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L2-Parametric and Implicit Differentiation

This document discusses parametric differentiation and implicit differentiation. Parametric differentiation involves differentiating equations given in terms of a parameter t. Implicit differentiation involves differentiating an implicit function where the variables are not explicitly defined in terms of each other. Several examples of both techniques are provided.

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osebe.bisonga23
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
221 views33 pages

L2-Parametric and Implicit Differentiation

This document discusses parametric differentiation and implicit differentiation. Parametric differentiation involves differentiating equations given in terms of a parameter t. Implicit differentiation involves differentiating an implicit function where the variables are not explicitly defined in terms of each other. Several examples of both techniques are provided.

Uploaded by

osebe.bisonga23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION

• Equations may be given using another parameter t in the form


x  f  t  and y  f t 
To find derivative, we differentiate each w.r.t. to t then use a chain

dy dy dt
  d y d  dy 
2
dx dt dx   
2 dx 2
dx  dx 
d y
To find second derivative
dx 2 d  dy  dt
  
We different w.r.t. x dt  dx  dx
Example 1

d2y 3t
• Find given that x  e 2t
, y  e
dx 2
 
2
xe 2t
ye 3t d y d dy
  
dx 2
dx  dx 
dx dy
 2e 2t
 3e 3t d  dy  dt
dt dt   
dt  dx  dx
d  3 5t  1
dy dy dt    e   2t
  dt  2  2e
dx dt dx
15 7 t
3t 1 3 5t  e
 3e  2t   e 4
2e 2
Example 2
d2y
• Find 2
given that x  cos 2t , y  sin 2t
dx
x  cos 2t y  sin 2t d 2 y d  dy 
  
dx dy dx 2
dx  dx 
 2sin 2t  2 cos 2t d  dy  dt
dt dt   
dt  dx  dx
d 1
dy dy dt    cot 2t  
  dt 2 sin 2t
dx dt dx 1
 2 cos ec 2t
2
1 2 cos 2t 2 sin 2t
 2 cos 2t  
2sin 2t 2sin 2t  co sec3 2t
  cot 2t
Example 3
d2y t t2
• Find given that x  , y
dx 2
1 t 1 t
2
t t
x , y
1 t 1 t
dx        dy       1
2
1 t 1 t 1 1 t 2t t
 
1  t  1  t 
2 2
dt dt
1 t  t 2t  2t 2  t 2
 
1  t  1  t 
2 2

1 2t  t 2
 
1  t  1  t 
2 2
•.
dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx
1 t 
2
2t  t 2
   2t  t 2
1  t 
2
1

d 2 y d  dy  dt
  
dx 2
dt  dx  dx
1 t 
2

  2t  t  
d 2

dt 1
  2  2t 1  t   2 1  t 
2 3
Exercise
d2y
• Find 2
given that
dx

1. x  e 2t , y  et

2. x  t  t 2 , y  t  t 2
Exercise
d2y 2 t
• Find 2
given that xe , ye t
dx

x  e 2t , y  et d 2 y d  dy  dt
  
dx dy dx 2
dt  dx  dx
 2e 2t  et
dt dt d  1 3t  1
  e 
dt  2  2e 2t
dy dy dt
  3 3t 1
dx dt dx  e 
2 2e 2t
et 1 3t
 2 t
 e 3 5t
 e
2e 2 4
Exercise
d2y
• Find 2
given that x  t  t 2
, y  t  t 2

dx
d 2 y d  1  2t  dt
x  t  t2 , y  t  t2   
dx 2
dt  1  2t  dx
dx dy
 1  2t  1  2t d  1  2t  1
dt dt   
dt  1  2t  1  2t

dy dy dt 
1  2t  2  1  2t  2  1

  1  2t 
2
1  2t
dx dt dx
1  2t 4
 
1  2t 1  2t 
3
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
An implicit function in two variables x and y is one curve which
neither variable can be expressed in terms of the other.

To differentiate such an implicit function


dy
• Differentiate it term by term to for an equation in , x and y
dx
dy
• Make subject of the equation
dx

• NB: to differentiate a function in y w.r.t. x


• Use a chain d d dy
f  y  f  y
dx dy dx
• Examples

1)
d 2
dx
 
y 
d 2 dy
dy
y  
dx
 2y
dy
dx

2)
d
dx
 
3y 
4 d
dy
3y 
4 dy

dx
 12 y 3 dy

dx

d d du dv
3) for  xy  we use product rule  uv   v  u
dy dx dx dx
d d d
 xy   y  x   x  y 
dx dx dx
dy
 yx
dx
Example 1
• Find dy given 2 x  y 2  5
dx
dy
2  2y 0
d
dx
 
d 2
 2 x   y   5
dx
d
dx
dx
dy
2 y  2
dx
 
d 2
y 
d 2 dy
dy
y  
dx dx
dy 1
 2y
dy 
dx dx y
Example 2
• Find dy given x 2  y 3  y
dx
dy dy
 2x  3y 2

dx
 
d 2
x 
d 3
dx
 
d
y   y
dx
dx dx
d 3
y   
d 3 dy
y   
1 3y 
2 dy

dx
 2x
dx dy dx
dy 2x
 3y 2 dy

dx dx 1  3 y 2
Example 3 dy d2y
Use implicit differentiation to find and 2 given y 2  x 3  2
dx dx
. du dv
v u
   
d 2 d 3 d d u
x   2
dx dx
y   
dx  v 

v2
dx dx dx dy
2 y  6 x  3 x 2
2
dy d  3x 2
2y  3x 2    dx
2 y
2
dx dx  2 y 
dy 3 x 2 2
 12 xy  6 x 
2 3x
dx 2 y 2y

d y d 3x 

2 2 2
4y
  
dx 2
dx  2 y  12 xy 2  9 x 4

4 y3
Exercise
• Use implicit differentiation to find dy given
dx

1) 5 x  y  x
2 3

2) x y  y  x  7
2 3
•. 1) 5 x  y  x
2 3

d
dx
d 2
dx
 
d 3
5x   y  x
dx
 

dy
5 2y  3x 2

dx
dy 5  3 x 2
 
dx 2y
.2) x 2 y  y 3  7

d 2
dx

x y 
dx

d 3 d
 
y  7
dx

dy 4 dy
2x  x 2
 3y 0
dx dx


 x  3y
2 4 dy

dx
 2 x

dy 2x
 2
dx x  3 y 4
Examples
dy d2y
Use implicit differentiation to find and 2
given
dx dx

1. 5x  y 2  x 3

2. x 2 y  y 3  7
•.

1) 5 x  y  x
2 3

d
dx
d 2
dx
 
d 3
5x   y  x
dx
 

dy
5 2y  3x 2

dx
dy 5  3 x 2
 
dx 2y
•.
d 2 y d  5  3x 2 
2
  
dx dx  2 y 


2 y  6 x  5  3x 2  2  dy
dx

2 y
2

  
 
2
5 3 x
12 xy  5  3 x  2 
2

  2 y 
 
2
2 y

 
2
12 xy  5  3 x
2 2


4 y3
.2) x 2 y  y 3  7

d 2
dx

x y 
d 3
dx
d

y  7
dx
 

dy 4 dy
2 xy  x  3y
2
0
dx dx


 x  3y
2 4 dy

dx
 2 xy

dy 2 xy
 2
dx x  3 y 4
•.
d2y d  2 xy 
   
dx 2 dx  x 2  3 y 4 
 dy   dy 
x 2

 3 y 4  2 y  2 x   2 xy  2 x  12 y 5 
 dx   dx 

x 
2
4
2
 3y

 
2 y x 2  3 y 4  2 x
dy 2
dx

x  3 y 4  4 x 2 y  24 xy 4 
dy
dx

 
3
x 2  3 y 4
 dy 
  
2  x 2 y  3 y 3  6 xy 4  4 x 2 y  x 3  12 xy 4
 dx 


 
3
x 2  3 y 4
  2 xy  
  
2  3 y 3  6 xy 4  3 x 2 y  x 3  12 xy 4   2
 4   
 
 
x 3 y
 
3
x 2  3 y 4
•.

2
d y 2 
 3 
y 3
 6 xy 4
 3 x 2
y x 2

3 y 4
 2 x 4
y  24 x y 
2 3

 
 
 
4
dx 2 x  3y
2 4

2 3 x 2 y 3  6 x 3 y 4  3 x 4 y  9 y 7  18 xy 8  9 x 2 y 3  2 x 4 y  24 x 2 y 3 

x 
4
4
2
 3y
2 6 x 3 y 4  9 y 7  18 xy 8  5 x 4 y  30 x 2 y 3 

x 
4
4
2
 3y
Example 2 dy 2
Use implicit differentiation to find and y given x 2  x y  y 2
d
dx dx 2
.

dy 2 x  y
d 2
  d
x   xy  
d 2
y   
dx dx dx dx 2 y  x
dy dy
2x  y  x  2y
d y d  2x  y 
2
dx dx
  
dy
 2 y  x  2x  y dx 2
dx  2 y  x 
dx
.
 dy   dy 
d  2x  y 
 2 y  x   2     2 x  y   2  1
 2x  y 
  dx   dx  5 y  5x  
  
dx  2 y  x    
2
2 y  x  2 y x 

 
2
dy dy 2 y  x
2  2 y  x   2 y  x  2 2x  y   2x  y 
 dx dx 5 y  2 y  x    5 x  2 x  y 
2 y  x
2 
2 y  x
3

 
dy
2  2 y  x    2 x  y    2 y  x   2  2 x  y   10 y 2  xy  x 2
 dx 
2 y  x 2 y  x
2 3

dy
5 y  5x 
 dx
2 y  x
2
Equations of Tangents and Normals
• Find equation of tangent and normal line to the curve y  x  2 xy  0
2 3

at  0,1

dx
 
d 2
y   
d 3
dx
d
dx
d
x   2 xy    0 
dx
product rule
dy dy
2 y  3x  2 y  2 x
2
0
dx dx
dy
 2 y  2 x   3 x 2
 2y
dx
dy 3 x 2  2 y

dx 2 y  2 x
dy
at  0,1  m1  1
dx

dy
 m1  1
dx
y  mx  c
at  0,1 1 0c  c 1
 tan gent line y   x  1

m2  1 m1  m2  1
at  0,1 1 0c  c 1
 normal line y  x  1
Exercise
• Find equation of tangent and normal line to the curve at given point

1) xy  x  0
2 3
at  0,1

2) x  x y  y 3 2
at 1,1

3) x y  xy  6
2 2
at  2, 1
1)• . 
d
dx
xy 
2

dx
 
d 3 d
x  0
dx

dy
y  2 xy  3 x  0
2 2

dx
dy 3 x 2  y 2

dx 2 xy
dy 1
at  0,1  
dx 0
•.
dy
 m1  
dx
 the tan gent line is parallel to y  axis
and passes thro '  0,1  equation is x  0

1
m2   0 m1  m2  1

 the normal line is parallel to x  axis
and passes thro '  0,1  equation is y  1
•.
1)
d
dx
d 3
 
d 2
 x  x y  y
dx dx
  2) x  x 3 y  y 2

dy dy
1  3x y  x
2 3
 2y
dx dx

x  2y
3

dy
dx

  1  3x 2 y 
dy 1  3x y
2
 3
dx x  2y
dy
at 1,1 4
dx
•.
dy
 m1  4 1
dx m2   m1  m2  1
4
y  mx  c
1 5
at 1,1 1 4c  c  3 at 1,1 1  c c
4 4

1 5
 tan gent line y  4 x  3  normal line y   x 
4 4
•.

dx

d 2 2
 d
x y   xy    6 
dx
d
dx
2 dy dy
2 xy  2 x y  y  x
2
0
dx dx

2x y  x
2
 dy
dx
 y  2 xy 2

dy y  2 xy 2
 2
dx 2 x y  x
dy 1  4 1
at  2, 1  
dx 8  2 2
•.
dy 1
 m1   m2  2 m1  m2  1
dx 2
y  mx  c at  2, 1  1  4  c
at  2, 1 1  1 c c3
 c  2
 normal line y  2 x  3
1
 tangent line y   x  2
2

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