CE 305

Hydraulics

Week 01
 In our first class...
* General introduction

* Specifics & requirements of the class

* Motivation

* Scientific, engineering, and design-related

significance of hydraulics
 Monday classes are face-to-face.

Zoom link of our online Wednesday classes

th
(starting on October 12 ) this semester :

https://us02web.zoom.us/j/82196665140
Just for this week, we will not have our online class on Wednesday.
So, our next class is on October 10th, Monday ;
our first online class is on October 12th, Wednesday.
 CE 305
Hydraulics

What do we see in these two photos on our first slide of Hydraulics?

Assoc.Prof.Dr.
What do we see in these two Ilgar
photosŞAFAK
that are similar?
What do we see in these two photos that are different?
Week 01
Where are we now?
We are right next to a hydraulic flow system...
Recall from Fluid Mechanics ...
 ...the Golden Horn, an open channel.

What processes are generating forcings on this fluid?

 We are also surrounded by
other open channel flow systems.
In addition, we are surrounded by the other type of
hydraulic flow systems: Pipe flow systems
 What is Hydraulics ?
Applied science of design and engineering of machinery,
system, structure, and infrastructure related to fluids
Hydraulics in branches other than civil engineering

Machinery needs of a wide variety of systems

 Hydraulics in Civil Engineering

The main focus is on engineering and design of :

* systems that are operated by water

* structure and infrastructure that are holding&transporting water

So far, in our department curriculum, you took...
 CE 205 – Fluid Mechanics
* Fundamental properties and behaviors of fluids
* Physical processes, pressure and velocity variations in static fluids and dynamic fluids
*Mouth
Two synchronized frameworks:
covered by the elbow during sneeze Mouth not covered by the elbow during sneeze
i) a theoretical framework of fluid flow
ii) an applied framework that includes studies and practices related to fluids
 CE 205 – Fluid Mechanics
* Fundamentals and governing equations of fluid mechanics

* Differential analysis of fluid flow

* Experiments and engineering applications on fluids and fluid flows

 Hydraulics builds on Fluid Mechanics fundamentals
and focuses on more applied engineering aspects:
* analysis of the fluid flow through hydraulic systems like
pipes, pumps, and channels with given physical properties.
* related design of these hydraulic systems

Pipe flow Open channel flow

What is this class about ?
 CE 305 – Hydraulics
* Mathematical and physical fundamentals of hydraulics and hydraulic systems:
pipe flow, open channel flow, pumps, turbines
* Analysis of hydraulic system performance and characteristics
* Design principles of pipe systems and open channels under given constraints
* Hands-on laboratory experiments on pipe flows and open channel flows
* Link between fluid mechanics theory and advanced water (infra)structure design
 An applied, hydraulic engineering class
in our curriculum:

CE310 – Hydrology and Water Resources

 CE 310 – Hydrology and Water Resources
* Theory and application of hydrological processes
* Theory and application of water resources engineering
* Quantitative analysis of hydrology and water resources
* Design of water structures
* Nature-based, environmentally-aware, and aesthetic water engineering solutions
In plain language, in Hydraulics: we will be studying
the amount and speed of water that goes through a
system between two points of our interest...

… where scales and complexities vary depending on

the problem.
In plain language, in Hydraulics: we will be studying
the amount and speed of water that goes through a
system between two points of our interest...

… where scales and complexities vary depending on

the problem.
In plain language, in Hydraulics: we will be studying
the amount and speed of water that goes through a
system between two points of our interest...

… where scales and complexities vary depending on

the problem.
 CE 305 – Hydraulics
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to:
- understand hydraulics in theoretical, applied, and experimental frameworks.

- compute fundamental processes in pipes, pumps, turbines,

open channels and the flows through these hydraulic systems.

- apply the design principles of pipe systems and open channel systems and
their components, evaluate their performances.

- conduct the optimum design of systems (hydraulic) based on provided data

and given restrictions.

- conduct experiments on hydraulic systems, pipe flows and open channel flows,
collect and analyze experimental data, and interpret the results obtained.
 Tentative schedule of content
Week 01 Introduction. Scientific, engineering, design significance of hydraulics.
Week 02 Review of the basic theory related to hydraulics. Hydraulic flow types.
Week 03 Introduction to pipe flows. Laminar flow in pipes. Turbulent flow in pipes.
Week 04 Friction-induced energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 05 Local energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 06 Pipe systems&components; pipes in series and parallel; pumps; turbines
Week 07 Hydraulics of pipe networks
Week 08 MIDTERM EXAMS
Week 09 Introduction to open channel flows.
Week 10 Uniform flow in open channels. Design of open channels.
Week 11 Design of open channels. Best/optimum hydraulic cross-section.
Week 12 Specific energy in open channel flows.
Week 13 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.
Week 14 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.

FINAL EXAMS
Week 01 Introduction. Scientific, engineering, design significance of hydraulics.
Week 02 Review of the basic theory related to hydraulics. Hydraulic flow types.
Week 03 Introduction to pipe flows. Laminar flow in pipes. Turbulent flow in pipes.
Week 04 Friction-induced energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 05 Local energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 06 Pipe systems&components; pipes in series and parallel; pumps; turbines
Week 07 Hydraulics of pipe networks
Week 08 MIDTERM EXAMS
Week 09 Introduction to open channel flows.
Week 10 Uniform flow in open channels. Design of open channels.
Week 11 Design of open channels. Best/optimum hydraulic cross-section.
Week 12 Specific energy in open channel flows.
Week 13 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.
Week 14 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.

1st half :FINAL

Pipe flow and design of pipe flow systems
EXAMS
2nd half : Open channel flow and design of open channel systems
Week 01 Introduction. Scientific, engineering, design significance of hydraulics.
Week 02 Review of the basic theory related to hydraulics. Hydraulic flow types.
Week 03 Introduction to pipe flows. Laminar flow in pipes. Turbulent flow in pipes.
Week 04 Friction-induced energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 05 Local energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 06 Pipe systems&components; pipes in series and parallel; pumps; turbines
Week 07 Hydraulics of pipe networks
Week 08 MIDTERM EXAMS
Week 09 Introduction to open channel flows.
Week 10 Uniform flow in open channels. Design of open channels.
Week 11 Design of open channels. Best/optimum hydraulic cross-section.
Week 12 Specific energy in open channel flows.
Week 13 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.
Week 14 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.

FINAL EXAMS
 Reference book:
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, B.R.Munson, D.F. Young, T.H. Okiishi,
Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471355021

You may find some PDF versions

online; so, make sure you do
a thorough web search.
 Suggestions
- Viewing the online class on the widest screen you
can get access to

- Participation

- Camera & microphone

 Evaluation

Method Number Percentage

Laboratory Experiment 1 or 2 15
Midterm 1 40
Final 1 45
TOTAL 100
You are responsible to follow the Academic Integrity requirements:

Any test, assignment, paper, or report submitted by you and that has
your name on it is presumed to be your own original work that has not
previously been submitted for credit in another course or has not been
written partially or completely by another person.

In all of your assignments, you may use words or ideas written

by other individuals in publications, web sites, or other sources,
but only with proper attribution as explained in your course.
If you are not clear about the expectations for completing an
assignment or taking a test or examination, be sure to seek clarification
from your instructor.

Finally, you should keep in mind that as a member of the campus

community, you are expected to demonstrate integrity in all of your
academic endeavors and will be evaluated on your own merits.
The consequences of cheating and academic dishonesty is a
formal discipline punishment as regulated by the
Turkish Higher Educational Council.
 You are responsible to follow:

The Council of Higher Education Student Discipline Regulation

* Link (in English)

* Link (in Turkish)

 Course website:

https://ects.bilgi.edu.tr/Course/Detail?catalog_courseId=16248275
It is the student's responsibility to follow all the course
material and information on how the course works
from all five of these sources:
* the announcements at the class page on Bilgi Learn
* the class
* the class recordings that are uploaded to Learn
* the class notes that are uploaded to Learn
* the course website

None of these will be repeated via e-mail questions.

 Rules to obey
in academic and professional communication

One of the KEYs for a successful career,

next to your knowledge, skills and competency
In communications during your academic life now, and in your professional
life in your future career, you have to use your institutional e-mail account:
* your e-mail at the university you are studying,
* your e-mail at the company/government office/etc. you are working at,
not your personal e-mail !!
* Right now, you have to use your bilgiedu email address.
* You are assumed to receive all the information delivered to your
bilgiedu e-mail address and the course webpages at Learn.
→ Regularly check both.
A student's academic matters (progress, grades,
courses, etc.) can be discussed only with the
student herself / himself, absolutely not with
anyone else, including the student's:
* parent(s)
* family member
* spouse, partner, significant other, etc.
* friend
* colleague
* or another student, etc.
Academic and Professional Communication
Academic Life:
* A professor
* An academic advisor
* A university/faculty/department staff member
* Another student

Professional Life:
* An employer
* A supervisor
* A boss
* A controlling authority from a government/private institution
* An employee
* A colleague
 Academic and Professional Communication
Communications require your care and attention
at three steps:

1) Before the e-mail : the question itself

2) At the e-mail : the communication style

3) After the e-mail : the attitude afterwards

 Academic and Professional Communication
Step 1) Before the e-mail:
Before you ask a question/make an inquiry to:
* a professor, academic advisor, a university staff member
* an employer/supervisor/boss/employee/colleague in your career

Make sure you do your homework and research first :

* Did you do your best in investigating this enough by yourself?

* Did you check all the resources that were provided to you ?

* Did you check all the other resources you can access yourself ?

* What would your knee-jerk reaction be if someone asks this

question to you? What would you suggest to them to do?

* Is the recipient the right person to ask?

 Academic and Professional Communication
Step 1) Before the e-mail:
Before you ask a question/make an inquiry to:
* a professor, academic advisor, a university staff member
* an employer/supervisor/boss/employee/colleague in your career

After answering these 5 questions, if you still think it is a good

idea to ask this question/inquiry, and it is worthy of your time and
the recipient's time, go ahead but make sure your e-mail
does not fall into one of these categories of common mistakes...
 Academic and Professional Communication
Step 1) Before the e-mail:
Some examples to common mistakes are asking and inquiring:

1) any info that can be easily accessed through well-done web searches
(Remember, looking only at the first page of the results does not suffice)

2) school-related info that are available in school web pages and resources

3) course material that is covered in class, class notes, material shared

(Do not try to take the class in parallel, through e-mails)

4) Locations of buildings, campuses, etc.

5) Contact info of people, offices, etc.

6) courses and course materials of other instructors

 Academic and Professional Communication
Step 1) Before the e-mail:
Some examples to common mistakes are asking and inquiring:
7) things that can not be forecast ahead
(e.g., “What numeric grade will pass from this course?”)

8) questions like “Can I take the quiz again?”

Conditions of excuses, medical, etc. are clearly stated at the directives.

9) questions like “What classes do I have to register this semester?”

(It is the student's responsibility to complete the registration first by
tracking her/his curriculum)

10) questions like “What elective class should I take?”

(It is the student's responsibility to pick elective classes
out of the eligible ones)

11) things like “I could not pay my tuition” to academic advisors

(Not addressed to the right person; this is not academic;
this is administrative.)
Academic and Professional Communication

If your question passes Step (1)...

 Academic and Professional Communication
Step 2) The e-mail:
→ This is not an SMS, text, etc.
→ This is not communication with a friend or a family member,
or a stranger like a bank clerk, call center officer, etc.
An Introductory statement
(Dear/Hello/Hi Prof./Dr./Ms./Mr./Hocam …..., etc.)

Main body that concisely explains the reason of the e-mail and
justifies it.
(…..........................................................................)

A concluding remark
(Thanks / Best / Regards / Have a good day, etc.)

Add a “Subject”
Name - Last Name to the Subject Line.
School ID #
Academic and Professional Communication

If your question passes Step (1)

and
your e-mail style passes Step (2)...
 Academic and Professional Communication
Step 3) After the e-mail:
→ Give at least 1 full business day to the recipient to reply
(if you send the e-mail on Friday, wait till the end of Monday)
→ Before that, do not send along follow-ups. Otherwise it
stops being a communication and becomes a one-sided
flood. That is not going to speed up, in fact it will likely
delay, your receipt of a reply
→ Do not send the same e-mail in parallel to whoever
you can think about (Department Head, professor, advisor,
secretariat, etc.). This is another mistake which will
not speed anything up but will delay your receipt of a reply.
Let's recall the schedule of content and follow its flow:
Week 01 Introduction. Scientific, engineering, design significance of hydraulics.
Week 02 Review of the basic theory related to hydraulics. Hydraulic flow types.
Week 03 Introduction to pipe flows. Laminar flow in pipes. Turbulent flow in pipes.
Week 04 Friction-induced energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 05 Local energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 06 Pipe systems&components; pipes in series and parallel; pumps; turbines
Week 07 Hydraulics of pipe networks
Week 08 MIDTERM EXAMS
Week 09 Introduction to open channel flows.
Week 10 Uniform flow in open channels. Design of open channels.
Week 11 Design of open channels. Best/optimum hydraulic cross-section.
Week 12 Specific energy in open channel flows.
Week 13 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.
Week 14 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.

FINAL EXAMS
Let's recall the schedule of content and follow its flow:
Week 01 Introduction. Scientific, engineering, design significance of hydraulics.
Week 02 Review of the basic theory related to hydraulics. Hydraulic flow types.
Week 03 Introduction to pipe flows. Laminar flow in pipes. Turbulent flow in pipes.
Week 04 Friction-induced energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 05 Local energy losses in pipe flows.
Week 06 Pipe systems&components; pipes in series and parallel; pumps; turbines
Week 07 Hydraulics of pipe networks
Week 08 MIDTERM EXAMS
Week 09 Introduction to open channel flows.
Week 10 Uniform flow in open channels. Design of open channels.
Week 11 Design of open channels. Best/optimum hydraulic cross-section.
Week 12 Specific energy in open channel flows.
Week 13 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.
Week 14 Non-uniform flow in open channels: rapidly and gradually varying flows.

FINAL EXAMS
Pipe flow Open channel flow
Basic fluid mechanics theory related to Hydraulics
Basic fluid mechanics theory related to Hydraulics
Basic fluid mechanics theory related to Hydraulics
Basic fluid mechanics theory related to Hydraulics
Basic fluid mechanics theory related to Hydraulics
Basic fluid mechanics theory related to Hydraulics
Basic fluid mechanics theory related to Hydraulics
 Continuity equation
* also known as mass conservation equation.

* It is based on the principle that:

“Mass can not be created or destroyed;
it has to be conserved.”

ρ u, v, w
 Continuity
equation

Continuity
equation

In case of incompressible fluid → Constant density ;

→
Continuity equation for
an incompressible fluid
 Navier-Stokes equations
nd
* Based on Newton's 2 law of motion:

* They are based on the principle that:

“Net force acting on a particle is equal to its
mass times its acceleration.”
Newton's 2nd law of motion in x, y, z directions

in x-direction

in y-direction

in z-direction
Navier-Stokes Equations
(in three dimensions)
Within the scope of this class,
in PIPE FLOWS :

Pressure Friction Gravity

gradient
Within the scope of this class,
in OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS :

Friction Gravity
Theory of pipe flow
Pipe flow systems
Laminar and turbulent flows in pipes
Local energy losses in pipe flows
Local energy losses in pipe flows
Local energy losses in pipe flows
Friction-induced energy losses in pipe flows
Hydraulics of pipe networks
Hydraulics of pipe networks
Design of pipe networks
Pipe systems and components
Open channel flow systems
Open channel flow systems
Open channel flow systems
Open channel flow systems
Theory of open channel flow
Design of open channel flow systems
Design of open channel flow systems
Uniform and non-uniform open channel flows
 Monday classes are face-to-face.

Zoom link of our online Wednesday classes

th
(starting on October 12 ) this semester :

https://us02web.zoom.us/j/82196665140
Just for this week, we will not have our online class on Wednesday.
So, our next class is on October 10th, Monday ;
our first online class is on October 12th, Wednesday.