Future Generation Philippine International School

Senior High School Department - Saving Lives, Protecting Communities

Academic Year 2023 - 2024
Grade 11 - Second Semester - Lecture 2

Categories of Vulnerability
1. Physical / Material vulnerability
- is the difficulty in surviving or recovering from calamities due to lack of physical and material
resources
2. Location and type of housing materials (shanty huts)
a. land, water, animals, and capital
b. infrastructure services: roads, health facilities, schools, electricity, communications, transport,
housing, etc.
3. Social / Organizational vulnerability
- it is based on how society is organized, its internal conflicts and how it manages them are just as
important; less visible and less well understood
4. Motivational / Attitudinal vulnerability and capacity
- includes how people in the society view themselves and their ability to affect their environment
a. groups that share strong ideologies or belief systems may be able to help each other in
times of a disaster
b. groups without a support system tend to be the most vulnerable

Disaster risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability

Unit 2 - Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: Concepts, Policies, and Programs

Disaster management - is a process of effectively preparing for and responding to disasters. It involves
strategically organizing resources to lessen the harm that disasters cause. It also involves a
systematic approach to managing the responsibilities of disaster prevention, preparedness,
response, and recovery.

Paradigm shift: Emergency management to disaster risk reduction

Emergency planning management - refers to the coordination and management of resources and
responsibilities pertaining to the mitigation of, preparedness for, response to, and recovery from
an emergency. This includes the gathering, management, and analysis of big data for the purpose
of integrating a data-driven approach into each phase of the emergency management cycle.

Linear model of emergency management equates disaster with hazard

Disaster preparedness - improves the concept of emergency management by going one step backward before a
disaster or crisis happens.
- Measures geared to safeguard the lives and assets of at risk people and communities from an
imminent threat or disaster
Disaster is equal to Hazard and Vulnerability over the Capacity
D=HxV/C
Vulnerability - is the condition determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or
processes that increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of disasters.

Capacity - is a combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society,
organization that can of the level of risks or effects of a disaster.

Disaster is equal to Hazard, Vulnerability, and Exposure over the Capacity

D=HxVxE/C

Exposure of people or community - is defined as “the situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production
capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas”. As stated in the
UNDRR glossary, “measures of exposure can include the number of people or types of assets in
an area.

What is the goal of emergency management plan?

The ultimate goal of an emergency management plan is to provide a data-driven framework that helps
communities recognize and reduce vulnerabilities, cope with the aftermath of a disaster, and further develop
disaster response plans. Big data in disaster management uses the analysis of information gathered from an
affected community in real-time in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency management
response teams.

Disaster Risk Reduction - is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing
residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement
of sustainable development". The UNDRR definition further annotates that “disaster risk
reduction is the policy objective of disaster risk management, and its goals and objectives are
defined in disaster risk reduction strategies and plans". Disaster Risk Reduction strategies and
policies define goals and objectives across different timescales, with concrete targets, indicators
and time frames.
Disaster Risk Management - is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies, to prevent new
disaster risks, reduce existing disaster risks, and manage residual risks, contributing to the
strengthening of resilience and reduction of losses.

Disaster risk management actions can be categorized into:

1. Prospective disaster risk management
2. Corrective disaster risk management
3. Compensatory disaster risk management (also referred to as residual risk management).

National Disaster Risk Management Plan (NDRMP) - is being formulated, developed, and implemented as
the master plan that will provide the strategies, organization, tasks of concerned agencies and
local government units, and other guidelines in dealing with disasters or emergencies. Through
this plan, a coherent, integrated, efficient, and responsive disaster risk management at all levels
will hopefully be achieved.

The four disaster management phases illustrated or even generally, occur in isolation or in this precise order.
Often phases of the cycle overlap and the length of each phase greatly depends on the severity of the disaster.
Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster.
Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education
Preparedness - Planning how to respond.
Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems
Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster
Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief
Recovery - Returning the community to normal
Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care

Disaster Risk Reduction Model

Sustainable Development
Developmental considerations contribute to all aspects of the disaster management cycle. One of the
main goals of disaster management, and one of its strongest links with development, is the promotion of
sustainable livelihoods and their protection and recovery during disasters and emergencies. Where this goal is
achieved, people have a greater capacity to deal with disasters and their recovery is more rapid and long lasting.
In a development oriented disaster management approach, the objectives are to reduce hazards, prevent
disasters, and prepare for emergencies. Therefore, developmental considerations are strongly represented in the
mitigation and preparedness phases of the disaster management cycle. Inappropriate development processes can
lead to increased vulnerability to disasters and loss of preparedness for emergency situations.

Processes of Disaster Risk Management

1. Prevention - refers to activities that provide outright avoidance of the adverse impacts of hazards and the
means to minimize related environmental, technological, and biological disasters.

2. Mitigation - activities actually eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster occurrence, or reduce the
effects of unavoidable disasters. Mitigation measures include building codes; vulnerability
analyses updates; zoning and land use management; building use regulations and safety codes;
preventive health care; and public education.
- involves structural or non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impacts of natural
hazards, environmental degradation, and technological hazards. It will depend on the
incorporation of appropriate measures in national and regional development planning. Its
effectiveness will also depend on the availability of information on hazards, emergency risks,
and the countermeasures to be taken.

The mitigation phase, and indeed the whole disaster management cycle, includes the shaping of public
policies and plans that either modify the causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and
infrastructure.

3. Preparedness
The Goal of Preparedness
The goal of emergency preparedness programs is to achieve a satisfactory level of readiness to respond
to any emergency situation through programs that strengthen the technical and managerial capacity of
governments, organizations, and communities.

Preparedness - measures that can be described as logistical readiness to deal with disasters and can be
enhanced by having response mechanisms and procedures, rehearsals, developing long-
term and short-term strategies, public education and building early warning systems.
- can also take the form of ensuring that strategic reserves of food, equipment, water, medicines
and other essentials are maintained in cases of national or local catastrophes.
During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations, and individuals develop plans to save lives,
minimize disaster damage, and enhance disaster response operations.
Preparedness measures include:
1. Preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems; emergency communications
systems;
2. Evacuations plans and training; resource inventories; emergency personnel/contact lists; mutual aid
agreements; and public information/education.

Humanitarian Action
During a disaster, humanitarian agencies are often called upon to deal with immediate response and
recovery. To be able to respond effectively, these agencies must have experienced leaders, trained personnel,
adequate transport and logistic support, appropriate communications, and guidelines for working in
emergencies. If the necessary preparations have not been made, the humanitarian agencies will not be able to
meet the immediate needs of the people.

4. Response - refers to the provision of assistance or intervention during the immediately after a disaster for life
preservation and to meet the basic needs of those affected. It can be within an immediate, short-
term, or protracted duration.

The aim of the emergency response:

The aim of emergency response is to provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health and
support the morale of the affected population. Such assistance may range from providing specific but limited
aid, such as assisting refugees with transport, temporary shelter, and food, to establishing semi-permanent
settlement in camps and other locations.
It also may involve initial repairs to damaged infrastructure. The focus in the response phase is on
meeting the basic needs of the people until more permanent and sustainable solutions can be found.
Humanitarian organizations are often strongly present in this phase of the disaster management cycle.

5. Recovery - includes decisions and actions taken after the disaster with a view of restoring or improving pre-
disaster living conditions of the stricken community while encouraging and facilitating necessary
adjustments to reduce disaster risk.

What is recovery?
As the emergency is brought under control; the affected population is capable of undertaking a growing
number of activities aimed at restoring their lives and the infrastructure that supports them. There is no distinct
point at which immediate relief changes into recovery and then into long-term sustainable development. There
will be many opportunities during the recovery period to enhance prevention and increase preparedness, thus
reducing vulnerability.
Ideally, there should be a smooth transition from recovery to on-going development.
Recovery activities continue until all systems return to normal or better. Recovery measures, both short and
long term, include returning vital life-support systems to minimum operating standards; temporary housing;
public information; health and safety education; reconstruction; counseling programs; and economic
impact studies. Information resources and services include data collection related to rebuilding, and
documentation of lessons learned.
What is Capacity for Emergency Management?
The capacity for emergency management and response personnel includes all of the physical,
institutional, social, or economic resources, as well as leaders, managers, and skilled personnel in a community,
society, or organization that can reduce the risks or effects of a disaster.
The capacity for emergency management can be categorized as physical, social, economic, or attitudinal:

Physical - includes available equipment, modes of communication, available existing infrastructure and water
sources, irrigation, engineers, and construction workers
Social - refers to interpersonal and intrapersonal links in the community, and the ability and willingness of
people in the community to respond to natural disasters, e.g. volunteer organizations
Economic - comprises the income, savings, production, business activities, and availability of jobs in a
community
Attitudinal - refers to the ability of members of a community to embrace collectivism and to work together
despite differences for the mutual benefit of the entire community
Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the resilience of nations and
communities to disasters
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) - was a global blueprint for disaster risk reduction efforts with a
ten-year plan, adopted in January 2005 by 168 Member States of the United Nations at the World
Conference on Disaster Reduction.
Its overarching goal was to build resilience of nations and communities to disasters, by achieving
substantive reduction of disaster losses by 2015 - in lives, and in the social, economic, and environmental assets
of communities and countries. The HFA offered five areas of priorities for action, guiding principles and
practical means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable communities in the context of sustainable
development.
The WCDR was held from 18 to 22 January 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, and adopted the present
Framework for Action 2005 - 2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. The
Conference provided a unique opportunity to promote a strategic and systematic approach to reducing
vulnerabilities and risks to hazards. It underscored the need for, and identified ways of, building the resilience
of nations and communities to disasters.
The Hyogo Framework for Action addresses:
1. Challenges posed by disasters
2. The Yokohama Strategy: lessons learned and gaps identified
3. WCDR: Objectives, expected outcome and strategic goals
4. Priorities for action 2005 - 2015
5. Implementation and follow-up
Three goals of HFA are:
1. Integration of DRR into sustainable development policies and planning
2. Development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms, and capabilities to build resilience to
hazards
3. Systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the implementation of emergency
preparedness, response, and recovery programs
Five priority actions of HFA:
1. Ensure that DRR is a national and a local priority with the strong institutional basis for
implementation
2. Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning
3. Use knowledge, innovation, and education to build culture of safety and resilience at all levels
4. Reduce the underlying risk factors
5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines seven clear targets and four priorities
for action to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks:
1. Understanding disaster risk
2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk
3. Investing in disaster reduction for resilience and
4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to "Build Back Better" in recovery,
rehabilitation and reconstruction.

It aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health
and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities
and countries over the next 15 years.

The Framework was adopted at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan,
on March 18, 2015.

To support the assessment of global progress in achieving the outcome and goal of the present
Framework, seven global targets have been agreed. These targets will be measured at the global level and will
be complemented by work to develop appropriate indicators. National targets and indicators will contribute to
the achievement of the outcome and goal of the present Framework.

The seven global targets are:

1. Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the average per 100,000
global mortality rate in the decade 2020 - 2030 compared to the period 2005 - 2015;
2. Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average
global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020 - 2030 compared to the period 2005 - 2015;
3. Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030;
4. Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among
them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030;
5. Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction
strategies by 2020;
 6. Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and
sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of the present
Framework by 2030;
7. Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and
disaster risk information and assessments to people by 2030.
RA 10121 - provides a comprehensive, all-hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and community-based approach
to disaster risk management through the formulation of the National Disaster Risk Management
Framework.
- also known as "an act strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and
institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating
funds therefor and for other purposes".

Lesson 5 - Government Policies and Programs for Disaster Risk Reduction

The NDRRMP outlines the activities aimed at strengthening the capacity of the national government
and the local government units (LGUs) together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of
communities and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected
climate risks and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels.

It highlights, among others, the importance of mainstream DRRM and CCA in the development
processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting and governance
particularly in the area of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use
and urban planning and public infrastructure and housing among others. Mainstreaming also puts to forth the
need to develop common tools to analyze the various hazards and vulnerability factors which put our
communities and people into harm way.

The NDRRMP also highlights the need for institutionalizing DRRM policies, structures,
coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing budget appropriation on DRR from national down to
local levels. Through permanent mechanisms, competency and science-based capacity building activities can be
done, alongside the nurturing of continuous learning through knowledge development and management of good
DRRM practices on the ground.
Philippine Government agencies and other agencies for disaster risk management:

AFP - Armed Forces of the Philippines

CCA -Climate Change Adaptation
CCAC -Climate Change Advisory Committee
CDP -Comprehensive Development Plan
CHED -Commission on Higher Education
CLUP -Comprehensive Land Use Plan
DA -Department of Agriculture
DBM -Department of Budget and Management
DENR -Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DepEd -Department of Education
DFA -Department of Foreign Affairs
DG -Director General
DILG -Department of Interior and Local Government
DND -Department of National Defense
DOE -Department of Energy
DOF -Department of Finance
DOH -Department of Health
DOJ -Department of Justice
DOLE -Department of Labor and Employment
DOST -Department of Science and Technology
DOT -Department of Tourism
DOTC -Department of Transportation and Communications
DPWH -Department of Public Works and Highways
DRRM -Disaster risk reduction and management
DSWD -Department of Social Welfare and Development
DTI -Department of Trade and Industry
EWS -Early warning system
LDCC -Local Disaster Coordinating Council
LDRRMC -Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
LDRRMF -Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund
LDRRMFIP -Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund Investment Plan
LDRRMO -Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
LGU -Local government unit
MDRRMC -Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
NAPC -National Anti-Poverty Commission
NDCC -National Disaster Coordinating Council
NDRRMC -National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
NEDA -National Economic and Development Authority
NGO -Nongovernmental organization
OCD -Office of the Civil Defense
PCW -Philippine Commission on Women
PDRRM-2010 -Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
PHIC -Philippine Health Insurance Company
PNP -Philippine National Police
PRC -Philippine Red Cross
QRF -Quick Response Fund
RA -Republic Act
RD -Regional Director
RDCC -Regional Disaster Coordinating Council
RDRRMC -Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
SSS -Social Security System
VC -Vice Chairperson