Soil Mechanics and Foundations

ΕΎγΎγϷ΍ϭΔΑέΗϟ΍ΎϛϳϧΎϛϳϣ

ϞϴϠΠϟ΍ΪΒϋΪϤΤϣΪϤΣ΃έϮΘϛΩ

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Introduction

˻
Almost all the civil engineering structures are supported by the
soil

All these structures require stable and economic foundations.˼

Type

Properties */
ϝϭϬΟϣ
Ground
Engineering
behavior

Without ground investigations, Failures may occur

GEOTECHNICAL LESSONS FROM FAILURES

Some failures have caused severe damage to lives and property.

˾

Ground
 Composition of earth crust

The earth crust is divided into soil and rock.

Soils
Rocks

Composition of earth crust

Rocks Soils

Rocks are natural aggregate

of mineral grains with
relative very high strength Soil: A natural aggregate of
compared to soil due to the organic or inorganic solid
strong and permanent particles that may
cohesive forces connecting constitute water. And
the grains together. formed by weathering of
rocks and were transported
and deposited by water,
Types of Rocks:
wind, or ice.
1-Igneous rocks;
2-Sedimentary rocks; Relatively weak and soft
compared to rock
3-Metamorphic rocks.
 Geotechnical Engineering

The term (Geo) means earth or ground.

Geotechnical engineering is the branch of

civil engineering concerned with the
engineering behavior of earth material
Ground

Geotechnical engineering

Rock
Soil
Soil Mechanics Rock Mechanics ΔΑέΗ έΧλ
Study and understand
the engineering behavior

Foundation Engineering

ΕΎγΎγϻ΍ϥϣΔϔϠΗΧϣϟ΍ω΍ϭϧϷ΍ϡϳϣλΗ

Soil Mechanics Applications

foundations

Soil
 Soil Mechanics Applications
Slopes

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Soil Mechanics Applications

Retaining walls

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 Soil Mechanics Applications

Braced excavation

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Soil Mechanics Applications

Tunnels

˺˽
 Soil formation:
ΎϬλ΍ϭΧϥϣέϳΛϛϟ΍ϡϬϓϰϠϋΩϋΎγϳΔΑέΗϟ΍ϥϳϭϛΗΔϳϔϳϛϡϬϓ

Most soils have been formed by the disintegration of rock

as a result of weathering process.

ϝϣ΍ϭϋϝόϔΑϡΟΣϟ΍ΔϔϠΗΧϣΕΎΑϳΑΣϰϟ΍έΧλϟ΍ΕΗϔΗΔΟϳΗϧϥϭϛΗΗΔϣΎϋΔΑέΗϟ΍
ΔϔϠΗΧϣϟ΍ΔϳϭΟΗϟ΍

weathering process

parent rock

˺˾

The weathering of the rocks might be by physical, and/or

chemical weathering.

Physical weathering Chemical weathering

Due to: Rain, temperature Due to: the action of water, o,

changes, wind co2
Ωϳγϛ΃ϰϧΎΛϭϥϳΟγϛϻ΍ϭ˯Ύϣϟ΍ϝϋΎϔΗϭέϳΛ΄ΗΔΟϳΗϧ
έΧλϟ΍ϰϠϋϥϭΑέϛϟ΍
Composition: the same as the
original rocks.
Composition: change in mineral
ΔΗΗϔϣΔϟΎΣϰϓϥϛϟϭϰϠλϻ΍έΧλϟ΍ΏϳϛέΗαϔϧ form.
ΓέϳϐλϭΓέϳΑϛ ΔϔϠΗΧϣέΎρϗ΄Α ϰϧΩόϣϟ΍ΏϳϛέΗϟ΍ϰϓέϳϐΗ

Example: sand, gravel

Example: clay

˺˿
Classification of soils with relation to their formation:

1- Residual soils ( ΔϳϘΑΗϣ

Residual soils are those that remain at the place of their
formation as a result of the weathering of parent rocks.

2- Transported soils ( ΔϟϭϘϧϣ )

Transported soils are soils that are found at locations far
removed from their place of formation.

weathered and transported far away

by wind, water and ice.

˺̀

Organic soil.
Organic soils occur from the decomposition of plants and
animal matter.
Δϴϧ΍ϮϴΣϭ΃ΔϴΗΎΒϧΎϳΎϘΑϞϠΤΗΔΠϴΘϧΔΑήΘϟ΍ϩάϫΞΘϨΗ
ΔϴϴϤτϟ΍ϭ΃ΔϴϨϴτϟ΍ΔΑήΘϟ΍ϊϣΔτϠΘΨϣΓΩΎϋΪΟϮΗ

ΔΑήΘϟ΍ϰϓΔϳϮπόϟ΍Ω΍ϮϤϟ΍ΩϮΟϭ
 Ω΍Ϯδϟ΍ϰϟ΍ϞϴϤϳϢΗΎϗϰϨΑ Ϧϛ΍ΩΔΑήΘϟ΍ϥϮϟϞόΠϳ‡
ΔϨϔϋϭ΃ΓΫΎϔϧΔΑήΘϟ΍ΔΤ΋΍έϞόΠϳ‡
ΔϤΤϔΘϣΩ΍Ϯϣϭ΃ΕΎΗΎΒϧΎϳΎϘΑϭ΃ϑΎϴϟ΍ΩϮΟϭ‡

ϝΎϤΣϼϟΎϬοήόΗΪϨϋήϴΒϛρϮΒϫΎϬϟΙΪΤϳϭϒϴόοΎϬϨϳϮϜΗ

ΕΎόϘϨΘδϤϟ΍ϭΔΒρήϟ΍ϖρΎϨϤϟ΍ϰϓΔΑήΘϟ΍ϩάϫήθΘϨΗ
˺́
Main types of soil:

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In general, soils may be divided into two main classes,

these are:

1- Coarse grained (cohesionless) soil.

2- Fine grained (cohesive) soil. ˺̂

1- Coarse grained (cohesionless) soil.

e.g. gravel and sand.

size particles !0.075 mm.

ΓΩέΟϣϟ΍ϥϳόϟΎΑϯέΗΓέϳΑϛΕΎΑϳΑΣ

Particles are in direct contact without any cohesion

between them.

Internal friction is high.

˻˹
 1- Coarse grained (cohesionless) soil.

The structure may be loose, medium, or dense .

compaction ϙϣΩϟ΍

Loose Dense ˻˺

2- Fine grained (cohesive) soil.

•e.g. silt and clay.

•size particles  0.075 mm.

ΓΩέΟϣϟ΍ϥϳόϟΎΑϯέΗϻΕΎΑϳΑΣϟ΍
Ώϭϛγϭέϛϳϣϟ΍ϡ΍ΩΧΗγΎΑϯέΗϥϛϟϭ

•Cohesion between particles.

•The structure is governed by electrical forces.

˻˻
Fine-grained Soil

ΔΑϭρέϟ΍ϯϭΗΣϣϰϠϋΕΎΑϳΑΣϟ΍ΔϣϋΎϧϟ΍ΔΑέΗϟ΍ϙϭϠγΩϣΗόϳ

strength ΔϣϭΎϘϣϟ΍

Wc
compressibility ΔϳρΎϐοϧϻ΍

˻˼

Characteristics of coarse grained and fine grained soils

The main physical characteristics of coarse grained

and fine grained soils may be summarized as
follows:

˻˽
 Cohesionless soils Cohesive soils
(sand, gravel) (Clay, fine silts)

1- Negligible cohesion when Marked cohesion depending on

dry water content

2- Internal friction high Internal friction low (negligible)

3- Slightly compressible Very compressible

4- Compression is small and Compression is bigger and

takes place almost takes place over a long
immediately after the period after the application
application of the load of the load

5- Permeable Practically impermeable

˻˾

1-Cohesion:

Cohesionless soils Cohesive soils

(Clay, fine silts)
(sand, gravel)

Marked cohesion
Negligible cohesion when dry depending on water
content

˻˿
2-Internal friction:

Cohesionless soils Cohesive soils

(Clay, fine silts)
(sand, gravel)

high low (negligible)

˻̀

3- Compressibility:
P

h0 h

Cohesionless soils Cohesive soils

(Clay, fine silts)
(sand, gravel)

Slightly compressible Very compressible

˻́
4- Settlement:

G.L

F.L
G
Cohesionless soils Cohesive soils
(sand, gravel) (Clay, fine silts)

Compression is small Compression is bigger

and takes place almost and takes place over
immediately after the a long period after the
application of the load application of the load
˻̂

5- Permeability:

Cohesionless soils Cohesive soils

(Clay, fine silts)
(sand, gravel)

Permeable Practically impermeable

˼˹
 Homework
1- Write a short note about the following :
• Soil formation.
• Cohesionless soil.
• Cohesive soil.
• Organic soil.

2- Compare between Physical weathering and chemical

weathering.

3- Make a comparison between cohesionless and cohesive

soil, state five points at least. ˼˺