CE8811/8811T – PROJECT WORK

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PERVIOUS

CONCRETE

Project Guide : Dr.S.RAJAKUMAR, M.E, Ph.D

(Asst.Professor Civil Engineering)

Project Members :

1. VISHNU ARVIND.B (953220103012)

2. ASHWIN JOHANASH.P (953220103701)

3. PRAVIN JACKSON.P (953220103702)

4. VISHNU GOPAL.G (953220126001) (TM)

 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Pervious concrete, also known as porous or permeable concrete, is a
special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water to pass through
it. It’s designed to promote the infiltration of storm water, reducing runoff and
helping to recharge ground water. Pervious concrete is typically used in parking
lots, sidewalks, and other areas where water management is crucial to mitigate
flooding and erosion. Its composition includes reduced amounts of fine
aggregates, which creates interconnected voids that enable water to flow
through. It is made of cement, coarse aggregate, and water, with little of no fine
aggregate. It has a high porosity, typically between 15% and 35%.

Due to rapid urbanization most of the places are covered with

impermeable surfaces like cement concrete. This has a major impact on the
ground water table. Pervious Concrete pavement is an effective ways to
minimize this issue. Pervious concrete is an open graded structure with
interconnected voids through which rain and storm water is permitted to
percolate into the aquifer.

Pervious concrete is light in weight, due to presence of voids. It also

results in a very high permeable concrete that drains water through it quickly.
Pervious concrete has an ample range of applications, even though its prime
use is in pavements which are in residential roads, low water crossings, low
volume pavements, sidewalks and pathways, parking areas, alleys, and
driveways, slope stabilization, sub-base for conventional concrete pavements
etc., Pervious concrete is also a unique and effective means to face important
environmental issues and sustainable growth. When it rains, pervious concrete
automatically acts as a drainage system, thereby putting water back to the
groundwater table.
 Pervious Concrete is intentionally void of fine aggregates (sand). The
interconnected voids grant it permeability, allowing water to pass through.
Pervious concrete facilitates groundwater replenishment and it combats
urbanization’s impact on water tables. By absorbing rainwater, it minimizes
surface runoff. This curtails flooding and erosion risks. The moisture retention
property of pervious concrete benefits tree roots. Hence healthy trees contribute
to greener environment. Pervious concrete acts as a filter, trapping pollutants
and allowing clear water to reach natural bodies. Pervious concrete is a part of
Low Impact Development (LID) techniques to protect water quality. Pervious
concrete offers other creative uses like tennis court, patios and more. Pervious
concrete image is shown in Figure 1.1

Figure 1.1
1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

A possible need for the study on pervious concrete is to evaluate its

environmental, economic, and structural benefits and challenges compared to
conventional concrete.

• Pervious concrete allows rainwater to infiltrate into the ground, reducing

surface run-off and minimizing flooding.
• The storm water run-off reduces as the porous concrete surface lets the
water seep through it to the ground. Hence, the surface run-off reduces.
• Pervious concrete is commonly used in parking lots due to its ability to
manage storm water effectively and it is ideal for low-traffic residential
streets where water infiltration is crucial.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

i.To analyse the compressive strength of pervious concrete by replacing

cement with 5%, 10%, and 15% of Metakaolin.

ii. To determine the permeablility of pervious concrete.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

Topic

Introduction

Need for Study

Objectives

Methodology

Literature Review

Data Collection

Primary Secondary

Analysis Lab Test

Test Result

Analysis

Conclusion

Figure 1.2 Methodology Chart

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Literature

2.2 Experimental Study on behavior of Pervious Concrete in Strength

and Permeability by Changing Different Parameters

Sujeet Kumar Saha and Shaik Niyazuddin Guntakalb and Dr. S. Senthil
Selvanc (2017)

Types of concrete that permits water to penetrate through it because of its high
void or porosity is known as pervious concrete. These studies look into the
impact of size of aggregate (20mm and 10mm), w/c ratio (0.32 & 0.28), super
plasticizers (auramix 400 & conplast sp 430) and different percentage of fibre
(i.e 1% & 2%) on the behavior of pervious concrete and were described the
resemblance with 4 criteria: Compressive strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength, and permeability test. The result indicates that there is
moderate increase in strength with decrease in w/c ratio from 0.32 to 0.28 &
moreover super plasticizer (conplast sp 430) gives good strength. Addition of
fibre i.e 1% by weight of cement showed a significant role in increase in
strength. However porosity was the most consider shrewd potency of porous
concrete in calculating efficiency of porous concrete which was affected by
addition of certain percentage of fibre. The result of this investigation provided
useful information about effectiveness of w/c ratio, super plasticizer, fibre and
compaction to achieve the optimal strength drain ability balance, adequate for
the different urban uses.
2.3 Studies on Characterization of Pervious Concrete for Pavement
Applications

M.Uma Maguesvaria, and V.L. Narasimha (2017)

This study presents the influence of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
quantities on the properties of pervious concrete. Materials used are OPC Type
I, fine aggregate corresponding to grading II and four sizes of coarse aggregate
namely, 4.75mm to 9mm, 9mm to 12.5mm, 12.5mm to 16mm, 16mm to
19.5mm. Mixes were prepared with the water cement ratio of 0.34, cement
content of 400kg/m3 and maintaining the aggregate cement ratio as 4.75:1.
Fine aggregate was replaced with coarse aggregate in the range of 50 - 100 %
by weight. Various mechanical properties of the mixes were evaluated.
Coefficient of permeability was determined by using falling head permeability
method. The relationship between the strength, abrasion resistance,
permeability and total void present in aggregate based on angularity number
has been developed. Suitability of pervious concrete as a pavement material is
discussed.

2.4 An Experimental Study on Pervious Concrete

Mukund Chougale, Saahil Dehankar, Atharva Karmore, Rohit Jadhav,

Prathamesh Daingade (2020)

Pavement construction leads to concretization due to urbanization which

caused the conversion of natural pervious ground into impervious layer. The
impervious layers have reduced the groundwater recharge and increased the
frequency of flash and floods along with urban heat island (UHI effects). One
of the engineered ways to reduce the effect of impervious layers is by adopting
pervious concrete pavement suitability. Pervious Concrete pavement helps to
increase the groundwater recharge, reduce the UHI effect, and the frequency of
flash and floods. However, the urbanization and implementation of pervious
concrete pavement in Indian are very minimal owing to lack of expertise and
experience. Pervious Concrete is a special type of concrete that does not have
fine aggregates like conventional concrete pavement. It consists of cement,
coarse aggregates, water and admixtures if required. As there are no fine
aggregates in the concrete matrix, the void content is more which introduces
porosity, hence also called as permeable concrete and porous concrete. Due to
the introduction of voids, the compressive strength of pervious concrete is less.
A lot of research work is going on to increase the compressive strength of
concrete. Hence due to having low strength as compared to conventional
concrete, it's usage is limited even though having a lot of advantages. For now,
it's usage is limited to parking spots and lightweight traffic roads. If the
properties are improved, we can use pervious concrete for medium and heavy
traffic roads. The main aim of our study is to assess the suitability of the
perforated road pavement system advantageously.

2.5 An Experimental Study on Durability and Water Absorption

Properties of Pervious Concrete

Darshan S. Shah, Jayeshkumar Pitroda (2014)

Pervious concrete is a special high porosity concrete used for flatwork

applications that allows water from precipitation and other source to pass
through there by Reducing the Runoff from a site and Recharging Ground
Water Levels. Durability and Water Absorption are important properties of
Pervious Concrete. This paper represents the experimental methodology and
experimental results related to durability and water absorption. Cylinders of
size 100 mm Ø and 200 mm height are prepared to investigate both these
properties. This investigation should be carried out at the end of 28 days for
water absorption and 56 days for durability in which cylinders are immersed in
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution after 28 days of casting. Different concrete
mix proportion such as 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10 with different size of gravel such as
18.75 mm and 9.375 mm should be used to check both these properties of
pervious concrete. Test results indicates that pervious concrete made by 1:6
concrete mix proportion has more durability and less water absorption and
pervious concrete made by 1:10 mix proportion has more water absorption and
less durability that’s why durability and water absorption are inversely
proportional to each other.

2.6 An Experimental Study on Performance of Permeable Concrete

S. Rakesh, M. Ashok, A. Devi Prasad (2017)

Permeable Pavements is a comprehensive resource for the proper design,

construction, and maintenance of permeable pavement systems that provide a
transportation surface and a best management practice for storm water and
urban runoff. A cornerstone for low impact development and sustainable site
design, permeable pavements are considered a green Infrastructure practice.
They offer many environmental benefits, from reduced storm water and
improved water quality to better site design and enhanced safety of paved
surfaces. Commonly used for walkways, driveways, patios, and low – volume
roadways as well as recreational areas, parking lots, and plazas, permeable
pavements are appropriate for many different land uses, particularly in highly
urbanized locations.

2.7 Pervious Concrete Pavement

T. Divya Bhavana, S. Koushik, K. Uday Mani Kumar, R. Srinath (2017)

Water reaches earth in the form of rain fall. The use of pavement materials like
Bitumen, Asphalt concrete seals the soil surface which restricts the rain water
from infiltration & natural ground recharge. The construction of impervious
pavements initiates a chain of events which results in change in urban
environment thus causing an imbalance in ecosystem. Pervious concrete which
is referred as enhancing porous concrete gap graded concrete or no fine
concrete is a step forwards minimizing urban flooding. The pervious concrete
mix is prepared using aggregates conforming to IS-383, cement, polyvinyll
alcohol (PVA) & silica fume, and zeolite as admixture. Zeolite, silica fumes is
used for replacing cement in various percentages. The cement paste binds the
aggregates leaving voids, these voids make it possible for rain water to drain
out from pavement surface. As the water flows down to underground surface
recharges the ground water for sustainable development. In this project the
parameters such as compressive strength, flexural strength, drainage conditions
of various mix proportions of pervious pavement layer will be studied.

2.8 Performance of Pervious Concrete made with Black Marble Stone

Waster Aggregate

J.H. Gurnani, Priyanka V. Tembhurnikar, Shital Raut, Aniket Walake,

Rushikesh Bhaladhare, Sonal Damle (2023)

Normal or conventional concrete, which is a combination of cement, sand,

coarse Aggregate and water, forms a hard surface. The fast urbanization and
infrastructure Developments cause compactly constructed buildings. Depletion
of ground water is a Major problem today due to the lack of percolation of rain
water into the soil. The Impermeable nature of conventional concrete restricts
the flow of rainwater into the Ground. Pervious concrete is one solution to this
problem. Pervious concrete is also called Enhanced porosity concrete, which is
used widely nowadays due to its higher infiltrating Ability. Pervious concrete
is made up of cement paste, coarse aggregate with little or no Fine aggregate.
The paste binds the aggregate particles together to develop a system of
Interconnected and highly permeable voids that encourage the quick drainage
of water. Generally, it is used in parking areas, areas with light traffic,
residential streets, pedestrian Roads and drain covers.

2.9 Pervious Concrete in Rigid Pavement

Koudagani Venkatesh, Dr Umank Mishra (2018)

Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete, which consists of cement,

coarse aggregates, water and if required, admixtures and other cementious
materials. As there are no fine aggregates used in the concrete matrix, the void
content is more which allows the water to flow through its body. So the
pervious concrete is also called as Permeable concrete and Porous concrete.
There is lot of research work is going in the field of pervious concrete. The
compressive strength of pervious concrete is less when compared to the
conventional concrete due to its porosity and voids. Hence, the usage of
pervious concrete is limited even though it has lot of advantages. If the
compressive strength and flexural strength of pervious concrete is increased,
then it can be used for more number of applications. For now, the usage of
pervious concrete is mostly limited to light traffic roads only. If the properties
are improved, then it can also be used for medium and heavy traffic rigid
pavements also. Along with that, the pervious concrete eliminates surface
runoff of storm water, facilitates the ground water recharge and makes the
effective usage of available land. The main aim of our project is to improve the
strength characteristics of pervious concrete. But it can be noted that with
increase in strength, the permeability of pervious concrete will be reduced.
Hence, the improvement of strength should not affect the permeability property
because it is the property which serves its purpose.

2.10 Experimental Study on Performance of Metakaolin in Pervious

Concrete

A. Thomas Eucharist, K. Viswanathan (2021)

Lately, part of examination center around growing new Supplementary

cementitious material to fortifying the solid. These materials are utilized as a
piece of concretes. Metakaolin is one of the beneficial cementitious materials
which are part of the way traded for concrete. Properties of cement with
metakaolin are generally favored added substances in concrete. Pervious
cement is an uncommon kind of cement with a high porosity utilized for solid
flatwork applications that permits water from precipitation and different
sources to go straightforwardly through, in this manner diminishing the
spillover from a site and permitting groundwater re-energize. It likewise called
as Porous concrete, Permeable concrete, No fines concrete and Porous asphalt.
Pervious cement is generally utilized in stopping zones, territories with light
traffic, Residential roads, Pedestrian walkways and nurseries. It is a significant
application for manageable development. Metakaolin will be added at various
rates or percentages such as 1%,1.5%,2%,2.5% by the heaviness of concrete.
To make concrete cubes and cylinders at every percent. The effect of
metakaolin at various percents in pervious concrete will be finding by
conducting compression test.

2.11 Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete using M-Sand

A.Panimayam, P.Chinnadurai, R.Anurada, Rajalingam, M.Ajith Raj,
Godwin (2017)

Pervious concrete – which has been widely used all over the world to reduce
the amount of runoff water due to rain and improve the water quality in
pavements and parking lots, but its use in India is not in wide range but due to
its reduced strength due to high porosity, pervious concrete is unfair able for
highway pavements2,4. This paper reports an experimental investigation on the
development of pervious concrete providing the optimal combination of
strength and water permeability. Pervious concrete pavement is an
environmentally friendly paving material that allows water to drain directly
through the pavement structure and infiltrate into the sub grade1. By reducing
runoff, pervious concrete pavement decreases the demand on the storm water
management system. Pervious concrete trial mixes with different size of
aggregate, with and without fine aggregates. Tested for its mechanical
properties such as compressive strength, water permeability, and porosity.
Pervious concrete is a porous concrete which allows water and air to pass
through it. In this study, the pervious concrete is obtained by removing the fine
aggregate wholly (0%), 5%, 10% and 15% of replacing coarse aggregate with
M sand. The pervious concrete specimen of cube size of 150mm x 150mm x
150mm and they were cured in water for the period of 7, 14, 28 days. The
compressive strength test and permeability is done in laboratory after curing.
Then the compressive strength of pervious concrete is compared the
compressive strength of M20grade of concrete.

2.12 A Comparative Study on the Behavior of Permeable Concrete by

Partial Replacement of Cement with Black Cotton Soil (2019)
George Thayil, Aniruddh Palande, Prashant Mukeri, Dhiraj Lanjewar,
Mr. Naveen Hanchinahal

Permeable concrete is a type of concrete which allows water to pass through

it’s pores which prevents stagnation of water on pavements made by this
concrete. This type of concrete possesses lower strength compared to other
types of concrete making it unsuitable to support heavy loads. Various
materials and admixtures have been partially replaced with cement in
differing proportions to it’s concrete mix design in an attempt to bring its
compressive strength closer to that of conventional concrete. The purpose
of this study is to highlight the changes in filtration rate, density and
compressive strength of permeable concrete when it’s cement proportion
is partially replaced with that of black cotton soil.

2.13 Experimental Study on Effect of Metakaolin on Mechanical and

Permeable Properties of Pervious Concrete

Mr. S. Arunchaitanya, K. Praveen, P. Ramesh, Ch. Eswar Sai, P. Sai Suja

(2023)

Drainage concrete is a new building material used to reduce storm water runoff
and improve groundwater levels. Aerated concrete is a composite material of
coarse aggregates, with or without fine aggregates, admixtures and additives,
bound by a cement paste. It is used as a paving material for parking lots, low-
volume sidewalks, and sidewalks. Porous concrete structures are rapidly
gaining popularity in most parts of the world due to their ability to reduce heat
and noise in cities. It is considered a good management practice for sustainable
development because of its ability to solve important environmental problems.
Aerated concrete is a special type of concrete consisting of cement, coarse
aggregate. Water, possibly aggregates and other cementitious materials. The
absence of fine aggregate in the concrete matrix results in high porosity,
allowing water to flow through the body. Therefore, permeable concrete is also
called permeable concrete, permeable concrete. Generally, permeable concrete
is used in parking lots, low traffic areas and residential areas. It is an important
application for groundwater recharge. Drainage concrete is a unique building
material that acts as a surfacing material for optimal storm water management
practices. Because of the void structure that allows water to flow through the
pavement. This study describes the effects of partial replacement of cement by
metakaolin on the mechanical properties of permeable concrete. The
metakaolin exchange rate varies by 5% from 0% to 20%, and the curing time
is 7 and 28 days. A current project deals with investigating the mechanical and
permeation properties of drainage concrete.

2.14 Experimental Study on Increasing the Strength of Pervious Concrete

for its use on Rural Roads

Ashiya M Harshad, Salma Saif, Abhinav L R, Neetta S Kumar (2020)

Pervious concrete is a paving material that have the ability to allow water to
flow through itself to recharge ground water table and minimize storm water
runoff. In rural areas costly storm water management practices are not
applicable. Permeable concrete pavements is unique and effective way to meet
the storm water management of rural roads. But the major problem is that the
strength of permeable concrete is less as compared to conventional concrete.
Hence its use is limited even though it has a lot of advantages. The objective
of this report is to increase the compressive strength and flexural strength of
pervious concrete by adding polypropylene fibre and manganese metal powder
without compromising with its permeability so that it can be used on rural roads
of India. This is done for three different water cement ratios 0.36, 0.38, 0.40 in
order to find out the best water cement ratio. It was observed that the
compressive strength and flexural strength of modified pervious concrete was
more that of conventional pervious concrete. It was found that compressive
strength and flexural strength decreases with increase in water cement ratio.
Permeability increases with water cement ratio. Considering all the aspects
0.36 w/c ratio can be taken as appropriate one. This modified pervious concrete
can be used for rural roads along with reinforced road mesh.

2.15 Influence of Recycled Aggregate Replacement and Fly Ash Content

in Performance of Pervious Concrete Mixtures

Gabrieli Lazzari Vieira, Jessica Zamboni Schiavon , Pietra Moraes Borges

,Sergio Roberto da Silva , Jairo Jose de Oliveira Andrade (2020)

The construction industry is responsible for large volumes of raw material

extraction for cement manufacturing, and also disposes of construction and
demolition wastes (CDW) in landfills. The pervious concrete is considered a
sustainable alternative for pavement, since its main characteristic is to permeate
the water, allowing its reuse. In this sense, for an adequate use it is necessary
to optimize its properties in its dimensioning and maintenance to avoid the
clogging of its voids. In this way, the main purpose of this research was to
analyze the use of recycled aggregates (RA) from construction and demolition
waste and fly ash in pervious concrete. Thus, two series of pervious concretes,
one with a w/b ratio of 0.25, 0.30, and other keeping w/b ratio constant (0.30)
and 10% of cement replacement by fly ash were investigated, all with
replacement of natural by recycled aggregate (25, 50, 75 and 100%). Clogging,
surface abrasion test, compressive and flexural strength, permeability
coefficient, infiltration rate, scanning electron micro- scopy (SEM) and x-ray
microtomography were performed. The results showed that the incorporation
of 10% fly ash in pervious concrete with 75% of recycled aggregate content
showed an increase of 6% tendency to clogging compared to the reference
pervious concrete. In addition, the higher levels of recycled aggregate showed
a greater tendency to clogging in samples, where the highest tendency was
found in the 50% replacement concrete, while the reference concrete was 46%
less susceptible to clogging. It was verified that the increase of the recycled
aggregate content in pervious concrete provided the increase of surface
abrasion. The microstructural investigation showed a good relationship
between the macrostructural properties and the void content in pervious
concretes.

2.16 A Review Paper on Study and Design of Pervious Concrete Mix with
Non-Metallic Fibers

Prof. Vikas Bankar, Darshan S. Burade, Sukanya B. Patil, Shubham T.

Badghaiya Sakshi D. Bhokte, Abhishek K. Mungle, Sanskruti .B. Dhenge
(2023)

Pervious concrete, a sustainable and innovative construction material, has

gained significant attention in recent years due to its numerous environmental
benefits and versatile applications. This review paper comprehensively
explores the properties, applications, environmental benefits, challenges, and
future prospects of pervious concrete. Non-metallic fibers can also be used as
a partial replacement of cement to increase the strength of the pervious
concrete. The cement is partially replaced with Non-metallic fiber in volume
of 1%, 1.5% and 2%. A large number of trial mixes are required to select the
desired optimum replacement of cement by Non-Metallic fiber. By evaluating
various research studies and real-world applications, this paper aims to provide
an in-depth understanding of pervious concrete and its role in sustainable urban
development.
2.17 Pervious Concrete Pavement by using Rubber Aggregate

Sachin Bochare, Dipak Mali, Sumedh Hiwarade, Mahesh Khedkar,Dr.

Navnath .V. Khadke, Prof. Vishnu.V.Pore (2019)

Portland Cement Pervious Concrete (PCPC) can reduce the risk of flash flood
by letting the storm runoff to sip through the voids available in the PCPC hence
infiltrate into the soil. This unique ability of pervious concrete offers
advantages to the environment, public agencies, and building owners by
controlling rainwater on site and addressing storm water runoff issues. Thus,
this study was conducted to substantiate the usage of inorganic, cheap and
reusable material namely Recycled and Fine Crumb Rubber (FCR) in pervious
concrete. The primary objective of this study is to compare the compressive
strength, density and the surface infiltration rate of pervious concrete
containing waste tire rubber with pervious concrete that is made up by using
natural aggregate without any enhancement. Standard pervious concrete will
consist of natural coarse aggregates and cement. In this study, will be replacing
the natural coarse aggregates, the same size with the previous research. The
modified pervious concrete will also be mixed with a certain percentage of
FCR, replacing certain percentage of the coarse aggregate. The results of this
study indicate that using recycled material could achieve similar performance
as using natural aggregate, hence may reduce the construction cost.

2.18 Experimental Investigation on Pervious Concrete with Metakaolin

Aaliya Navaza & Anju Paulb (2022)

Pervious concrete is a type of light weight porous concrete with no fine or with
small percentage of fine aggregate. It is generally used for flatwork
applications, which allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass
directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing ground
water recharge. This study aims to experimentally investigate the mechanical
and hydraulic properties of pervious concrete with different replacement levels
of metakaolin. Pervious concrete for pavement applications having a porosity
of 20-25% with cement-aggregate ratio of 1:4 and w/c ratio of 0.36 is
established based on permeability, porosity and strength parameters.
Metakaolin were incorporated in pervious concrete by replacing cement at 5%,
10% and 15% by weight of cement which helps in increasing the mechanical
properties of pervious concrete. The strength parameters increased about
12.24%, 23.95%, 13.97%for compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural strength respectively for 10% metakaolin replacement and hydraulic
properties decreased as the percentage of metakaolin increased.

2.19 Mix Proportion of Materials in Pervious Concrete

S N Abhishek and Pritam A Deshmukh (2019)

These days the concrete industry is looking for supplementary cementitious

material with the objective of utilising solid waste, low-cost constructions and
disposal problems caused by industries. The rice husk ash, GGBS and Fly ash
are among the solid waste produced by rice milling industry, thermal power
plant and iron manufacturing industry respectively. In order to overcome this
problem, the partial replacement of cement with the above mentioned mineral
admixtures can be an economic alternative. And the cement is partially mixed
with the mineral admixtures up to 50%. So both the mechanical and physical
properties of pervious concrete will be enhanced and it also helps to reduce the
consumption of cement which intern helps the reduction in carbon emission to
the environment.

2.20 Study of Metakaolin on Pervious Concrete

Ravisankar K.L, Renugadhevi.S (2022)

In recent years, lot of research focus on developing new Supplementary

cementitious material to strengthening the concrete. These materials are used
as a part of cements. Metakaolin is one of the supplementary cementitious
materials which are partially replaced for cement. Properties of concrete with
metakaolin are mostly preferred additives in concrete. Pervious concrete is a
special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork
applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass
directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing
groundwater recharge. The properties of pervious concrete like compressive
strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and permeability are studied in
this project for 1:4 cement to aggregate ratio with constant water to cement
ratio was 0.33. Metakaolin was added at different percentages by the weight of
cement. The effect of metakaolin at various percents in pervious concrete
without inhibiting the permeability characteristics of pervious concrete was
studied in this project.

2.21 Effect of Fly Ash and Metakaolin On Pervious Concrete Properties

Nikhil Saboo, Shekhar Shivhare, Krishna Kumar Kori, Anush K.

Chandrappa (2019)
To investigate the effect of fly ash, metakaolin, and curing condition on the
properties of pervious concrete. Addition of 2% of metakaolin reduced the
porosity and increased the density. The rate of change in properties was higher
between replacement levels of 5 and 15% for fly ash. Increasing cement content
to produce higher strength pervious concrete, cement can be partial replaced
by SCMs, which not only increases the workability. Achieving higher strength
with lesser cement contents rendering optimal solution for usage of industrial
by-products.

2.18 Gist of Literature Review

• The permeability varies as the aggregate size increases by shows a

decreasing trend when some fines were added to it.
• Compressive strength of pervious concrete depends upon the porosity of
the concrete.
• The aggregate size of 10-12.5mm gives the good compressive strength
and optimum porosity in pervious concrete.
• The compressive and flexural strength of pervious concrete decreased
with the addition of 10% silica fume.
• Addition of fibre by weight of cement in pervious concrete increases
strength rather than replacing by weight of coarse aggregate.
• Pervious concrete with fibres is more flexible than without fibres.
• The compressive strength and flexural strength decreases with increase
in water cement ratio.
• With the increase in addition of metakaolin the compressive strength of
the pervious concrete decreases.

CHAPTER 3
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Introduction

Pervious concrete is a mixture of cement, coarse aggregate and water.

No fine aggregates are used for making pervious concrete. In this experimental
study the locally available construction materials were used for making
pervious concrete.

The materials used in this experimental study are

❖ Cement

❖ Coarse Aggregate

❖ Water

❖ Metakaolin

3.2 Cement

Cement is a binder, which means it’s a chemical substance used to bind

other materials together. It sets, hardens, and adheres to create a solid structure.
Ordinary Portland Cement, grade 43 is used in our experimental study. OPC
43 was purchased from the nearby local markets.
 Figure 3.1 Cement

3.2.1 Specific Gravity of Cement

Weight of Pycnometer, W1 = 0.025 g

Weight of Pycnometer + Cement, W2 = 0.050 g

Weight of Pycnometer + Cement + Kerosene, W3 = 0.080 g

Weight of Pycnometer + Kerosene, W4 = 0.065 g

Specific Gravity of Cement,

𝑊2 − 𝑊1
Gs =
(𝑊2 − 𝑊1 ) − (𝑊3 − 𝑊4 )

0.050−0.025
= (0.050−0.025)−(0.080−0.065)

Gs = 3.18

3.2.2 Fineness Test on Cement

Total weight of cement, W1 = 100 g

Weight of cement retained in 90µm IS Sieve, W2 = 98.9 g

 𝑊1 −𝑊2
Fineness Modulus = × 100
𝑊1

100−98.9
= × 100
100

Fineness Modulus = 1.1 %

3.2.3 Setting Time of Cement

3.2.4 Consistency of Cement

3.2.5 Physical Properties of Cement

S.No. Physical Properties Test Result

1 Specific Gravity 3.15
2 Fineness Modulus 1.1 %
3 Consistency 30 %
4 Initial Setting Time 85 min
5 Final Setting Time 240 min
Table 3.1 Physical Properties of Cement

3.3 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate is an essential component of concrete,

providing strength, stability, and durability to concrete structures. Coarse
aggregate of size 12.5 mm was purchased from the nearby local markets.
 Figure 3.2 Coarse Aggregate

3.3.1 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate

Weight of empty pycnometer, W1 = 550 g

Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate sample, W2 = 1174 g

Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate + water, W3 = 1918 g

Weight of pycnometer + water, W4 = 1524 g

𝑊2 − 𝑊1
Gs =
(𝑊2 − 𝑊1 ) − (𝑊3 − 𝑊4 )

1174−550
=
(1174−550)−(1918−1524)

Gs = 2.71

3.3.2 Water Absorption Test on Coarse Aggregate

Weight of dry sample of coarse aggregate, W1 = 300 g

Weight of saturated coarse aggregate, W2 = 303.4 g

 W2 – W1
Percentage of water absorption = × 100
W1

303.4−300
= × 100
300

Percentage of Water Absorption = 1.13 %

3.3.3 Impact Test on Coarse Aggregate

Weight of sample, W1 = 350 g

Weight of fraction passing 2.36 mm IS Sieve, W2 = 58.5 g

𝑊2
Aggregate Impact Value = × 100
𝑊1

58.5
= × 100
350

Aggregate Impact Value = 16.7 %

3.3.4 Crushing Test on Coarse Aggregate

Weight of sample, W1 = 2760 g

Weight of fraction passing 2.36 mm IS Sieve = 760 g

𝑊2
Aggregate Crushing Value = × 100
𝑊1

760
= × 100
2760

Aggregate Crushing Value = 27.56 %

3.3.5 Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregate

3.3.6 Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate

S.No Physical Properties Test Result

1 Specific Gravity 2.7
2 Water Absorption 1.1 %
3 Moisture Content Nil
4 Impact Value 16.7 %
5 Crushing Value 27.56 %
Tabel 3.2 Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate

3.4 Water

The water which is used in mixing and curing of pervious concrete is

potable water, which was colorless, odorless and tasteless. The water was
obtained from college facility which was supplied by Tamil Nadu Water
Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD Board).

3.4.1 pH of Water

The pH of water used for this experimental study is found as 6.8 using pH
meter.

3.4.2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in Water

The Total Dissolved Solids in water used for this experimental study is found
as 80 ppm using TDS Meter.
3.5 Metakaolin

Metakaolin is a pozzolan, probably the most effective pozzolanic material for

use in concrete. It is a product that is manufactured for use rather than a by-
product and is formed when china clay, the mineral kaolin, is heated to a
temperature between 600 and 800ºC. Metakaolin is highly reactive, and when
it interacts with calcium hydroxide and water in the presence of cement, it
forms additional cementitious compounds. Metakaolin has several uses in
various industries. It can be used in ceramic production and as a partial cement
replacement in concrete, or as an insulating additive in PVC cable protection.

Figure 3.3 Metakaolin

3.5.1 Colour

The metakaolin is observed to be white in colour.

3.5.2 Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of metakaolin is observed to be 2.54.

3.5.3 Physical Properties of Metakaolin

S.No Physical Properties Observation
1 Specific Gravity 2.54
2 Colour White

CHAPTER 4
 MIX DESIGN AND CONCRETE TEST

4.1 Introduction

The mix design of pervious concrete is designed as per IRC:44-2017

(GUIDELINES FOR CEMENT CONCRETE MIX DESIGN FOR
PAVEMENTS – 3rd Revision).

4.2 Mix Design

As per IRC:44-2017 (GUIDELINES FOR CEMENT CONCRETE MIX

DESIGN FOR PAVEMENTS – 3rd Revision)

Data

Grade of Concrete – M15

Minimum Permeability – 350mm/min

Cement Used – OPC 43

Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size – 12.5mm

Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate – 2.7

Specific Gravity of Cement – 3.15

Fine Aggregate – Nil

Free Surface Moisture - Nil

Step – 1 Calculation of Target Strength

The compressive strength is given by the following relation:

f 'ck = fck + 1.65 x Sc

where

f 'ck = target mean compressive strength at 28 days, N/mm 2

fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, N/mm 2

Sc = standard deviation of compressive strength, N/mm 2

f 'ck = fck + 1.65 × Sc

= 15 + 1.65 × 3 (Sc = 3 from Table – 18 IRC:44 – 2017)

= 19.95 MPa

Step – 2 Determination Water-Cementitious Material Ratio

A high w/cm reduces the adhesion of the paste to the aggregate and causes the
paste to flow and fill the voids even when lightly compacted. A low w/cm will
prevent good mixing and tend to cause balling in the mixer, prevent an even
distribution of cement paste, and therefore reduce the ultimate strength and
durability of the concrete. Experience has shown that w/cm in the range of 0.26
to 0.45 will provide the best aggregate coating and paste stability.

Therefore assume water-cementitious materials ratio as 0.35

Step – 3 Determination Void Content

To ensure the water will percolate through pervious concrete, the void content
should be 15 per cent or greater. If void content is lower than that of 15 per
cent, there is no significant percolation thought the concrete and there is not
sufficient interconnectivity between the voids to allow for rapid percolation.

Void content = 25 % (Based on Permeability, Table – 19 IRC:44 – 2017 )

Void content = 17.25 % (Based on compressive strength and nominal

maximum aggregate size, Table – 20 IRC:44 – 2017)

Average void content = 21.125 %

Step – 4 Calculation of Paste Volume

For lightly compacted pervious concrete,

Paste volume, Vp = 20.875 % (From Table – 21 IRC:44 – 2017)

Paste volume, Vp = Volume of cement (Vc) + Volume of water (Vw)

𝐶
Vc =
3.15 ×1000

𝑊
Vw = × Vc
𝐶

𝐶
= 0.35 ×
3.15 ×1000

𝐶 𝐶
Vp = + 0.35 × 3.15 ×1000
3.15 ×1000

Vp = 20.875 %

= 0.20875

∴ Cement content, C = 485.5 kg/m³

 Water content, W = 170 kg/ m³

Step – 5 Estimation of Coarse Aggregate Proportion

Volume of concrete = 1 m³

Volume of void content = 21.125 %

= 0.21125

Volume of paste = 20.875 %

= 0.20875

∴ Volume of coarse aggregate = 1 – (0.21125 + 0.20875)

= 0.58 m³

Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.58 × 2.7 × 1000

= 1566 kg/ m³

∴ Volume of Cement = 485.5 kg/ m³

Volume of Coarse Aggregate = 1566 kg/ m³

Volume of Water = 170 kg/ m³

Ratio – 1 : 3.2 : 0.35

For 150×150×150 mm cube size,

Volume of cube = 0.003375 m³

Cement required = 485.5 × 0.003375

 = 1.64 kg

Aggregate required = 1566 ×0.003375

= 5.28 kg

Water required = 170 × 0.003375

= 0.57 kg = 0.57 litre