There are other approaches which can be adopted for conservation of dry land ecosystems. These research based approach are as: > sustainable farming practices > Precision conservation > Integrated watershed approach and > Use of agro forestry Sustainable farming practices: The past decades have witnessed a dramatic change in agriculture with food production soaring due to green revolution. The Green revolution entailed the use of improved technologies like high yielding crop verities, expansion of irrigation, mechanization and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Sustainable agricultural practices ener are not new, but drawn on traditional knowledge and practices, adopted to coseranrncrssseuniocsomenionateca ensure food security and maintaining productivity of dry land ecosystems ontemeeeneneeneenatttanntCenneseertmtineentecanteitsemennetnatntet on sustainable basis. These practices are conservation tillage, integrated oma onan Reon nutrient management, agro forestry, water harvesting livestock integration, use of of FYM and mulches, green maturing and integrated pest management etc. to maximize productivity. without compromising the needs of the future generations. —— 265Precision conservation: Precision conservation offers an alternative to integrate the eee use of spatial technologies such as global position system (GPS). remote or ter eseareeceremnenrerecireeresoemoneaneran: sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) and the ability to analyze spatial relationship within and among mapped data to develop management plans that account for the temporal and spatial vari bility of flows in the environment . Hence precision conservation practices helps to maintain maximum production by im ing soil and water conservation by developing efficient and use management plans. Precision conservation is an innovative three tier approach wn comprising a set of spatial technologies and procedures linked to mapped variables, which is used to implement conservation management practices we that take into account spatial and temporal variability across natural and agricultural systems (Berry et all., 2003; 2005); Integrated watershed approach: An approach towards dryland conservation . Basically a watershed is a basin like landform defined by high points and ridge lines that descend into blower elevations and stream valleys. A watershed carried a water "she {3 1m the land after rainfalls and snow melts. Drop wet by drop water is channeled into soils, groundwater, creaks and stems making its way too rivers and eventually the sea. In other words a watershed i a gradually unit or piece of Jand that drain at a common 266point. The aim of watershed management is to ensure that every drop of water and every square foot of land is best utilized, Integrated watershed approach is not only anti erosion and anti-tunoff approach but also a comprehensive integrated approach of Jand and water resource management. This approach is preventive, progressive, corrective as well as curative. Role of agro forestry in soil and water conservation in dryland ecosystems: Agro forestry is the science of developing integrated self. sustainable land use systems in which trees are grown on farm lands along with field crops. It includes the introduction and/or retention of tree crops timber and fodder, fruit trees, shrubs bamboos, canes and palms along with cultivated field crops including pasture simultaneously ot sequentially on the same piece of land and at the same time meet the ecological and socio-economic needs of the people. A well planned and Properly managed agro forestry programme substantially increase the yield of the land and maintains sustained productivity. The following are the major agro forestry systems: > Agrisilviculture (trees+ field crops) » Boundary plantation (trees on boundary + field crops_ ® Block plantation (sequential blocks of trees and field crops.) 267> Energy plantation (trees + Field crops during trees establishment period.) > Allay cropping (hedges of economic value + field crops.) > Agrihorticulture (fruit tree + field crops) > Silvipasture (trees + pasture/ animal husbandry) > Forage forestry (fodder trees + pasture). Besides above mentioned systems, two main practices are adopted with the object of intensifying farming on slopes along with reducing soil erosion and increasing moisture conservation. These are @ sloping agriculture land technology (SALT), (ii) Biomass transfer technology (BTT). It is a well known fact that forests are intrinsic to human welfare. In India about 100 million people are dependent on forests for fuel wood, fodder and non-timber forest produce, of which 54 million are advises that is, downtrodden and neglected people. The livelihood of these people is linked to development of forests and their proper upkeep. But in recent times, there have been several controversies involving the coal and environment ministries over diverting forests for mining. Roughly 21 per cent of India's geographical area is under forest cover. The theology since the early 50s has been that one-third of the country should be under forest cover. Though this has never become a reality there is a need to ensure that the present forest cover, due to 268mining and other industrial activities, is not further reduced. The development paradigm should be so designed that the country's forestry is not affected. It is significant to note that, as per estimates of the environment ministry, forests could absorb 11 per cent of India's green house gas emissions that contribute to climate change. This is equivalent to 100 per cent emissions from energy in the household and transport sectors. A 'green bonus’ has been announced for covering forests that act as carbon sinks. As is well known, trees absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and the growing forest cover will increase the forest cabin stock from 8.8 billion tones of carbon in 2006 to 9.5 billion tones carbon by 2030, as per the study. Such projections of increased forest cover and increased carbon stock are indeed welcome as this would help Indian negotiators during various international conferences and negotiations on ways and means to curb global warming. However, according to a research paper titled ‘Cryptic Destruction of India Native Forests' prepared by two Indian scientists and another from Australia, India's forest cover has been decreasing. While the country's official document ‘Status of Forest Report 2009' claims a 5 per cent growth in forest cover between 1997 and 2007, the research paper points out that large chunks of this cover were actually made up of 269exotic tree plantations such as eucalyptus and acacia. If the plantations are subtracted from the total forest cover, the figure showed 1.5 to 2.7 per cent shrinkage of India's natural forests every year. The paper observed that "India has already lost 80 per cent of its natural forest cover". As is well known, natural forests support associated species. The clearing of forests and its replacement by plantation often results in the extinction of several species of flora and fauna. Another recent’ study by the lead author Proof. N. H. Ravindranath of the Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc observed that "India could cit its steady increase in forest cover as an achievement towards mitigating climate change" The IISc. researchers found that India appears to have stabilized its forest cover despite pressures from human and livestock population and low p;er capita forest cover. The country has only 66 million hectares of forest or wooded land per 1000 population compared with China's 215 million hectares or Brazil's 2673 million hectares. About 196,000 villages in India are located within or on the fringes of forests. Obviously what is needed at this juncture is sustainable forest management and incentives for forestation and reforestation. In spite oof efforts, the Tenth Plan stipulation to increase "forest and tree cover to 25 per cent by 2007 (end of the Plan period) and 33 per cfent by 2702012 (end of Eleventh Plan) as against the baseline cover of 2003 per cent in 2001" has not been achieved. The mid-term appraisal of the Ministry Environment & Firsts (MoEF) found the progress rather disappointing as total forest cover does not appear to have increased desire 1.1 million hectares covered under annual a forestation programmes. However , though conserving forests and increasing the green cover has received some priority for some time now, more efforts are needed in this direction. In colonial tines and after, the State appropriated resources from local communities, Things changed after the Forest Act which centralized decision making over forests with only the Central government having the power to sanction the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes. The hitherto rampant diversion of land stopped to a very limited extent but deforestation couldn't be adequately controlled. Even now around 100,000 hectares of forest land has been allowed for mining, Since the 1990s and even later, the Supreme Court stepped in, imposing checks on how forests were to be worked and the country also started giving a lot of emphasis on forest development, The action plan adopted by the government a few years back has been to improve the forest cover by rehabilitating 31 million forest land at an investment of around Rs. 1860 crores per annum. an‘The strategy in India has not been all that successful because of lack of secure rights to land or even to forest products. Moreover the incentives to people, tied just to forest produce, were too small too make it sustainable . The JFM (joint forest management) strategy was that local communities would manage forests if they were compensated with resultant forest produce; many states talked of "benefit sharing". In realty, either the highly degraded forests provided little by way of tangible benefits or the 1996 ban on felling came in the way of gaining from harvesting timber. And various rules in different states that keep changing restrict access to non-timber forest produce. Meanwhile it may be mentioned here that the government has recently decided to assess vulnerability of forests and take remedial measures under the Rs. 46,000 cores Green India Mission. Part of forests as also wildlife corridors, critical wild life habituate etc, that are vulnerable to climate change will be identified using satellite mapping and on ground research. The Mission plant to increase forest cover bny 5 million hectares and improve another five million hectares of degraded forests. Seven vulnerable criteria for identification of forests based on forest diversity and density has been identified by the Indian Institute of Sciences. From the next financial year (2012-13),. the fund disbursement of approximately Rs. 4100 crores will start and these will be given to the state governments for specific jobs of the Mission. 22One is remained of the fact that India has the world's third largest ‘ecological footprint’ (overall impact) and is using twice what its natural resource base can sustain. Keeping in view the fact that forests are among the world's largest carbon sinks and the government's Green India Mission, which is no doubt a very positive step, the following measures need to be seriously considered: > determining forests which needs to be protected only for conservation; » strict adherence to the Forest Rights Act (FRA) and resisting pressures for indiscriminate mining, specially in ‘no-go! zones; > implementation of the FRA and changes in forest governance along with strengthening of forest conservation ; > paying the communities who live in and around forest lands for protecting resources, the costs of which have too be paid by users for water, recreation or other services. > revamping the conservation policies for forests by planting trees in a big way but also cutting those to utilize our forest wealth without destroying forests; and > encouraging through incentives and other ways a forestation and reforestation programmes, both in urban and rural areas. 273Use of Plant Tissue Culture in Crop Improvement : In Order To fight biotic and biotic stresses, a number of approaches have been followed by the scientists to improve the existing cultivars of the crop plants. Some of the important approaches are, production of transgenic cultivars, manipulation of the culture media too develop salt and disease resistant cultivars, making use of seasonal variations, mix corporation of elite species, development of isogonics lines etc. Plant tissue culture is a very useful technique in all these approaches. The type of tissue culture research capable of bringing in great breakthrough is India is outlined as under. Phosphinothricin acetyl transferees (PAT) gene bar for obtaining transgenic rice plants have been obtained. The plants are resistant to the herbicide Basta. Similarly, boleros resistance (Bar) gene has been introduced in wheat under the control of rice act in promoter. CP gene genetically engineered cucurbit plants resistant to virus have been developed. Again using Agro bacterium mediated transformation work on the production of transgenic Litchi is in progress . Soma clonial variation has been utilized to produce new cultivars of sugarcane and salt tolerant safflower. Another culture has been used to produce fine grain type rice tolerant to submergence. Bacillus thuringiensis a Gram positive bacteria, used widely as a bio pesticide (cry IA(C) gene, has been 274successfully transferred to the plants of tobacco using Arboretum mediated transformation, after suitable modification from a thuringiensis. Genetic improvement of aromatic crops such as Mentha arvensis, M. Piperita, M. Citrate, M. eulogiums and Melissa officials has been achieved through the transfer of the foreign DNA using Arobacterium. Using seasonal variation the genetic improvement of finger millets has been achieved, similarly seasonal variation has been used to select Basmati Rice-370 tolerant to high salt. Somacllonal variation has been used to develop wheat tolerant too leaf blight. Attempts are being made to produce transgenic wheat lines with high lysine content in their seed proteins using biolytic methods. Similarly, genetic transformation has bene attempted in chickpea too develop resistant lines to pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) using Agro bacterium mediated transformation. Ovary culture derived rice plants in Pantnagar are being tested for their better performance. In another interesting study done in the department of Plant Physiology in Pant agar, it has been possible to produce miniature cobs in maize in tissue-culture generated plants were produced . It is now possible to generate these miniature cobs at will and the system is being explored further to locate the sense and their regulator sequences responsible for the development of cobs. Using tissue-culture it has been possible to develop haploids and dibaploids in Brassica-juncea, 275the major oil seed crop of India. In an outstanding study conducted in the Department of Molecular Biology and genetic Engineering in Panting production of in vitro flowering plants regenerated from the Brassica Campestris (yellow arson protoplasts) has been made possible . The system is now being used to introduce genes into the Basic cappestris plants to make them resistant to early blight, The storage proteins of mungbean and pigeon pea generated through tissue culture are being studied. Technique of Gamma radiation has been applied recently to generate variations in sugarcane during the tissue culture by the scientists of Indian Institute of ‘Sugarcane. Lucknow. The technique is being further examined to enhance somaglonal variation in sugarcane. In an other interesting study the policy level of plants generated through tissue culture of cotton have been studied to improve the existing cultivars of cotton. Studies are in progress in Agriculture and Food Engineering Department of IM Kharagpur to improve the present cultivars of Safflower, an important oil seed bearing cultivars through tissue-culture. In a bid to develop new varieties of grass used for fodder, studies are underway in the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute in Jhansi on marvel grass and buffalo grass and considerable success has been achieved in-the tissue culture of these grasses. 276A private research foundation has achieved success in somatic embryogenesis studies in Neem and complete plantlets have been generated in vitro which is a panacea for all maladies. Micropropagation: The Indian Jasmine plant is noted for its sroma. Micro propagation has been achieved . Chrvasant bemum root suckers can now be obtained from the tissue-culture generated plants. Micro propagation of Dieffenbachia and gerbera. two of the beautiful ornamental plants, has resulted in the protocols using which large number of plantlets can be generated in the laboratory . The micro propagation of rice cultivars, banana, pigonpea, sunflower, and potato has been achieved and protocols are being developed to generate these plants in large number, so as to improve the existing cultivars. Microproagation of Uolonix reoia a tropical in the Delhi University. Mass Production: Tissue culture is now a very powerful means for the mass production of plants of desired varieties at a minimum cost, and in a limited space. The technique known as micro propagation has proved very effective and economical for cloning of elite varieties of plants. Micro propagation of cotton is also underway. 277Woody ornamentals like Tabebula bear colorful and showy blossoms and play pivotal role in the bioaesthetic planning . A successful micro propagation to Tabebuia has been achieved in the Botany Department of Mysore University. Further work in this connection is underway too establish and standardize a protocol for the mass propagation to Tabebuia oon a commercial scale. Jackfruit Impact of modern Technology on Agricultural productivity: Agriculture is one of the most important sectors in the Indian economy. Modern technological trends play an important ‘role in agriculture output of India. Access too new technology is crucial in maintaining and improving agricultural productivity. Farmers’ changes of technology use are influenced by technical training, meeting, oral transmission, and trust on technician and belief level on technology. Factors that trigger adoption of new technologies comprise of progressive, young and educated male farmers. Though farmers have positive perception of technology, they faced problems in technology application due to lack of capital, direction and compensation policy. In this context, Government is providing facilities to farmers in increasing, their agriculture yield through several schemes. It is a fact that the agricultural sector for every country is the basic catalyst and accelerator of growth of the industrial and services sectors not withstanding the overall economic growth of that nation. 278Agriculture is the most important sector in the Indian economy given its contribution to employment , foreign exchange, food and its linkages with other sectors. Technology refers to how too cultivate a crop successfully. This success can be obtained by knowing how to apply fertilizer, control pests, and take care of plant for its healthy and good growing. A farming system is the result of a complex interaction of a number of interdependent components-soil, water, crops, livestock, labor and other resource within an environmental setting. The total environment can be divided into two elements: technology and human. Technology determines the type and physical potential of livestock enterprises, and includes the physical and biological factors that can be modified through technology development . The human element is characterized by exogenous (community structures, external institution, etc.) and the farm household. It is the household which ultimately decides on the farming systems on whether or not too adopt technologies and how to assign resources to support it. The decision of use of technologies is dependent on how farmers perceive of technology. 279Conclusion: The role of modem technology in the quest for the best method of improving the yield of crops, protecting crops against diseases and pest, making livestock healthy all the time, designing the best method of crops storage and even helping in predicting the climate conducive for agricultural practice can not be over emphasized. The use of agricultural equipment and machineries help to making farming and other agricultural practice easier for the farmer. In the developing Countries like India agricultural mechanization is the order of the days. Promotion to technology with social wisdom can help in checking migration of youth from rural to urban areas), mitigate the adverse impact of climate change and rejuvenate/revive India's agriculture so very essential for sustainability of India's growth. On the basis of the results of this analysis it may be concluded that the process of adoption of new agricultural technology in India has been slow and interrupted mainly due to constraints like lack of capital, low price of agricultural produce, problem of insufficient cold storage, adequate institutional credit, problem of soil and water testing facility, inadequate irrigation facility, high cost of fertilizers, high rental charges of implements and machines. If aboe mentioned practices are done in resource management it is hoped that the process of ongoing climate change may 280be controlled to a greater extent .We shold always take in mind that boldness to control nature has not succeeded till date one day heavy rain brings havoc and unprecedented destruction. Hence humanity must keep in miond the natural process of development and progress. To live or to not live depends solely on humanity all over the world, 281REFERENCES 1) Brown, Paul (1996) : Global Warming University Press Hyderabad. 2) Bhattacharya, N.N. (20040: Bio-graphy, Rajesh Publication, New Delhi. 3) Critchfield, HJ, (1975) : General climatology, prentice Hall, London, 4) Mosetti, B.B. (2002) : Glimpses of Biodiversity Days publication , New Delhi. 5) Kumar Navin & Mandal, a.B (2003) Environmental perspective in India, Rasha Publication, New Delhi. 6) Lvoma Samuel. N. (1984) : Introduction to Environment Issue Macmillan Publication , New Delhi. 7) Sexena, H.M. (2000) Environmental Management Rawat Publication , New Delhi. 8) Singh Jasbir and dhillon, $.S. (1991): Agricultural Geogrpahy Tata Mc Grow Hill Publication, New Delhi. 9) Ranjan, RK. (2000) Global Environmental Concer, Rajesh Publication, New Delhi. 10) Singh, R.P. (2002): Environment & change, Rajesh Publication, New Delhi. 28211) Prasad, Kamal (2005): Environmental studies, Rajesh "Publication , New Delhi. 12) Tolba, MK. (1983) Development without Destruction Typology, Dublin, P-197. 13) Tyler, Miller G.&Armstrong Patnick (1982): Living in Environment Wadsworth Belmont, California. pp-490-98. 14) Vobra, B.B. (1975); Land Management problems in India a micro view soil consérvation Digest (3), pp-54-57. 15) Walker, G.T. (2010): On the Meteorological Evidence for changes of collimate in India , Men. Ind. Met Dept. 21,p-1-22. ke eee 283