Trends in Engineering and Technology (NCTET-2K17)

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) Special Issue-5
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/nctet.2017.eee.51 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)

Transformerless inverter for grid-connected

photovoltaic systems using fuzzy logic controller
Mr.P.Suresh, Assistant professor1, Mr.K.Gopi, P.G Scholar 2, Dr.Shaik Rafi Kiran,HOD3
1
Department of EEE, S V college of Engineering, Tirupati.
Email id: [email protected]
2
Department of EEE, S V college of Engineering, Tirupati.
Email id: [email protected]
3
Department of EEE, S V college of Engineering, Tirupati.
Email id: [email protected]

Abstract - With worldwide increasing demand for electric alone or grid connected. The first topology is befit for
energy, there has been a great interest in exploring remote locations where the PV panels power a local load,
photovoltaic (PV) sources. In the latest period, there have while grid-connected systems work in conjunction with
been quite a few new transformerless topologies, which the existing electrical grid. Obviously, considering the
remove the conventional frequency transformers to highly discontinuous output of a PV field during a day, in
accomplish lesser cost and better efficiency and maintain a stand-alone system suitable electric energy storage must
decreased leakage current as well. However, one of the be provided. Moreover, when the accumulators are fully
difficulties of the transformerless inverter is the charged, no more power can be taken from the panels. A
protection issue of leakage current. The leakage current grid linked system does not suffer from these drawbacks,
allows through the stray capacitors between the PV as the maximum power available from the field can be
module and the grounded grid is harmful because of continuously transferred to the grid. Considering that the
unstable common mode voltage and absence of galvanic majority of the systems are of the grid-tied kind, a lot of
isolation. This leakage current that flows between the grid study was done in this field.
and the parasitic capacitance of PV array has to be The primitive schemes of PV grid-tied inverters presented
removed, may otherwise leads to major protection issues. a full-bridge topology linked to the main services with a
Besides, according to the global standards, low frequency transformer. The transformer guarantees
transformerless inverter should be able of managing a the isolation of galvanic between the grounded grid and
proper amount of reactive power. Here, a proposed the PV field, simplifies the output filter design and the
transformerless inverter for grid connected PV system compliance with the electromagnetic interference (EMI)
can remove the risk of leakage current. This topology also international regulations. However, converters embedding
has the capability to give reactive power to the grid. frequency transformer (50 Hz) are bulky and the
Fuzzy logic controller and PR controller is used to ensure transformer accounts for 1-2% of the power losses.
high quality injected current to the grid. Detailed analysis For these reasons, researchers have been active in
of operation modes of common mode of this proposed studying solutions for the removal of the line frequency
transformerless inverter, analysis of leakage current and transformer, in view to pursue the maximum efficiency
results in MATLAB simulation model is presented. without increasing the converter cost. The main issue that
arises when the low frequency transformer is eliminated
Keywords - Common mode voltage, Fuzzy Logic is owing to the sight of a parasitic capacitance between
controller, Grid connected photovoltaic systems, leakage the photovoltaic cells and the metal frame of the panel.
current, parasitic capacitance, transformerless inverter. This implies that a ground leakage current (i.e., common
mode current) can flow into the resonant circuit
I. INTRODUCTION comprises of the line conductors, the earth connection of
the MV/LV distribution transformer and the parasitic
The increasing demand for electrical power, along with capacitance of the PV field .If a simple full-bridge is
the decreasing stock of traditional energy sources, has employed without any transformer coupling or specific
caused a growing interest towards micro production from modulation strategy, the high-frequency common mode
renewable power sources. In particular, photovoltaic voltage variations at the converter output cause abnormal
energy (PV) has witnessed an increasing attention and the levels of ground leakage current, that generate EMI,
scientific community has concentrated its efforts in view reduce the safety of this system and cause the
to develop innovative solutions for the integration of PV disconnection of the device owing to the Residual Current
systems into the existing distribution grid. PV systems Device (RCD).
can be majorly categorized into two categories: stand-

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 Trends in Engineering and Technology (NCTET-2K17)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) Special Issue-5
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/nctet.2017.eee.51 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
The simplest PV transformerless topology is the H-bridge
inverter, as shown in Fig.1, which utilizes the insulated-
gate-bipolar-transistors (IGBTs) as the power device. The
advantages of this topology are not complex in structure
and capability of producing reactive power. The main
overcome for this inverter scheme is it requires the use of
bipolar PWM modulation to prevent the common mode
(CM) voltage. As a result, the efficiency suffers owing to
more switching loss on IGBTs, high current ripple Fig. 2: The HERIC inverter with paralleled auxiliary
induced core and copper losses on the filter inductor of freewheeling switches
output. The MOSFET voltage drop is a resistive and is
preferred for maintaining high efficiency under light-load The principle of the unipolar modulation is that: in the
conditions and also for fast switching speed. However, positive half grid cycle, the S1 and S4 will be turned on
high-voltage MOSFETs suffers from the issues of reverse instantly in high frequency, and the S5 is turned on in
recovery diodes and snappy body diode, which not only entire positive grid cycle; In the negative half cycle, the
produces high dv/dt, di/dt, and high power loss, but also S2 and S3 will be operated at a time in high frequency, and
creates phase-leg shoot through risk due to reverse the S6 is turned on in entire positive grid cycle. One
conducting current. patent-free transformerless inverter is the H6 inverter,
which is shown in Fig.2. Compared with the HERIC
inverter, the H6 inverter also uses a pair of auxiliary
freewheeling switches (S5/D5, S6/D6) to separate the grid
from PV dc source. Categorized with the H5 inverter, the
auxiliary freewheeling switches of the H6 inverter is also
plugged into the H-bridge. The advantage of the H6
inverter over the H5 inverter is that it can adopt Cool
MOS to replace the IGBTs for auxiliary freewheeling
switches (S5 and S6), which can minimize the low load
conduction loss with MOSFET.
Fig.1: The single phase H-bridge inverter

The HERIC topology of inverter, shown in the Fig. 2 may

adopt IGBT or MOSFET as the main switch. This novel
inverter circuit utilizes a pair of ac switches (S5/D5 and
S6/D6) to decouple the solar panel from the grid during
current freewheeling period to minimize the common
mode voltage. Its associated unipolar modulation method
allows the reduction the switching loss and the core loss
of the output filer. Compared with the bipolar modulation,
the power device switching loss, core loss and inductor
voltage stress can be all minimized. When the HERIC Fig .3: The H6 inverter topology
inverter is working under unity power factor condition,
antiparallel diodes of S1 to S4 will not conduct the current, As shown in Fig.3, splits S5 of H6 topology into S6 and S5
so power MOSFETs can be used. In the MOSFET based in cascade and operates them in high frequency switching,
inverter that is similar to HERIC inverter, 99% efficiency S1~S4 in line grid line frequency switching. With this
is reported by using high-voltage MOSFETs. However, structure, this system configuration is more symmetrical,
when the HERIC inverter is working under reactive so this inverter can be named as symmetrical H6 inverter
power generation, the antiparallel diodes of main switches topology in this dissertation. Two pair of auxiliary
will conduct the current, and it is difficult to use freewheeling switches (S1/S2, S4/S3) is used to separate
MOSFET for reactive power generation due to the body the grid from PV dc source during the current
diode reverse recovery problem. As compare with 4- freewheeling. By switching S1~S4 in high frequency,
IGBTs based H-bridge inverter with bipolar modulation, paper introduces a double frequency modulation method,
the HERIC inverter needs two more active switches and which can decreases the output filter at the cost of
two more diodes, but the system efficiency is enhanced, increasing switching loss. Drawbacks of this inverter are
and the filter inductor and heat sink sizes are minimized. more switching loss and more conduction loss (4 devices
in conduction loop).

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 Trends in Engineering and Technology (NCTET-2K17)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) Special Issue-5
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/nctet.2017.eee.51 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
A. Structure of the Proposed Topology

Fig.5 presents the proposed transformerless inverter

topologies comprises of 6 diodes (D1-D6) and MOSFET
switches (S1-S6). L2A, L2B, L1A, and L1B, are the inductors
and capacitor which constitute the LCL type filter tied to
the distribution grid. VPV and Cdc represent the dc input
voltage and link capacitor DC. This is to nullify the low
reverse-recovery problems of MOSFETs diode when
provides reactive power to the grid. Therefore, this can be
developed with MOSFET switches without efficiency
penalty and reliability.
Fig .4: The symmetrical H6 inverter topology
B. Principle operation of the Proposed Topology
An important task related to the photovoltaic system tied
Figure.6 shows the sequence of switches are operating
to the grid is that it can operate the dual functions of
for this proposed topology, where switches(S1-S6)
generation of real power and compensation of reactive
represent the switches and their corresponding gate pulse
power. The appropriate power factor is preferred
signals are (G1-G6) respectively. The main principle of
according to reactive power and real power that the grid
operation of this proposed topology has been classified
demands. Two current controllers are implemented for
into four regions as shown in Fig.5 within a grid period.
this single phase grid tied transformerless inverter: the
Here positive half cycle explanation was given only,
Fuzzy logic controller and PR current controller. The
owing to the symmetry of the operation of these two half
current controller takes concern of the quality of current
cycles of grid current. However, the operation for
gives to the grid and the exchange of power takes place
negative half cycle is delineated in Fig.7.
between the grid and system. The second current
controller which manages the current enforces into grid in
Region I: In this region, both the grid voltage and current
phase with the voltage of grid by the inverter so that unity
are positive. During the period within this region, S2 is
power factor can be obtained. A harmonic compensator
always on, while S3 & S1 synchronously and S5
(HC) is connected with second controller to reduce low
complementary commutate with switching frequency.
order odd harmonic components in the output current of
There are always two states that generate the output
inverter and reduce the THD loop. In stationary or α-β
voltage of + VPV and 0.
frame control structure the control parameters are time
changing. The second controller comes under the
State 1(t0:t1): At t = t0, the switches S3 & S1 are switched
classification of stationary frame controllers are easy to
on and the current through inductor rises through grid as
prepare and has superior reference tracking signal
shown in Fig.7 (a). In this state, the voltages V1N and V2N
potentialities. The PR controllers can obtain every high
can be defined as: V1N = + VPN and V2N = 0, thus the
gain at resonant frequency thus decreasing the steady
output voltage of inverter V12 = (V1N -V2N) = + VPV.
state error to zero. More over HC’s can be used to reduce
low order harmonic without affecting action of the current
State 2(t1:t2): When the switches S3 and S1 are turned-off,
controller. Hence these have excellent performance
the current through inductor freewheels through D 5 and
compared with PI controllers in terms of eliminating
S2 .In this state,V1N falls and V2N rises until their values
steady state errors and harmonic current rejection.
are equal. Therefore, the voltages V1N and V2N becomes:
V1N = VPV /2 and V2N = VPV /2 and the inverter output
In this paper, a proposed transformerless inverter
voltage V12 = 0.
topology for grid tied PV system is developed. In Section
II, proposed PV transformerless inverter topology is
Region II: In this region, the inverter output voltage is
presented. In Section III, Common-mode voltage and
negative, but the current remains positive. During the
leakage current analysis in transformerless PV Inverter is
period of this region, S5 is always on, while S6 & S4
shown. In Section IV, the control methods of this
synchronously and S2 complementary commutate with
proposed topology are described. Section V presents the
switching frequency. There are also two states that give
simulation results of proposed topologies with real and
the output voltage of – VPV and 0.
reactive power control using Fuzzy Controller and PR
Current controller .After that, the theoretical analysis is
initially verified in the MATLAB/Simulink software
environment and the results are presented in section V.

II. PROPOSED TOPOLOGY AND

OPERATING PRINCIPLE

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 Trends in Engineering and Technology (NCTET-2K17)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) Special Issue-5
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/nctet.2017.eee.51 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)

Fig.7: The operating principle of the proposed topology:

(a) state 1 (b) state 2 (c) state 3 (d) state 4

Fig.5 :( a) Circuit of the proposed transformerless State 4(t4:t5): At t = t4, the switches S6 and S4 are switched
topology for grid tied PV system off and S2 is turned-on. Therefore, the current allows
(b) Circuit with coupled inductor. through D5 and S2 like as state 2 (Fig. 7(b) can be referred
as equivalent circuit) in inductor. This state is called as
energy storage mode.

The voltages V1N and V2N could be: V1N = VPV /2 and V2N
= VPV /2, and thus the inverter output voltage, V12 = 0.

III. HIGH FREQUENCY CM MODEL OF THE

PROPOSED TOPOLOGY FOR LEAKAGE
CURRENT ANALYSIS
The PV panel produces a chargeable electrical surface
area which looks a grounded frame. A capacitance is
formed between the grounded grid and PV Module in this
Fig.6: Switching sequence of this proposed topology.
kind of configuration. Since this capacitance arises as an
There are also two states that produce the output voltage
undesirable side effect, it is referred as parasitic
of – VPV and 0.
capacitance. Due to the lack of galvanic separation
State 3(t3:t4): In this state, the switches S6 and S4 are
between the grounded grid and the PV Panel, a CM
turned-on and the filter inductors are demagnetized. Since
resonant circuit can be formed. An alternating CM
the inverter output voltage is negative and the current
voltage that relies on this topology structure and control
remains positive; therefore, the inductor current is forced
design, can excite the resonant circuit and may lead to
to freewheel through the D1 and D2 diodes and decreases
higher ground leakage current. In order to analyze the CM
rapidly for enduring the reverse voltage as shown in Fig.
characteristics, an equivalent circuit of the proposed
7(c). The voltages V1N and V2N can be defined as: V1N = 0
topology as shown in Fig. 8 can be drawn, where V1N,
and V2N = + VPV, thus the inverter output voltage V12 =
V2N, V3N and V4N are the controlled voltage source
(V1N – V2N) = − VPV .
connected to the negative terminal N, LCM and CCM are the
CM inductor and capacitor, CPVg is the parasitic
capacitance, and Zg is the grid impedance. During the
positive half-cycle, the switches S4 and S6 are always off.
As a result, the controlled voltage sources V3N and V4N
are zero and can be removed. According to the definition
of common-mode and differential-mode voltage:
VCM = (V1N + V2N) (1)
VDM = V1N – V2N (2)

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 Trends in Engineering and Technology (NCTET-2K17)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) Special Issue-5
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/nctet.2017.eee.51 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
Solving (1) and (2), V1N and V2N can be expressed as where VtCM represent total CM voltage, and L1= L1A +L1g
follows: and L2= L1BA +L2g. In this inverter if L1A = L1B and L1g =
L2g for a well-designed circuit with symmetrically
structured magnetics, equation (5) can be rewritten as
follows:
VtCM = VCM = (V1N -V2N) (6)
According to the principle of operation of this topology
presented, the total CM voltages can be calculated for
each state of positive half cycle operation as follows:
State 1 :VtCM = (V1N +V2N) = (VPV + 0)

= VPV (7)
Fig.8: Equivalent CM model of the proposed topology.
State 2 : VtCM = (V1N +V2N) = ( VPV + VPV)

= VPV (8)

State 3 : VtCM = (V1N +V2N) = (0 +VPV )

= VPV (9)

State 4 : VtCM = (V1N +V2N) = ( VPV + VPV)

Fig.9: Simplified CM model at switching frequency for

positive half cycle. = VPV (10)

It is clear from equations (7)-(10) that the total CM

voltage for this topology is kept same at VPV /2 during
positive half cycle operation. Likewise, the total CM
voltage for the negative half cycle operation can be
calculated and found to be constant at VPV /2 due to the
symmetry of operation for the negative and positive half
cycle of grid current. The only variation is the activation
of different power devices. Hence, it can be summarized
that the total CM voltage during the entire grid cycle is
kept same, decreasing ground leakage current.
Fig.10: Simplified single loop CM model.

V1N = VCM + VDM (3) IV.CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR SINGLE

PHASE GRID TIED TRANSFORMERLESS
INVERTER
V2N = VCM − VDM (4)
In view to illustrate the CM model at switching For the single phase grid tied inverter, two controllers are
frequency, equation (3) and (4) could be replaced for the developed. They are Fuzzy Logic controller and PR
bridge-leg in Fig.7. The grid is a frequency (50–60 Hz) Current controller. The current controller takes care of the
voltage source; thus the impact of grid on the leakage quality of current injected into the grid and the power
current can be neglected. The DM capacitor Co can also exchange between the system and grid.𝐼𝑔𝛼 𝑟𝑒𝑓 which is
be removed since it shows no effect on the leakage in phase with the grid voltage controls the real power of
current. Consequently, modified model of this topology the system and the orthogonal component 𝐼𝑔𝛽 𝑟𝑒𝑓
for positive half-cycle could be drawn as Fig.9. At last, controls the reactive power exchange of the system with
this model of this topology for positive half cycle is the grid. Hence a decoupled control of reactive and real
derived in Fig.10. From Fig.10, the following equation of power can be achieved.
the total CM voltage can easily be derived as:
VtCM = VCM + ( ) (5)

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 Trends in Engineering and Technology (NCTET-2K17)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) Special Issue-5
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fuzzy logical operations. Out of three, Mamdani inference
is used, the consequent of If-Then rule is defined by fuzzy
set. The output set of each rule will be reshaped by a
matching number, and Defuzzification is needed after
aggregating all of these reshaped sets.

B. Proportional Resonant Current Controller

The PR current controller is utilized in the stationary

frame which is different from the traditional PI controller.
Due to no transformation from stationary frame to
synchronous frame, the computation pattern of this
controller is simple. For these cases, processor which is
less in cost can be used. Besides, when grid imbalances or
Fig.11: Block diagram of control of proposed system with
a sensing error occurs, this controller is more robust than
Fuzzy Logic controller
the PI controller. Especially, the PR controller is suitable
for constant frequency operation in the grid-connected
A. Fuzzy Logic controller
system. Generally, the PI controller has disadvantages
such as issue in eliminating the steady-state error in a
The traditional PI controller requires rigorous linear
stationary reference frame. This controller structure has
mathematical models, which are not easy to acquire and
obtained familiarity due to its ability of removing steady-
cannot give satisfactory results under parameter
state error when regulating sinusoidal signals. Moreover,
variations, load disturbances, etc. In these latest years, the
the simple execution of a harmonic compensator without
number and variety of uses of fuzzy logic have increased
any counter cause on the controller results prepares this
significantly. Fuzzy logic is a superset of Boolean logic
controller well befit for grid-linked systems.
which has been prolonged to manage the idea of partial
truth- truth values between "totally false" and "totally
The block diagram of the PR controller with harmonic
true". This is a path to prepare machines more brilliant
current compensator is shown in Fig.13 where Gc(s),
capacitating them to reason in a fuzzy manner like
Gh(s), and Gd(s) are the transfer function of fundamental
humans. This developed by Lotfy Zadeh in 1965,
current controller, harmonic compensator, and inverter
emanated as a tool to plan with improper, imprecise or
respectively.
qualitative decision making problems. These control
strategies come from trails and practices rather than form
mathematical models and linguistic implementations are
much faster accomplished. These control schemes entail
The transfer function of the PR controller is defined
more number of inputs, most of which are common only
below:
for some special conditions.

Fig .12: Structure of the Fuzzy Logic Controller.

These systems generally consist of four components:

Fuzzification, Rule base, Inference engine and
Defuzzification interface as shown in Fig.12. The first
process is altering the crisp values of input variables into
membership values according to proper fuzzy sets and
there are three methods which are utilized in inference
process. When the changes occur in the second process,
then the results of all rules are integrated into a single
precise value for output. Fuzzy inference is the process of
mapping the given input variables to an output space via
fuzzy logic based deducing mechanism which is
comprised by If-Then rules, membership functions and

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 Trends in Engineering and Technology (NCTET-2K17)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) Special Issue-5
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/nctet.2017.eee.51 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
Fig.13: Block diagram of PR controller with harmonic
compensator

Where and Kii are the proportional and resonant VI. CONCLUSIONS
gain, is the fundamental frequency, Kih is the resonant
This Project Proposed a system for governing the flow of
gain at the nth order harmonic, h is the harmonic order, current from PV system when with the grid depended on
and Ts is the sampling period FLC (fuzzy logic controller). PV system with inverter
topology and its regulation action was developed using
MATLAB / Simulink environment. With the Proper
PARAMETERS OF SYSTEM design of FLC and PR controller, the proposed PV

Inverter Parameter Value

Table I-System parameters Input Voltage 400 V DC
Grid Voltage /Frequency 230V/50 Hz
V. SIMULATION RESULTS Switching Frequency 20kHz
The performance of simulation of this topology was DC bus capacitor 470
performed using the MATLAB SOFTWARE. The Filter Capacitor 2.2
parameters are used in simulation are given in Table I. In Filter Inductor L1A,L2A ,L1B ,L2B 1 mH
this section, comparison of different parameters such as
inverter voltage, common mode voltage (CMV), leakage Filter Inductor Lg1, Lg2 0.5 mH
current and the performance of proposed topology under PV Parasitic Capacitor CPV1,CPV2 75 nF
changes of reactive and real power are discussed. inverter had succeeded in producing an excellent
response, where the output current of inverter was
sinusoidal and the harmonic values met with international
standards. The Simulated Results have been analyzed.
Furthermore, the topology has the following advantage
1. This proposed topology had the capability to inject
reactive power into the grid with less harmonic distortion.
2. The CM mode voltage is kept same during the entire
grid period. Thus, the leakage current is well suppressed.
3. Higher performance can be obtained by introducing
super junction MOSFETs for all devices which have
frequency 20 KHz operation is allowed to decrease the
ripple current of output and the passive elements
dimensions.

Fig.14 Simulation performance using PR and fuzzy logic

controller with control of reactive and real power : REFERENCES
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Author’s Profile
P.Suresh is presently working as an
assistant Professor in Sri
Venkateswara College of Engineering,
Tirupati. He is pursuing Ph.D from
S.V. University. He obtained M.tech
from SITAMS College and graduation
from Audisankara College of
Engineering. His Research interests
include Power Quality, Renewable
Energy Sources.

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