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Lec#10 Functional Analysis
> Linear operator(Results) :
> Kernel or null space of a linear operator
> Norm of a Bounded linear operator(Examples)
> Linear functional Linear operator(Results)
Theorem1: Product of two linear operators i
operators then 7,7, is also linear operator.
linear operator. i.e. If T, and T, are linear
Theorem2:Let T: X > Y be a surjective linear operator. Then
1) T7? exists if and only if Tx = 0 implies x = 0
2) If T7? exists, it is linear operator.
3) IfTis bijective and dimX = 7 then Y also has dimension n.
Theorem: Linear operators map linearly dependent sets in X to linearly dependent sets. Kernel or null space of a Linear operator
Definition: Let T: X > Y be a linear operator. Then the set of those elements of X which
are mapped onto the zero element of Y is a subspace of X called the kernel or null space
of T and is denoted by Ker(T) or N(T). i.e.
Ker(T) = {x € X:T(x) = 0}
Example: Let T: R? > R? be a linear operator defined by T(x, y) = (y,x) then Ker(T) is
given by; Ker(T) = {(x,y) € R?: T(x, y) = (0,0)}
Ker(T) = {(x,y) € R*: (y,x) = (0,0)}
Ker(T) = {(0,0)}
Similarly; Let T: R? > R? bea linear operator defined by T(x, y) = (x,0) then Ker(T) is
given by; Ker(T) = {(x,y) € R*: T(x, y) = (0,0)}
Ker(T) = {(x,y) € R?: (x,0) = (0,0)} = ((0,y) € R?}
So the Ker(T. - axi Kernel of a Linear operator(Examples)
Q: Let T: R? > R* be a linear operator defined by T(x, y) = (rx, ry); r # 0 then Ker(T)
A) Origin B) X-axis C) Y-axis D) R?
Q: Let T: R? > R? bea linear operator defined by T(x, y) = (rx, ry); r = 0 then Ker(T)
A) Origin B) X-axis C) Y-axis D) R?
Q: Let T: R? > R be a linear operator defined by T(x) = ¥- d then Ker(T) is
A) Origin 8) line through origin _C) plane through origin D) R? Some important results
Theorem1: Let T be a linear operator then
a) The range R(T) is a vector space.
b) IfdimD(T) =n < ©, then dimR(T) Y bea linear operator. then
a) Tis continuous on X if and only if T is bounded.
b) Tis continuous if and only if it is continuous at 0 € X.
c)_ If Tis continuous on X then ker(T) is closed in X.
d) If Tis continuous at a single point, it is continuous. Norm of a Bounded linear operator
Definition: Let T: X > Y be a bounded linear operator. Then the norm of T is defined as
Ie
Th = Si
Wr = sup Te
oa
Two other relations for a bounded linear operator T are:
ITI = Sup IIT@)Il and IIT Il = Sup ||7@)II
tbxli=1 iixils
Definition: A linear operator T': X > Y is said to be bounded if and only if |IT'| is finite. Norm of a Bounded linear operator(Example)
1) Identity operator: The identity operator I: X > X is defined by I(x) = x for all x € X.
LES ESI
Identity operator is bounded, III| = Sup 4" = Sup jay = Sup 1 = 1
tel ~ eb Ire ~ 3b
= xex ‘xEX
2) Zero operator: The zero operator 0: X ~ Y is defined by 0) = Oforallx eX.
HoGeyil _ oll _
Zero operator is bounded, lIol] = Sup "ST" = Supp = Suzy = 0
wx xex xex
3) Every linear operator on a finite dimensional normed space is bounded.
4) Product of two bounded linear operators is a bounded linear operator. i.e. IFT; and T>
are bounded linear operators then TT; is also bounded linear operator. Norm of a Bounded linear operator(Example)
5) Differentiation: Let X be the vector space of all polynomials on [a,b] then the operator
T:X > X defined by T(x(t)) = x'(t) for all x(t) € X is a linear operator. But it is not
bounded. Let x(t) = t",n € Nand t € [0,1].
Ilx(t)ll = max|x(.)| = maxle"|, t€ [0,1]
Iix@ll=1
T(x(t)) = x'(t) =nt™1
IT (x(t))II = max|T(x(t))| = max|nt"™|, te [0,1]
IIx@Il = 1
Ir~e@yI
Ilell
Since n € N is arbitrary. This shows that there is no fixed point c such that “7&0 < ¢ 59
xl
T is not bounded. Norm of a Bounded linear operator(Example)
6) Integration: The operator T: C[a, b] > C[a, b] defined by T(x(t)) = f if x(t)dt for all
x(t) € C[a, b] isa linear operator. This operator is also bounded operator.
7) Matrices: A real matrix A = [aj)] with r-rows and n-columns defines an operator
T:R" > RY by means of
y=Ax
Where x = (x;) has n-components and y = (yj) has r-components. Then this operator
will be a linear operator. This operator is bounded. Linear functionals
Definition: A mapping from a normed space X into a field F (R or C) is called a functional.
Definition: Let X be a normed spaces. A function f: X — F is said to be a linear functional
iffor anya € F andx,y EX
fe+y) = FG) +O)
F(ax) = af (x)
Alternatively: Let X be a normed spaces. A function f: X — Y is said to be a linear
functional if for any a,b € F and x,y € X
Ff (ax + by) = af (x) + bf(y) Linear functionals(Examples)
1) Norm: A function f: X > R defined by f(x) = ||x|| is a functional on X which is not
linear. So a norm on X is also a functional.
2) Dot product : The function f:R? > R defined by f(x) = x - ais a functional which is
linear and bounded. Thank You
