Frequency Response and Bode Plots
Background
What do you understand by Signals? Electrical signals > (voltage/current) Characterization of signals > Frequency spectrum Fourier Theory Any signal going into a circuit can be represented by a sum of sine waves of varying frequency and amplitude (often an infinite sum) Transfer Function of a circuit or system How does the circuit or system respond to to sinusoidal inputs? How can we analyze the response of a circuit or system to sinusoidal inputs? Phasor representation of signals
Phasor representation
R=1 and C=0.1
If we have a phasor representation for the input and the transfer function, the multiplication is simple (multiply magnitudes and add phases). Finding the output becomes easy.
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Plot of the transfer function H(s) or H(jw), as a function of frequency
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Plot of the magnitude and phase of the transfer function H(s) or H(jw), as a function of frequency
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
2D plot of the magnitude and phase of the transfer function
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Transfer Function
Transfer Function = the ratio of the output phasor to the input phasor for a circuit. This is also called the frequency response of the circuit.
Vo ( ) H ( ) = Vi ( ) Vo ( ) H( ) = Vi ( )
H( ) = Vo ( ) Vi ( )
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Bode Plot
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Why Bode Plot?
By drawing the plots by hand you develop an understanding about how the locations of poles and zeros effect the shape of the plots. With this knowledge you can predict how a system behaves in the frequency domain by simply examining its transfer function. On the other hand, if you know the shape of transfer function that you want, you can use your knowledge of Bode diagrams to generate the transfer function.
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Zeros and Poles
Transfer function
First note that this expression is made up of four terms, a constant (0.1), a zero (at s=1), and two poles (at s=-10 and s=-100).
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Phasor representation of a TF
One way to transform multiplication into addition is by using the logarithm.
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Why Magnitude in dB?
One way to transform multiplication into addition is by using the logarithm. Magnitude is measured in deciBel
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
A Constant Term
The phase is also constant. If K is positive, the phase is 0 (or any even multiple of 180). If K is negative the phase is -180, or any odd multiple of 180.
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Example
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
A Real Pole
Magnitude
Case 1) w<<w0
Case 3) w=w0
Case 2) w>>w0 .
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
For a simple real pole the piecewise linear asymptotic Bode plot for magnitude is at 0 dB until the break frequency and then drops at 20 dB per decade (i.e., the slope is -20 dB/decade).
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
The phase of a single real pole is given by is given by
Case 1) w<<w0 .
Case 2) w>>w0
Case 3) w=w0
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Follow the low frequency asymptote until one tenth the break frequency (0.1 w0 ) then decrease linearly to meet the high frequency asymptote at ten times the break frequency (10 w0 ).
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
For a simple real pole the piecewise linear asymptotic Bode plot for magnitude is at 0 dB until the break frequency and then drops at 20 dB per decade (i.e., the slope is -20 dB/decade). An nth order pole has a slope of -20*n dB/decade. The phase plot is at 0 degrees until one tenth the break frequency and then drops linearly to -90 degrees at ten times the break frequency. An nth order pole drops to -90*n degrees.
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Example
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Example
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Real Zero
For a simple real zero the piecewise linear asymptotic Bode plot for magnitude is at 0 dB until the break frequency and then rises at +20 dB per decade (i.e., the slope is +20 dB/decade). An nth order zero has a slope of +20*n dB/decade. The phase plot is at 0 degrees until one tenth the break frequency and then rises linearly to +90 degrees at ten times the break frequency. An nth order zero rises to +90*n degrees.
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Example
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
A Pole at the Origin
For a simple pole at the origin draw a straight line with a slope of -20 dB per decade and going through 0 dB at 1 rad/ sec. An nth order pole has a slope of -20*n dB/decade. The phase plot is at -90 degrees. An nth order pole is at -90*n degrees.
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Example
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
A Zero at the Origin
A zero at the origin is just like a pole at the origin but the magnitude increases, and the phase is positive. For a simple zero at the origin draw a straight line with a slope of +20 dB per decade and going through 0 dB at 1 rad/ sec. An nth order zero has a slope of +20*n dB/decade. The phase plot is at +90 degrees. An nth order zero is at +90*n degrees.
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Example
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
Reference
http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/echeeve1/Ref/LPSA/Bode/Bode.html
EE 202 Analog Electronics, IIT Mandi
