PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
• Equations may be given using another parameter t in the form
x f t and y f t
To find derivative, we differentiate each w.r.t. to t then use a chain
dy dy dt
d y d dy
2
dx dt dx
2 dx 2
dx dx
d y
To find second derivative
dx 2 d dy dt
We different w.r.t. x dt dx dx
Example 1
d2y 3t
• Find given that x e 2t
, y e
dx 2
2
xe 2t
ye 3t d y d dy
dx 2
dx dx
dx dy
2e 2t
3e 3t d dy dt
dt dt
dt dx dx
d 3 5t 1
dy dy dt e 2t
dt 2 2e
dx dt dx
15 7 t
3t 1 3 5t e
3e 2t e 4
2e 2
Example 2
d2y
• Find 2
given that x cos 2t , y sin 2t
dx
x cos 2t y sin 2t d 2 y d dy
dx dy dx 2
dx dx
2sin 2t 2 cos 2t d dy dt
dt dt
dt dx dx
d 1
dy dy dt cot 2t
dt 2 sin 2t
dx dt dx 1
2 cos ec 2t
2
1 2 cos 2t 2 sin 2t
2 cos 2t
2sin 2t 2sin 2t co sec3 2t
cot 2t
Example 3
d2y t t2
• Find given that x , y
dx 2
1 t 1 t
2
t t
x , y
1 t 1 t
dx dy 1
2
1 t 1 t 1 1 t 2t t
1 t 1 t
2 2
dt dt
1 t t 2t 2t 2 t 2
1 t 1 t
2 2
1 2t t 2
1 t 1 t
2 2
•.
dy dy dt
dx dt dx
1 t
2
2t t 2
2t t 2
1 t
2
1
d 2 y d dy dt
dx 2
dt dx dx
1 t
2
2t t
d 2
dt 1
2 2t 1 t 2 1 t
2 3
Exercise
d2y
• Find 2
given that
dx
1. x e 2t , y et
2. x t t 2 , y t t 2
Exercise
d2y 2 t
• Find 2
given that xe , ye t
dx
x e 2t , y et d 2 y d dy dt
dx dy dx 2
dt dx dx
2e 2t et
dt dt d 1 3t 1
e
dt 2 2e 2t
dy dy dt
3 3t 1
dx dt dx e
2 2e 2t
et 1 3t
2 t
e 3 5t
e
2e 2 4
Exercise
d2y
• Find 2
given that x t t 2
, y t t 2
dx
d 2 y d 1 2t dt
x t t2 , y t t2
dx 2
dt 1 2t dx
dx dy
1 2t 1 2t d 1 2t 1
dt dt
dt 1 2t 1 2t
dy dy dt
1 2t 2 1 2t 2 1
1 2t
2
1 2t
dx dt dx
1 2t 4
1 2t 1 2t
3
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
An implicit function in two variables x and y is one curve which
neither variable can be expressed in terms of the other.
To differentiate such an implicit function
dy
• Differentiate it term by term to for an equation in , x and y
dx
dy
• Make subject of the equation
dx
• NB: to differentiate a function in y w.r.t. x
• Use a chain d d dy
f y f y
dx dy dx
• Examples
1)
d 2
dx
y
d 2 dy
dy
y
dx
2y
dy
dx
2)
d
dx
3y
4 d
dy
3y
4 dy
dx
12 y 3 dy
dx
d d du dv
3) for xy we use product rule uv v u
dy dx dx dx
d d d
xy y x x y
dx dx dx
dy
yx
dx
Example 1
• Find dy given 2 x y 2 5
dx
dy
2 2y 0
d
dx
d 2
2 x y 5
dx
d
dx
dx
dy
2 y 2
dx
d 2
y
d 2 dy
dy
y
dx dx
dy 1
2y
dy
dx dx y
Example 2
• Find dy given x 2 y 3 y
dx
dy dy
2x 3y 2
dx
d 2
x
d 3
dx
d
y y
dx
dx dx
d 3
y
d 3 dy
y
1 3y
2 dy
dx
2x
dx dy dx
dy 2x
3y 2 dy
dx dx 1 3 y 2
Example 3 dy d2y
Use implicit differentiation to find and 2 given y 2 x 3 2
dx dx
. du dv
v u
d 2 d 3 d d u
x 2
dx dx
y
dx v
v2
dx dx dx dy
2 y 6 x 3 x 2
2
dy d 3x 2
2y 3x 2 dx
2 y
2
dx dx 2 y
dy 3 x 2 2
12 xy 6 x
2 3x
dx 2 y 2y
d y d 3x
2 2 2
4y
dx 2
dx 2 y 12 xy 2 9 x 4
4 y3
Exercise
• Use implicit differentiation to find dy given
dx
1) 5 x y x
2 3
2) x y y x 7
2 3
•. 1) 5 x y x
2 3
d
dx
d 2
dx
d 3
5x y x
dx
dy
5 2y 3x 2
dx
dy 5 3 x 2
dx 2y
.2) x 2 y y 3 7
d 2
dx
x y
dx
d 3 d
y 7
dx
dy 4 dy
2x x 2
3y 0
dx dx
x 3y
2 4 dy
dx
2 x
dy 2x
2
dx x 3 y 4
Examples
dy d2y
Use implicit differentiation to find and 2
given
dx dx
1. 5x y 2 x 3
2. x 2 y y 3 7
•.
1) 5 x y x
2 3
d
dx
d 2
dx
d 3
5x y x
dx
dy
5 2y 3x 2
dx
dy 5 3 x 2
dx 2y
•.
d 2 y d 5 3x 2
2
dx dx 2 y
2 y 6 x 5 3x 2 2 dy
dx
2 y
2
2
5 3 x
12 xy 5 3 x 2
2
2 y
2
2 y
2
12 xy 5 3 x
2 2
4 y3
.2) x 2 y y 3 7
d 2
dx
x y
d 3
dx
d
y 7
dx
dy 4 dy
2 xy x 3y
2
0
dx dx
x 3y
2 4 dy
dx
2 xy
dy 2 xy
2
dx x 3 y 4
•.
d2y d 2 xy
dx 2 dx x 2 3 y 4
dy dy
x 2
3 y 4 2 y 2 x 2 xy 2 x 12 y 5
dx dx
x
2
4
2
3y
2 y x 2 3 y 4 2 x
dy 2
dx
x 3 y 4 4 x 2 y 24 xy 4
dy
dx
3
x 2 3 y 4
dy
2 x 2 y 3 y 3 6 xy 4 4 x 2 y x 3 12 xy 4
dx
3
x 2 3 y 4
2 xy
2 3 y 3 6 xy 4 3 x 2 y x 3 12 xy 4 2
4
x 3 y
3
x 2 3 y 4
•.
2
d y 2
3
y 3
6 xy 4
3 x 2
y x 2
3 y 4
2 x 4
y 24 x y
2 3
4
dx 2 x 3y
2 4
2 3 x 2 y 3 6 x 3 y 4 3 x 4 y 9 y 7 18 xy 8 9 x 2 y 3 2 x 4 y 24 x 2 y 3
x
4
4
2
3y
2 6 x 3 y 4 9 y 7 18 xy 8 5 x 4 y 30 x 2 y 3
x
4
4
2
3y
Example 2 dy 2
Use implicit differentiation to find and y given x 2 x y y 2
d
dx dx 2
.
dy 2 x y
d 2
d
x xy
d 2
y
dx dx dx dx 2 y x
dy dy
2x y x 2y
d y d 2x y
2
dx dx
dy
2 y x 2x y dx 2
dx 2 y x
dx
.
dy dy
d 2x y
2 y x 2 2 x y 2 1
2x y
dx dx 5 y 5x
dx 2 y x
2
2 y x 2 y x
2
dy dy 2 y x
2 2 y x 2 y x 2 2x y 2x y
dx dx 5 y 2 y x 5 x 2 x y
2 y x
2
2 y x
3
dy
2 2 y x 2 x y 2 y x 2 2 x y 10 y 2 xy x 2
dx
2 y x 2 y x
2 3
dy
5 y 5x
dx
2 y x
2
Equations of Tangents and Normals
• Find equation of tangent and normal line to the curve y x 2 xy 0
2 3
at 0,1
dx
d 2
y
d 3
dx
d
dx
d
x 2 xy 0
dx
product rule
dy dy
2 y 3x 2 y 2 x
2
0
dx dx
dy
2 y 2 x 3 x 2
2y
dx
dy 3 x 2 2 y
dx 2 y 2 x
dy
at 0,1 m1 1
dx
•
dy
m1 1
dx
y mx c
at 0,1 1 0c c 1
tan gent line y x 1
m2 1 m1 m2 1
at 0,1 1 0c c 1
normal line y x 1
Exercise
• Find equation of tangent and normal line to the curve at given point
1) xy x 0
2 3
at 0,1
2) x x y y 3 2
at 1,1
3) x y xy 6
2 2
at 2, 1
1)• .
d
dx
xy
2
dx
d 3 d
x 0
dx
dy
y 2 xy 3 x 0
2 2
dx
dy 3 x 2 y 2
dx 2 xy
dy 1
at 0,1
dx 0
•.
dy
m1
dx
the tan gent line is parallel to y axis
and passes thro ' 0,1 equation is x 0
1
m2 0 m1 m2 1
the normal line is parallel to x axis
and passes thro ' 0,1 equation is y 1
•.
1)
d
dx
d 3
d 2
x x y y
dx dx
2) x x 3 y y 2
dy dy
1 3x y x
2 3
2y
dx dx
x 2y
3
dy
dx
1 3x 2 y
dy 1 3x y
2
3
dx x 2y
dy
at 1,1 4
dx
•.
dy
m1 4 1
dx m2 m1 m2 1
4
y mx c
1 5
at 1,1 1 4c c 3 at 1,1 1 c c
4 4
1 5
tan gent line y 4 x 3 normal line y x
4 4
•.
dx
d 2 2
d
x y xy 6
dx
d
dx
2 dy dy
2 xy 2 x y y x
2
0
dx dx
2x y x
2
dy
dx
y 2 xy 2
dy y 2 xy 2
2
dx 2 x y x
dy 1 4 1
at 2, 1
dx 8 2 2
•.
dy 1
m1 m2 2 m1 m2 1
dx 2
y mx c at 2, 1 1 4 c
at 2, 1 1 1 c c3
c 2
normal line y 2 x 3
1
tangent line y x 2
2