PRONOUN CHAPTER, > Aword used in place of Noun is called a Pronoun. > In order to avoid repetition of a noun in a sentence, pronoun is used. Bg: Mrs. Shukla, being a good teacher, she is liked by all the students. (remove ‘she’) She' is a Pronoun and must be used in place of the Noun (Mrs. Shukla) and not with the noun.) TYPES OF PRONOUNS : ieee See 1, Personal Pronouns :Pronouns that stands for the three persons (explained later) I, me, we, us, you, he, him, she, her, it, they, them. 2. Possessive Pronouns : Pronouns that show possession. Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs 3, Demonstrative Pronouns : Words used for Nouns to point at something/someone. This, that, these, those 4. Distributive Pronouns : Words used for individuals or objects referring to them as one at a time. Each, either, neither, every, none etc. 5. Reciprocal Pronouns : each other, one another. 6. Reflexive Pronouns : Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself izing Pronouns : Such pronouns are used to lay stress on 7. Emphatic or Emphasi c the subject. Examples:- Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself Eg: You, yourself are responsible for your He hurt himself. 8. Indefinite Pronouns : Words used for 8 anybody, everybody, someone, no one, anyone, eae ey nobody, arvehingy all, some, any, both, another, much, ing, so! ; ; few, little. °. Relative Pronouns :Words used for now! Who, whom, whose, which, what, that etc. "i forGenerl Compettion— SOS problems. nouns in vague or general meaning. ns to show them ‘relating to’.~ 1 PRONOYy Possessive] Possess ‘The Case of Personal Pronouns Subject | Object | adjective Pronoun’ Singular I me my mine First Person _| Plural We us our ours Second Person |Singular/ Plural | You you _| your yours Singular She, He, It [her, him, it|her, his, its] hers, his, — Se Peron Plural They | them their theirs 10. Interrogative Pronouns:- Words used for nouns to ask questions. Who, whom, whose, which etc. > Now let us see all the Pronouns in detail: 1. Use of Personal Pronoun: They are used as first person, second person and third person. They are called personal pronouns. PERSONAL PRONOUN Nominative Case [Objective Case _| | Nominative Case | Objective Case I me He him She her It it They them You you We us Rule 1:- > Verb is Preceded by the nominative form of Pronoun and followed by the Objective case. Eg: J teach him. (Active Voice) Sub. Verb Obj ster He is taught by me. (Passive Voice) betore er Rule v If all the three persons or Hall he the ‘wo out of three persons come in a single sentence: 1. You, he and I shall study for the exam, (231) 2. He andI have finished our work, (31) 3. Yow and he have done a great job, (23) SS. for General competiio”— Tc cca ee eae: Rule 3:- > Ifall the three persons or two out of three persons come ina single sentence and something wrong is talked about or some mistake done by the persons has been accepted, the order is 123. gg: (1) %youand he have made a mistake. (123) (2) You and he have done this mischief. (23) Rule 4:- > IfPronouns are in plural form, the order should be 123. Eg: We, you and they should now get down to work. Rule 5: > Anobjective case comes after ‘let’, ‘like’, ‘between. prepositions’. Eg: 1. Let me do this work. 2. There is no problem between she and I. (*) ‘There is no problem between her and me. —_(¥) 3, Everybody but him was present for the meeting. (¥) 4. He laughed at I. (*) He laughed at me. (v) 5. Everyone attended the party except he. (*) Everyone attended the party except him. ” and’ , ‘but’, ‘except’ and ‘all } if there is a comparison between two pronoun, the Pronoun of the same case is used after as/than. Eg: 1. Heisasfastas _me 0) objective Case S icinasfastas col Nominative Case 3. Irun faster than _him _ .(*) Objective Case 4. Irunfasterthan _he _ -(’) Nominative Case 5. 1 know you as much as him. (¥) Sentence 5 means that 'I know you as much as I know him’, > From the above examples it is clear that a subject is compared : ‘an object is compared with object. pared with subject and Rule 7:- > Ifa sentence starts with ‘It’ followed by any f y form of ‘be’ th "be must be in ‘nominative case’, ¢ pronoun that follows th for ener Camo9 PRONOYy Eg: Itis I who am to blame. now Use of it- et i insects. ‘They’ is ¢] aoe ‘It is used for non-living things, animals, infants and ins‘ Y Is the pluray form of ‘it. i r power. . ica i oped country. It is a super pov ae Eg: > ee anal Paulas are developing countries. They are facing intern terrorism. Rule 2: > ‘It’ is used to denote time, weather, climate, teraperatnre, on ee natural event. It is used only as an introductory subject. In ‘empty/dummy it’ as it has no meaning. E.g: It is raining, It is morning, It is winter, It is 6 o'clock. It is March. It is Monday. Rule 3:- > It is also used in place of Infinitive clause and Gerund. Eg: It is easy to solve it. It is humane to err, Rule 4:- > any other tis called ‘It’ is used in a sentence as a subject to emphasize the Noun or the Pronoun. Eg: It was he, who made this mistake. Pron, Rule 5:- > "It" is used to introduce a phrase/clause, Eg: That the record will breaks today is Probable. Ga Meaning- It is Probable that the rec > Difference between 'This' and 'It'. ‘This’ is used to point towards @ Person or ¢] t a ‘hing or for the introduction of @ Jerson or whe: Be re mee a ea ae Singular object or person is placed at a near distance. Heit Eg: Thisisa book. This is a pen. This is Rohan, my cousin, > It denotes distance/time ‘ord will break today, eee /weather etc, Here ‘this’ is not used for such purpos* It is winter, It is night, Note: A Noun can be used after ‘this’, et "nglish for General competPRONOUN Eg: This book is mine. “Noun” > 'It’ is a Pronoun and hence a Noun cannot be used after ‘it’ as ‘Pronoun’ and ‘Noun’ cannot come together. > It book is mine. (x) It is my book. (v) ‘It’ is used for singular noun/non-living thing or an infant. - It is a splendid moment. . The baby is cute but it is crying a lot. Nominative Case | Possessive Adjective | Possessive Pronoun I my mine We our ours You your yours He his his She her hers It its x They their theirs Rule > Possessive pronouns are not used before nouns. Eg: Ours school was closed for four days. (*) Noun Our school was closed for four days. (Y) Note: (i) Possessive adjectives are used before nouns. ‘This is my book. (ii) If the noun has already been mentioned, possessive pronoun is used to avoid repetition. Eg: This book is mine. Possessive pronouns | Meaning (Possessive Adjective + Noun) Mine My + noun Ours Our+ noun Yours Your + noun His His + noun Hers Her + noun Theirs Their + noun (iii)'His’ is used as both Possessive Adjective and Possessive Pronoun, (iv) ‘ts’ is used as Possessive Adjective but not as Possessive Pronoun. Rule > Possessive Pronoun can be used in any sentence as the subject of the verb. English for General Competition 534______ eo — PRONOyy, Eg: (a) Yours is, a new car. Sv. Meaning - Your car is a new car. (b) Hers is a beautiful house. = Meaning - Her house is a beautiful house. Rule 3:- > Possessive Pronoun can be used as the object of a verb. Eg: (a) He has lost my books as well as yours. ~ Verb Meaning - He has lost my book as well as your book. (b) Save your time and mine too. “Obj. Meaning - Save your time and my time too. Rule 4:- > Possessive Pronoun can be used as the object of a preposition. Eg: (1) Iprefer your help _to_ her. (x) Prep. Obj. I prefer your help_to_ hers .(v) Prep. Obj. (2) Your house is better than MY. (x) “Prep. Obj Your house is better than mine | (v) Prep. Off. Rule 5:- > We do not use possessive adjective with se; report, pardon, sight, favour. a Eg: (a) Your separation is very painful to me. (Use ‘separation fi ) (b) At his sight the robbers fled. (‘At the sight of him’ is ri i) ™ (c) I need your favour please. (I need a favour f, ee ares from you' is correct) > In Possessive Pronouns apostrophe is not u The use of your's, her's, it's is wrong, Eg: The bear had a ring around it's nose. (x) The bear had a ring around its nose, (v) ‘English for General compete" leave, excuse, mentiom ised before 's', 4PRONOUN =| Rule 7 5 Gerund is used after Possessive Adjective. In su i ae - ch cases never use Possessive Pronoun or Objective case of Pron oun. pg: (a) Lwas confident of my winning the match, (b) She was not confident of her doing well in the examination. (co) She is sure of my/my/me/mine helping others ('my' is the correct choice) > Use of Reflexive Pronouns: The poor man poisoned himself and his children. Use Reflexive Pronoun after acquit, avail, reconcile, amuse, resign, avenge, exert, apply, adapt, adjust, pride, absent and enjoy. We adapt ourselves to the changing climate. The officers acquitted themselves well during the crisis. She has reconciled herself to the demands of her in-laws. The students exert themselves a lot at the time of examination. . You will have to apply yourself to this task whole-heartedly. I pride myself on being able to work smoothly under pressure too. . You should avail yourself of this opportunity. Look at the sentences below- (a) They enjoyed the party. (no need of reflexive pronoun) (0) They enjoyed during vacation. (Use ‘themselves’ after 'enjoyed’) > If'enjoy’ is followed by an object, we do not use a reflexive pronoun, but if the object is not mentioned, we use a reflexive pronoun. Note: Look at the sentence below: (a) He was absent. (V) (}) He absented himself. (¥) : > Ifabsent is used as a verb, a reflexive pronoun is used. Rule 2:. ’ > Keep, stop, turn, qualify, bathe, move, rest and hide do not take a reflexive Pronoun after them. Eg: (a) You should keep yourself away fr Rusa.) He hid himself in the room. (remove BimselA ‘ule 3;. Se pronoun cannot be used as a subject or an object of a sentence unless a NOVPone bz is is iz om bad boys. (remove yourself) noun/pronoun comes before it. . & (a) eae Ram from Delhi. (I am Ram from Delhi’ is correct) ; 0) Yourself ‘and he reached there in time. (Use 'you' in place of 'yourself) (c) 1 myself did this work. (¥) (@) Rohit will do the work for “Ws for General Competiton—————— ae Se — myself. (Use me)7 etween two Either denotes choice Pt mm auenty. Cl jonds i : Eitl f these three frien s i Eg: her of : ra ersons or things. Either of these two pe? ay ‘any’ or ‘One’ is used (0 choose, betwee? i v) Eg: One of these boys 16 naughty. (7) oe i sons’ > Neither denotes ‘none out of two tunes! pers : Nei i tive. ( p Eg: Neither of the two girls is act si > None denotes ‘none out of more than two Eg. Neither of his four sons looked after him. (*) None of his four sons looked after him. (Y) RROCAL PRONOUN: USE OF RECIP! ouns. They denote mutu: ‘Each other' and ‘one ‘another’ are called Reciprocal Pron relationship. Rule 1:- > Each other denotes mutual relationship between people/things while one anothe ationship among more than two things/persons. denotes mutual rel: ‘use each other in place? E.g:(a) He was so afraid that his knees knocked one another. ( one another ) (b) After the farewell the students of Class XII bade each other good bye. (use ‘ont another’ in place of ‘each other') USE OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN: > Demonstrative case is used to point toward: n Is a no} This, that, these, those, such, the same. men > If they come before a noun, the: ° aie! 'y are called demonstrative adjectives. > ‘This’ is used for a sin, i r gular ob , this’ ® singular'.'These' is plural. ject /person that is placed closer. TH" ‘These’ i is used for more than one object /pers Eg: Thisisa cat. Bie rc SN. These are cats . PN Rule 2:- > ‘That! is used for a dist, ant thing/person. “Ty ingular. pe! t thing/person, « hat’ is si 'S singular. ais English for General Com> pRONOUN —— ‘Those’ is used for more than one distant thing/person. 'Those' is plural. : That is a book. Ee SN. Those are books , PON. » Toavoid repetition of singular noun 'that' is used. In case of a plural noun ‘those’ is used. £g:(a) The climate of Pune is better than that of Mumbai (it means climate of Mumbai). (b) The streets of Delhi are wider than those of Mumbai. (it means the streets of Mumbai). Rule 3:- In a sentence ‘one’ is used to avoid the repetition of a singular countable noun. ‘Ones’ is used to avoid the repetition of plural countable nouns. Do not use one's in place of ones. Eg: (1) This is the new version, that is an old one. (2) These are new books but those are old ones. USE OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS: Those pronouns that connect a clause or phrase to a noun or a pronoun is called a Relative Pronoun. Eg: who, whom, which, that and what. Eg: Imet Veena, who was returning from school. Rule 1:- > Relative Pronouns (who/which/ that) are used as a subject in subordinate clause. Eg: The boy who came here is a player. Subj Rule 2:. > Relative Pronouns (whom/which/that) are used an object in subordinate clause, Eg. fh. * Ihave a son whom I Joye very much. oy OUerb Rute g;. ; by ‘and’ one being a human and the other being a Jative pronoun 'that' is used. erday have been I:'dnapped. If two antecedents are joined Ron living thing / animal, a rel The man and his dog that I saw ye Mth fo ‘General Competition" Za Be:* FON, -_—_ "That! is used after a superlative degree. Eg: RS Mishra is the most laborious man that I have ever seen, os a ‘All’ denotes people and is used as a subject, ‘who! or ‘that’ is useq and , ‘whom/which'. Eg: All who/that are interested to do this work can start now. Rule 6:- > If'all’ denotes non living things, 'that' is used and not 'who or ‘whom’, Eg: All that glitters is not gold. All is well that ends well. Note: All + uncountable noun is followed by 'that'. Eg: All the money that I gave her has been spent. Rule 7:- > Everything, nothing, the only, any, all, everyone, none, no, nobody, mx little, the same, the few, the little will take 'that' after them. Eg: (a) My father has given me everything that I needed. (b) This is the only pen, that I bought yesterday. (c) My wife has spent the little money that I gave her. (d) This is same dress that I had chosen. Rule 8:- » If the verb is mentioned, 'the same + noun’ is followed by 'that' . Eg: This is the same man that deceived Verb (lenty give) > If the verb is not given use ‘as’. Eg.: This is the same dress as mine. me. USE OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS: SS EEERONOUNS: Pronouns used for asking questions are called Interrogative Pronouns. Eg: Who, whom, whose, which etc, Rule 1:- * Look at the examples given below- (A) Who is used for the subject. Who is playing? (8) Whom is used for the object. Whom has he invited ? (C) "Whose" is used to find out the owner, Whose book is this? come a a forcenero!‘preposition + whom’ can be used but not ‘preposition + who’ . (a) By whom was the Ramayana written ? p) To whom are you known? Es" If preposition is used at the end of the sentence, 'who' comes at the starting of the 23: sole sentence. Eg: (a) Who was the Ramayana written by? (o) Who are you known to? see the difference: 1. Who are you? (v) Vv sub. 2, Idon't know who are you. (x) Idon't know who you are. (v) ‘ae > Interrogative form of a sentence comes after 'wh' family (See sentencel). This means, helping verb comes before the subject. If a 'wh' family word is used to join two sentences, i.e. it is used as a relative pronoun, assertive form of sentence follows the 'wh' family word (See sentence 2). Helping verb is used after the subject. Rule 3:- > Ifachoice is to be made between two or more, which is used. Eg.:(a).Who is your brother in the crowd ? (*) Which is your brother in the crowd ? (¥) (b).Who of the servants do you want ? (*) Which of the servants do you want ? (Y) Rule 4:- > ‘Whose’ is not used for non-living things. Eg: 1. Whose book is this ? (Y) 2. This is the flyover whose inauguration was done by the transport minister. (x) This is the flyover, the inauguration of which was done by the transport minister. (¥) > Pronoun in Relation to Sub-Verb agreement. Questions related to Pronoun are also asked under Subject-verb Agreement. Po. SSESSIVE PRONOUN: Role a; tas well as’, ‘with’, ‘alongwith’, ‘together with’, t?, ‘rather than’, ‘accompanied ve Adjective will When two subj joined by ‘ yjects are joi i ae ‘and not’, ‘in addition to’, ‘but’, ‘besides’, ee are by’, ‘ike’, ‘unlike’, ‘no less than’, ‘nothing but’, (hy cs agree with the 1st subject. i "ash forGeneral Competition’| s PRONOy, E.g.:(a) Rita as well as her friends has done her work. a ees, (b) My friend Reena along with her sister is doing her job at Delhi. 1 Rule 2:- > When two subjects are joined by ‘either... or’, 'neither.....nor’, ‘not only.... by, also’, ‘none.....but', the possessive adjective/ pronoun agrees with the nearey, subject. Eg: Neither the staff members nor the manager was taking his task seriously, tht Rule 3:- > When ‘each, neither, either, anyone, every one, every body, someone, somebody, no one, nobody, none’ is used as subject, 3rd person singular is used as the possessive case. Eg: (a) Everyone has done his work himself. (b) Neither of the two brothers has brought their luggage. ( Change 'their' into ‘his) Rule 4:- > If collective noun like Jury, army, fleet, crew etc are used as the subject of the sentence , it denotes a group and hence Singular Pronoun and Adjective like it, its, itself is used. Eg: The jury has given their verdict. (x) The jury has given its verdict. (Y) Rule 5:- > If Collective Noun is used as the subject and it denotes separate individuals or a division is shown among the members, it is considered plural and hence plural pronoun and plural adjective/pronoun they, them, their, theirs, themselves are used with them The team are divided in its opinion. (x) ‘The team are divided in their opinion. (v) Rule 6:- > Iftwo or more than two singular nouns are joined by ‘and’, plural pronoun «4 plural adjective they, them, their, theirs, themselves are uscd. Eg: Ram and Shyam do their work. (¥) Rule > Iftwo singular nouns are joined by ‘and’ and if an article is used before the Hirst singular noun, it denotes ‘one person/thing’. Here singular pronoun and adjecti¥? -he, him, his, himself will come for human beings and it, its, itself will com for non living things. , Eg: The secretary and treasurer is negligent of their duty. (x) The secretary and treasurer is negligent of his duty. (¥) AANA AA rnc for cenerat compete" »— a pRONOUN a Rule 8: re > Iftwo nouns are joined by ‘and’ and an article or a Possessive Adjective is used before cach noun, it denotes many persons or things. Here Plural Pronouns and Adjectives will be used. They, them, their, theirs, themselves will be used as per requirement. gg: The secretary and treasurer did not do his work. («) The secretary and the treasurer did not do their work. (Y) Rule If two or more than two nouns are joined by ‘and’ and each/ every is used before each noun, singular pronoun, singular adjective and singular verb will follow. v Eg: (a) Every soldier and every sailor was in their place. (b) Every soldier and every sailor was in his place. (Y) Rule 10:- > If many a/an + singular noun is used with the subject of the sentence, singular pronouns and singular adjectives are used. Eg: Many a soldier has met his death in the battlefield. (v) soldier has as SN. SW. SP. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS: Rule 1:- > Plural Noun / Pronoun is used after each of/either of/neither of. Eg: Each of the boys has a note book.(v) PN, Rule > When the sentence starts with each of/either of/neither of, each, either, neither, ‘the’ is used before the plural noun/ plural pronoun but singular adjective singular verb and singular pronoun are used in the latter part of the sentence. E.: 1. Each of the boys has their own book. (*) Each of the boys has his, own book. (v) Dr sv. sv. 2. None of them knew how to do the fitting himself Rule 3;- me > If'each' comes after the subject, the Ep. aerees the subject . 8: We have each advised him to d him to give up smoking. (¥) auxiliary verb/main verb will be used that give up smoking. (*) We each have advise Sub Aux, Verb ; Rate g Hate: In such sentences, the verb mus' 2, ‘Both’ is used for two people or things. tes, All of the two students are guilty. (*) Mb ‘for General Competitiona ‘PRONOUN Both of the two students are guilty. (¥) "Both' is not used in negative sense. E.g: Both of them are not going. (*) Neither of them is going. (¥) USE OF INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: Rule 1:- > If'one' is used as the subject, Possessive case one's and Reflexive Pronoun - ‘oneself is used. Eg: (a) One should do one's duty oneself. (b) One should keep one's promise. Note: Read ‘Question Tag’ carefully. Some questions related to ‘pronoun’ come under ‘question tag’. ———