Chapter 2: Analytic Geometry: Line Segments and Circles

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MPM 2D1 – Gr. 10 Academic Mathematics

Chapter 2: Analytic Geometry: Line Segments and Circles

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Total Questions to problems Parents
Day Section Examples Assigned Work Start Time Finish Time Time ask in class with … Initials
DAY 1: p.78 # 2*,3,4ae,5,6,9-
11
1-2 2.1 Midpoint of a Line Segment
DAY 2: p. 78 #7,12,13ac,14-
15,17

3 2.2 Length of a Line Segment p.86 #(1-2)*,3,5acf,

6,7,10,13-15

4 2.2 Distance from a Point to a Line p. 86 # 12 + Handout

5 2.3 Equation of a Circle p.91 #1,2ce,3bc,4-6,7i,

10-15, 16
2.4 Classifying Figures on a
6 p.102 #3-5,6d,8,9a,10,
Coordinate Grid
13-14,16c,17,18

2.5 Verifying Properties of

7 p.109 #1-3,8-10,12,13
Geometric Figures

p.110 #(4,5,11,14,15) using

2.6 Exploring Properties of
8 GSP
Geometric Figures
p.113 #1, 2(using GSP), 3a
2.7 Using Coordinates to
9 p. 120 #1-7, 9-12, 14,16, 17
Solve Problems
2.7 Using Coordinates to
10
Solve Problems
p. 124 # 1-25
Chapter Review
p. 126 # 1-8

Chapter Test

Total Number of Hours Spent on Homework:

Number of Days in Unit:

Avg. Time Spent Per Night:

Quiz #1 Mark: Unit Test Mark:

Student's Comments:

Teacher’s Comments:

Parent's Comments:
2.1 Midpoint of a Line Segment

Users of cell phones have complained that service in a certain area is poor. The phone company
decides to build a tower halfway between two existing towers.

1.a) The coordinates of two telephone towers have been given. Graph the points and
find coordinates of a new tower halfway between the given towers.

Tower 1 Tower 2 New Tower

(0,0) (0,10)
(2,4) (8,4)
(8,2) (10,2)

b) Study the points. How do the y-coordinates of the

new tower relate to those of Tower 1 and Tower 2?

c) Study the points. How do the x coordinates of the

new tower relate to those of Tower 1 and Tower 2?

d) Without graphing, what would be the new tower between (14, 11) and (38, 11). Explain.

Lets Generalize

Describe a way to find the half-way point, called the midpoint between the points
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given by:

MPM2D 2-1
Knowledge:

1. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment formed by points (5, 1) and
(-12, -3).

2. Line segment EF has an endpoint at E (10,2) . Its midpoint is located at M (8,5) . Determine
the coordinates of endpoint F.

MPM2D 2-2
 2.1 Finding Equations of Medians
A
 median:

B C
Example:
Find the equation of the median line from vertex A in triangle ABC,
if the coordinates of the vertices are A(-1, -1), B(8, 3) and C(4, 7).
10
Solution:
a) Sketch triangle ABC, and the median AM. 8
6
b) The point M is the midpoint of side BC.
Find the coordinates of M. 4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
To write the equation of a line we need the slope of the line and
the coordinates of one point that lies on the line.

c) To find the slope of AM, use the coordinates for A and M.

d) To find the y-intercept, substitute the coordinates of a know point (A or M), and the slope into
the equation y = mx + b.

e) The equation of the median line is ___________________________.

In Summary,

MPM2D 2-3
 2.1 Finding Equations of Perpendicular Bisectors
Definition of a Perpendicular Bisector:

 It is a line that is perpendicular to a line segment and passes through a midpoint of the line
segment

 The perpendicular bisector divides the line segment into 2 equal parts

Perpendicular Bisectors in Relation to a Triangle:

 The three perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle intersect at a point called the
CIRCUMCENTRE.

 The circumcentre is the centre of a circle that passes through the vertices of the
triangle

MPM2D 2-4
Examples:
1. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining
the points P(-3,8) and Q(5,-2).

NOTE: When asked to find the equation of something, express the equation in the
slope-intercept form, y = mx + b.

Steps Work
Step 1:

Find the slope of the

line segment PQ.

Step 2:

Use the slope found in

step 1 to find the
slope of the
perpendicular bisector
(m bisector)
Step 3:

Find the midpoint of

PQ (MPQ)

Step 4:

Use the m bisector

and the MPQ to find
the
y-intercept of the
equation of the
perpendicular
bisector.
Step 5:

Write the equation

(y = mx + b) of the
perpendicular
bisector.

MPM2D 2-5
Example:
Draw line AB where A (1, 1) and B (5, 3). Draw a line through AB that meets it at a right angle and
bisects it in two equal parts. This is the perpendicular bisector of AB.

a) How are the slopes of line AB and its perpendicular bisector related?

b) State the slope of line AB.

c) State the slope of the perpendicular bisector.

d) How would you find the coordinates of the point where the perpendicular bisector crosses the
line AB?

e) State the midpoint of line AB.

We can use the slope of the perpendicular bisector and midpoint to determine the equation of the
perpendicular bisector. Substitute the values into the equation of the line and solve for b.
5

1 2 3 4 5

In summary:

MPM2D 2-6
Examples:

1. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining A(-1, 4) and B(3, -2).

2. A waste management company is planning to build a landfill in a rural area. To balance the impact
on the two closest towns, the company wants the landfill to be the same distance from each
town. On a coordinate map of the area, the towns are at A(1, 8) and B(5, 2). Describe all the
possible locations for the landfill.

MPM2D 2-7
 3. Triangle RST has vertices R(-2, 9), S(-5, -3) and T(8, 4).

a) Draw a sketch of the triangle.

b) Draw the perpendicular bisector of RS.

c) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of RS.

MPM2D 2-8
Answer the following questions using good mathematical form, giving clear reasons for
the steps taken to reach the solutions. Refer to the examples done in class.

Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of:

a) the line segment joining A(3, 6) and B(-1, 2)

b) the line segment joining Q(-3, 1) and R(3, -1)

c) the line segment joining E(3, 4) and F(1, -4)

d) the line segment joining S(2, 6) and T(4, -2)

e) the line segment joining G(-5, 12) and H(3, -7)

f) the line segment joining X(-8, -3) and Y(2, 14)

g) the line segment joining R(-7, -4) and S(-2, -15)

MPM2D 2-9
2.2 Length of a Line Segment

Recap: The length of a line connecting two points can be found using the formula:

1. A triangle has vertices A(-1, -1), B(2, 0) and C(1, 3). Without drawing the triangle,
classify it by considering side lengths and slopes.

2. Calculate the distance between the point A(6, 5) and the line 2x – y + 3 = 0.

MPM2D 2-10
2.2 Distance from a Point to a Line

The U.S. Navy has ordered oceanic explorer Graham Hawkes to search for the remains of Flight 19
which sank within the Bermuda Triangle on December 5, 1945.

10
To determine the dive location, the coast guard
has identified the vertices of the Bermuda
Triangle:
5
Miami = A (-1, 0)
Bermuda = B (5, 2)
Puerto Rico = C (5, -5)

Label these coordinates on the graph found on

-10 10

the left. Join these points to form

triangle ABC.
-5

The equation of the line from Miami to Puerto

5 5
-10
Rico is y   x .
6 6

1.a) Mr. Hawkes is ordered to begin at Bermuda and swim to the other side of the Bermuda
triangle at a 90  angle. Find the equation of the line that Mr. Hawkes must follow.

MPM2D 2-11
b) Find the exact point where his swim will end to the nearest tenth.

c) What is the distance of Mr. Hawkes’ swim?

The shortest distance from a point to a line is the

__________________________________ line formed between the point and the line.

MPM2D 2-12
Example: Find the shortest distance from the point P (-1, 3) to the line x  y  5  0 .

x  y 5  0

1) Find the equation of PR.

2) Find the coordinates of R by solving for the POI between the 2 lines.

3) Use the distance formula to find the shortest distance between P and R rounded to the nearest
tenth.

MPM2D 2-13
2.2 Distance from a Point to a Line

Examples:
1. Determine the (shortest) distance from the origin to the line 3x – 4y – 20 = 0

Step 1:
Graph the line and the point.

Identify the mline

Create a line segment from the

point perpendicular to the line.
Step 2:
Find the mline segment

(Hint: lines have negative

reciprocal slopes)
Step 3:
Determine the equation of
the line segment using the
“m” found in step 2 and the
point given in the question.

Step 4: Equation of line: __________________

Determine the POI between Equation of the line segment: __________________
the line and line segment
using the method of
substitution or elimination.

Step 5: POI: _________

Use the distance formula to Point: _________
find the distance between
the POI found in step 4 and
the point given in the
question.

Therefore, the distance from ___________ to _____________________ is _______.

MPM2D 2-14
2. Determine the (shortest) distance from the point (4, 2) to the line 3x + y = -2

Step 1:
Graph the line and the point.

Identify the mline

Create a line segment from the

point perpendicular to the line.

Step 2:
Find the mline segment

(Hint: lines have negative

reciprocal slopes)

Step 3:
Determine the equation of
the line segment using the
“m” found in step 2 and the
point given in the question.

Step 4: Equation of line: __________________

Determine the POI between Equation of the line segment: __________________
the line and line segment
using the method of
substitution or elimination.

Step 5: POI: _________

Use the distance formula to Point: _________
find the distance between
the POI found in step 4 and
the point given in the
question.

Therefore, the distance from ________ to _____________________ is ________.

MPM2D 2-15
2.3 Equation of a Circle

Proof of Equation of a Circle:

1 1 
Recall: 2 2 
3 3 

In general:
 x2


Draw a general circle with radius r, point P( x 2 , y 2 ) and the origin.

r=

MPM2D 2-16
Consider x2  y 2  9 by completing the following table of values.

x y
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1

Complete the following table.

equation radius x-intercepts y-intercepts

x2  y2  16

(7, 0) and (-7, 0)

(0, 10) and (0, -

10)

Note: The equation of a circle with center (0, 0) and radius “r” is

MPM2D 2-17
Knowledge:

1. Determine the equation of a circle having a diameter of 7 cm.

2. Given a circle with center (0, 0) and passing through (6, -9), determine if the point (6, 4) lies
on, in, or outside the circle.

3. A circle has center (0, 0) and passes through the point (8, -6).
a) Find the equation of the circle.
b) What are the coordinates of the other end of the diameter that passes through (8, -6)?

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

MPM2D 2-18
Applications:

4. A stone is dropped into a pond and sends out a circular ripple whose radius increases by 5
cm/s. Find the equation of the circle 12 s after the stone is dropped.

5. A line segment has endpoints A(6, -7) and B(2, 9). Determine the equation of the
perpendicular bisector of AB. Explain how you can tell, from its equation, that the
perpendicular bisector goes through the centre of the circle.

MPM2D 2-19
2.4 Classifying Figures on a Coordinate Grid

If you know the coordinates of the vertices of a quadrilateral, you can determine the length and
slopes of the sides and use the information to classify the shape.

Recall:

Slope: Distance:

Parallel Lines: Perpendicular Lines:

- parallel lines have the _______ slope - perpendicular lines have __________ slopes

Classifying Quadrilaterals:

Quadrilateral: Diagram: Properties: Required Calculation:

Parallelogram

Rhombus

Rectangle

Square

MPM2D 2-20
Example: Given E(-5, -4), F(-5, 1), G(7, 4) and H(7, -1) are the vertices of a quadrilateral,
determine what type of quadrilateral is formed.

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

Example: Classify the quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(-2, 3), B(-2, -2), C(2, 1)
and D(2, 6).

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

MPM2D 2-21
If you know the coordinates of the vertices of a triangle, you can determine the
lengths and slopes of the sides and use the information to classify the shape.

Classifying Triangles:

Triangle: Diagram: Properties: Required Calculation:

Equilateral

Isosceles

Scalene

Right Angle

Example: A triangle has vertices L ( -7, 0 ), M ( 2, 1 ) and N ( -3, 5 ). Show that triangle LMN is
an isosceles triangle with a right angle.

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

MPM2D 2-22
MPM2D 2-23
MPM2D 2-24
2.5 Verifying Properties of Geometric Figures

If geometric figures are places on a coordinate plane and the coordinates of the vertices are
known, then it is possible to verify many of the properties of the figures using the properties of
lines and line segments.

Example 1: Show that the midsegments of the

quadrilateral with vertices P (-2,-2), Q (0,4), R(6,3), S(8,-1)
form a parallelogram.

The MIDSEGMENT of a quadrilateral is:

MPM2D 2-25
Example 2: A triangle has vertices D(-5,4), E(1,8) and F(-1,-2).
Show that the altitude from vertex D bisects EF.

The ALTITUDE of a triangle is:

A line BISECTS another line if:

MPM2D 2-26
Example 3: A(10, 5) and B(2, -11) lie on the circle with equation x 2  y 2  125 . Show that the
perpendicular bisector of chord AB passes through the centre of the circle.

MPM2D 2-27
2.5 Verifying Properties of Geometric Figures

Definitions:
bisector
Bisect: To divide an angle or line into two equal parts.

Altitude: For a polygon, an altitude is the line segment EG is the altitude of

drawn from one vertex perpendicular to an opposite side. ∆DEF. (*Midpoint does
not matter.*)
D F
G

Perpendicular Bisector: A line drawn perpendicular to a line segment and

dividing it into two equal parts.

Median: A line joining a vertex of a triangle to

the midpoint of the opposite side.

MPM2D 2-28
Midpoint: The midpoint M of a line segment joining the points x1 , y1  and x2 , y2  is:
 x  x y  y2 
M  1 2, 1 
 2 2 

Distance: The distance d between the points x1 , y1  and x2 , y2  is given by:

d x 2  x1 2  y2  y1 2

rise y y 2  y1
Slope: m  
run x x 2  x1

1
Parallel Lines: m1  m2 Perpendicular Lines: m1 
m2

Equation of a Line: y = mx + b

Point of Intersection: y1 = mx + b  y2 = mx + b 
Solve the linear system by Substitution.

MPM2D 2-29
2.6 Exploring Properties of Geometric Figures

Some properties of two-dimensional figures are determined by the intersection of lines.

Properties Determined
Figure by the Intersection of Diagram
Lines or Line Segments

All the medians intersect

at the same point, called
the “centroid”.

Triangle
(in an equilateral triangle, All the perpendicular
the medians, bisectors intersect at the
perpendicular bisectors, same point, called the
and altitudes intersect at “circumcentre”. The three
the same point) vertices of the triangle are
the same distance from
this point.

All the altitudes intersect

at the same point, called
the “orthocentre”.

When two chords

Circle intersect, the products of
their segments are equal.

MPM2D 2-30
Typical Questions:

1. ABC has vertices A(5, 1), B(-2, 0), and C(4,8). Determine the coordinates of the point that
is the same distance from each vertex.

2. AB and CD have endpoints at A(2, 9) , B(7, -6), C(7, 6), and D(2, -9), and they intersect at
E(5, 0). Use the products of the lengths of line segments to show that AB and CD are chords in
the same circle.

MPM2D 2-31
2.7 Using Coordinates to Solve Problems

Centres of Triangles: The Centroid A

Recall: A median is a line that joins the vertex of a triangle to the

midpoint of the opposite side.

How many medians are there in a triangle? ______

C
Draw the medians in the triangle.

Definition: The point where the three medians of a triangle

intersect is called the CENTROID.

Label the centroid in the diagram above. B

News Flash

Gandalf has just informed Frodo that the ring has been found! It can be located at
the centroid of Hobbiton, Isengard and Moria. These places form a triangle (surprise,
surprise) with vertices A = (-1, 4), B = (-1, -2) and C = (5, 1). Unfortunately,
Frodo’s math skills aren’t as precise as he would like them to be. Can you help him
find the ring?

Graphical Solution:

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

MPM2D 2-32
Algebraic Solution:

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

MPM2D 2-33
 Centres of Triangles: The Circumcentre
A

Definition: A perpendicular bisector is a line that cuts another line

in half and intersects it at 90º.

How many perpendicular bisectors are there

in a triangle? ______ C
Draw the perpendicular bisectors in the triangle.

Definition: The point where the three perpendicular bisectors of a triangle intersect B
is called the CIRCUMCENTRE.

Label the circumcentre in the diagram above.

CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

Catherine Willows has just entered a crime scene where she is introduced to the eye witness. The
witness explains that she was right in the middle of all the commotion
when the crime occurred. To get a better idea of what the witness saw,
Catherine Willows wishes to position herself in the exact location of the witness
when the crime occurred in order to get a better feel for what really happened. If
the victim was found at A (-1, 4), the weapon found at B (-1, -2) and the other
victim found at C (5, 1), what was the location of the witness?

Graphical Solution:

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

MPM2D 2-34
Algebraic Solution:

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

MPM2D 2-35
 Centres of Triangles: The Orthocentre

Recall: The altitude of a triangle is a line from a vertex that meets the opposite side at 90º.

How many altitudes does a triangle have? _______

Draw the altitudes in the triangle.

Definition: The point where the three altitudes of a triangle intersect is called the
ORTHOCENTRE.

Label the orthocentre in the diagram above.

Find the Gold!

Jack Sparrow and Will Turner have come across a map which identifies the location of hidden
treasure found on the beach of Isla de Muerta. Find the exact location of this treasure if it is found
5 metres under the orthocentre of ABC where A = (-2, 2), B = (4, 0) and C = (-2, -3).

Graphical Solution:

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

MPM2D 2-36
Algebraic Solution:

10
8
6
4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

MPM2D 2-37
Using Coordinates to Solve Problems
Applications:

1a) Beibou is designing a parking lot. A tall mast light will illuminate the three entrances, which
will be located at points A(-8, 14), B(-4, 8), and C(18, 10). Beibou needs to position the
lamp so that it illuminates each entrance equally.

MPM2D 2-38
b) The closest power line to the parking lot above runs along a straight line that contains
points (0, 4) and (12, 10). At what point on the power line should the cable from the lamp
be connected? If each unit represents 1 m, how much cable will be needed to reach the
power line?

MPM2D 2-39
2.7 Using Coordinates to Solve Problems

Recall:

Median:

1. Calculate the Midpoint of BC.

2. Connect the Vertex to the Opposite Midpoint.

Perpendicular Bisector:

1. Calculate the midpoint of AB.

2. Calculate the slope of AB.

3. Find the Perpendicular Slope

(negative reciprocal)

4. Use the perpendicular slope and join from the midpoint to the vertex.

Altitude: (Vertex to opposite side is perpendicular)

1. Calculate the slope of the line segment

opposite to the vertex (BC)

2. Find the Perpendicular Slope (negative reciprocal)

3. Use the Perpendicular Slope and join to the vertex.

MPM2D 2-40
 2.10 Using the Point of Intersection to Solve Problems

Recall:

Median:

1. Calculate the Midpoint of BC.

2. Connect the Vertex to the Opposite Midpoint.

Perpendicular Bisector:

1. Calculate the midpoint of AB.

2. Calculate the slope of AB.

3. Find the Perpendicular Slope and

join from the midpoint to the vertex.

Altitude: (Vertex to opposite side is perpendicular)

4. Calculate the slope of the line segment

opposite to the vertex (BC)

5. Find the Perpendicular Slope (negative reciprocal)

6.
7. Use the Perpendicular Slope and join to the vertex.

MPM2D 2-41
 2.11 Verifying Geometric Properties

Definitions:
bisector
Bisect: To divide an angle or line into two equal parts.

EG is the altitude of
DEF. (midpoint does
Altitude: For a polygon, an altitude is the line segment not matter)
drawn from one vertex perpendicular to an opposite side. D F
G

Perpendicular Bisector: A line drawn

perpendicular to a line segment and
dividing it into two equal parts.

Median: A line joining a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint

of the opposite side.

MPM2D 2-42
Midpoint: The point of a line segment that divides it into two equal parts.

Distance: The length of a path joining two points.

Slope:

Parallel Lines: m1 = m2 Perpendicular Lines: m1 = - 1

m2

Equation of a Line: y = mx + b

Point of Intersection: y1 = mx + b (1) y2 = mx + b (2)

Solve by Substitution.

MPM2D 2-43
 Length of a Line Slope Formula Equation to Perpendicular Bisector Distance from point to a line

d= m= Steps: Steps:
1) 1

2) 2)

3) 3)
Equation of Circle Midpoint
M=

Properties of Quadrilaterals Formulas

Applications Median and Altitude

Steps: Analytic Geometry of Triangles

1)
Steps:
1)

2)
Circumcenter of Triangle Centroid of Triangle Orthocenter of Triangle

Steps: (need Perpendicular Steps: (need median line) Steps: (need altitude line) 2)
Bisector) 1) 1)
3)
1)
2) 2)
2) 3)
3)
3) 3)
4)
4)
4)
5)
5)
5)
6) 6)

MPM2D 2-44
 Length of a Line Slope Formula Equation to Perpendicular Bisector Distance from point to a line

( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2 y2  y1 Steps: Steps:
d=
x  x1
m= 2 1) Find slope of intersecting line and 1) Find equation to perpendicular
change to negative reciprocal for line (use perp. Slope and point
line of P.B given)
Equation of Circle Midpoint
2) Find midpoint of line the P.B is 2) Find POI of two lines through
intersecting substitution/elimination
x2  y2  r 2  x1  x y1  y 
M   ,  3) Use midpoint and slope to find P.B 3) Use distance formula to find
 2 2  line using y=mx +b distance from POI and point given

Formulas Median and Altitude

of Triangles
Applications
Properties of Quadrilaterals

Analytic Geometry Steps:

Steps: 1) Find midpoint of
1) Find slopes of lines to line that median line
quadrilateral Circumcenter of Triangle Centroid of Triangle Orthocenter of Triangle is intersecting

2) Find length of lines to Steps: (need Perpendicular Steps: (need median line) Steps: (need altitude line) 2) Find slope of
quadrilaterals Bisector) median line by using
1) Find midpoint of line 1) Find slope of line vertex and midpoint
3) Compare slopes of each side 1) Find midpoint of line 2) Find slope of median line by 2) Change to N.R slope
and state the type of quadrilateral 2) Find slope of line using midpoint from #1 and vertex 3) Use vertex to find b 3) Find equation of
3) Find negative reciprocal of slope 3) Use slope and midpoint/vertex 4) Make equation of line for median by using
4) Use N.R slope and midpoint to to find equation of median line altitude slope and either
find equation perpendicular 4) Repeat steps 1-3 to find 5) Repeat steps 1-4 to find 2nd endpoint of median
bisector line. another median line equation altitude line line
5) Repeat steps 1-4 to find 5) Use substitution/elimination to 6) Use substitution/elimination to
another P.B line solve for Centroid (POI) solve for orthocenter (POI)
6) Use substitution/elimination to
solve for Circumcenter (POI)

MPM2D 2-45