Components and Nomenclature of a S.I. Engine : Of a single cylinder S. I. engine with overhead valves is shown in jor components of the engine and their functions are briefly described a Inlet valve(V). Spark plug Exhaust valve (EV) es tranttés \ | Jee manifold A ZN! IVEE= Products of Combustion Fig. 1.2 : Cross Section of a S. |. Engine Cylinder : As the name implies it is a cylindrical vessel. In this vessel the piston makes reciprocating motion. The varying volume created in the cylinder during the engine operation is filled with the working fluid. This fluid is subjected to different thermodynamic processes. The cylinder is supported in the cylinder block. It is made of hard grade C. I. and usually cast in one piece. Cylinder block and cylinder head : Cylinder block is the main supporting structure for the various components. The cylinder of a multicylinder engine are cast as a single unit. It is called a cylinder block. Cylinder head : It is mounted on the cylinder block. The end of the cylinder is losed by means of a removable cylinder head. This head usually contains the inlet admission valve and exhaust valve. In the case of water-cooled engine, the cylinder and cylinder block are provided with water jackets or with cooling fins in the case lof air cooling. Gasket is incorporated between the cylinder head and cylinder block.5. 6. 7. 8. B Number of bolts or studs are used to held cylinder head tight to the © The bottom portion of the cylinder block is called erank ease, The crank °° |, side 0! for labricating oil. The crankcase cover is fixed on the crankcase at the crankcase. /-\4. Piston rings To provide good seating fit between the P lt yin 9 Same e bolton the © The main purpose of the cylinder head is to seal the working ends © The cylinder head is usually made of C. I. or Aluminium alloy. ~ the movin 36 Piston : It is a eylindrical component. Its fited into the cylinder: 1 FO"P™ pence Ml ~~ boundary of the combustion chamber. It fits perfectly into the ty ae __[provides a gas tight space with piston rings and lubricant. It want er th ~7/ to the output shaft via connecting rod. It must (i) give gas tight eS a as ski bore (ii) side freely (iii) be light and (iv) be strong. The Bede of C-L0F be strong enough to stand up to this side thrust. Pistons are alloy for lightness. ston a aye equipped with piston rings. They are made of C. ssticity which is not affected by the working heat Some a ee Steel. They are split at one end. Hence, they can be expan oT end of the piston and into ring grooves cut in the piston The rings fit tt Foul the cylinder wall and against the sides of the ring grooves in the pistons. Fot cycle engines have an extra ring called the oil rings ‘Combustion Chamber : The space enclosed in the upper part of the cylinder the cylinder head and the piston top during the combustion process 1S kno combustion chamber, In this part of the cylinder, the combustion of fuel takes pI Hence the thermal energy is taking place resulting in the building up of p Inlet Manifold : The pipe which connects the intake system to the inlet V called the inlet manifold. The mixture of air-fuel or air is drawn into the ¢ through it. Exhaust Manifold : The pipe which connects the exhaust system to the valve of the engine is exhaust manifold. The products of combustion escal the atmosphere, Inlet and exhaust valves : Valves are of mushroom shaped puppet val They are provided either on the cylinder head or on the side of the cylit regulating the inlet or discharge. They are made from special alloy steel. Spark Plug : It is used in S. I. Engine only. It is usually located on the‘small end and the big end. Small end is connected to the piston by gudgeon while the big end is connected to the crankshaft by crank pin. The connecting ls are made of Nickle, chrome, and Chrome vanadium steels. For small engines material may be aluminum. inkshaft Plt converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into useful rotary i output shaft. For a single cylinder engine there are a pair of crank arms id balance weights. Used for static and dynamic balancing of the rotating system. tt enclosed in a crankcase. am shaft : The cam shaft and its associated parts control the opening and closing the two valves. The associated parts are push rods, rocker arms, valve springs id tappets. This shaft also provides the drive to the ignition system. It is driven the crank shaft through timing gears. ‘ams : They are made as integral parts of the cam shaft. They will open the valve the correct timings. They also keep them open for the necessary duration lywheel he net torque produced by the crankshaft during one complete cycle jon fluctuates. This will change angular velocity of the shaft. For achieving uniform torque flywheel is used. udgeo! Pin or wrist pin or piston pin : It is the pin through the piston bosses and the small end of the piston is connected to the piston via this pin. It is a press- jt. Because of it the connecting rod swivel. ingine Bearing : The crankshaft is supported by the bearing. The big end of the onnecting rod is connected with crank-shaft by bearing. The piston pin rides in the fearing will reduce the friction and allow the parts to moves easily. It is ited with oil. It is a device to regulate automatically the fluctuations of engine speed ges of load.ar * Working of Two Stroke and Four Stroke Cycles S.I and C.l Engines (I.C.. Engines) : — 1, Working of four stroke cycle spark Ingition (S.I.) Engine : Fig. 1.3 shows four stroke cycle. Spark igniter enginion with P ~ V diagram in ig. 14. 3 Injector (For C.!) or S park Plug (For S.I.) ea OV) NN Jf ) SN = S S coy ey os es (a) Intake (b) Compression (c) Ecpansion (8) Exhaust [Note : Fuel pump and injector are used in C. I. engine in place of spark plug] Fig. 1.3 : Four Stroke Spark Ignition or (Four stroke compression ignition engine Ct.) al Engl / 2016/34s high as possible. rking of four stroke cycle compression ignition (C.I.) engine : igine is similar to the four stroke cycle S. 1. Engine. But C.1. engine operates gher compression ratio. The compression ratio is 16 to 20 in place of 6 to engine. In C. I. Engine, during suction stroke only air is taken in place © of fuel and air as in S. I. engine. Due to high compression ratio, the at the end of compression is very high. This will help to self ignite the Ch is injected in the combustion chamber with the help of injector. ‘engines a high pressure fuel pump and an injector are provided to inject the combustion chamber which is not required in S. I. engine. n system is necessary which is nS. I. Engine the carburatter and ign d in C. I. engine. ur strokes are similar to S. I. engine as shown in fig. 1.3. The P-V diagram Q, (Heat Supplied) Q, (Heat Rejected) Fig, 1.5 : P-V diagram for four stroke C. |. oer ‘The sequence of operations is as under : Suction stroke (0 - 1) : Air is introduced during suction stroke, The suction valve is open during this stroke and exhaust valve is closed. ‘Compression stroke (1 ~ 2) : Airis taken in during suction stroke. It is compressed during this stroke. Both suction and discharge valves are closed (See fig. 1.3). The ‘of the air is increased upto 20 to 35 bar. The temperature is also increases pressure upto 700 to 900°C.