IP Telephony

„ Instructor
„ Ai-Chun Pang, [email protected]
„ Office Number: 417
„ Textbook
„ “Carrier Grade Voice over IP,” D. Collins, McGraw-Hill,
Second Edition, 2003.
„ Requirements
„ Homework x 3 30%
„ One mid-term exam (5/14) 40%
„ One term project (proposal: 5/7) 30%
„ Presentation ([5/28], 6/11 and 6/18), Demo (6/18)
„ TAs (office number: 213)
„ 黃宇傑, [email protected]
„ 劉志孝, [email protected]
„ Course Outline
„ Introduction
„ Transporting Voice by Using IP (Real-time Transport
Protocol - RTP)
„ Speech-Coding Techniques
„ H.323
„ Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and ENUM
„ Media Gateway Control and the Softswitch Architecture
„ VoIP and SS7
„ Quality of Service
„ Designing a Voice over IP Network
„ Mobile IPv4, IPv6 and Micro-mobility
„ Wireless All IP Network
„ Mobile Number Portability
Introduction

Chapter 1
 Carrier Grade VoIP
„ Carrier grade and VoIP
„ mutually exclusive
„ A serious alternative for voice communications with enhanced
features
„ Carrier grade
„ The last time when it fails
„ 99.999% reliability (high reliability)
„ Fully redundant, Self-healing
„ AT&T carries about 300 million voice calls a day (high capacity).
„ Highly scalable
„ Short call setup time, high speech quality
„ No perceptible echo, noticeable delay and annoying noises on the
line

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 VoIP

„ Transport voice traffic using the Internet

Protocol (IP)
„ One of the greatest challenges to VoIP is
voice quality.
„ One of the keys to acceptable voice quality is
bandwidth.
„ Control and prioritize the access
„ Internet: best-effort transfer
„ VoIP != Internet telephony
„ The next generation Telcos
„ Access and bandwidth are better managed.

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IP

„ A packet-based protocol
„ Routing on a packet-by-packet base
„ Packet transfer with no guarantees
„ May not receive in order
„ May be lost or severely delayed
„ TCP/IP
„ Retransmission
„ Assemble the packets in order
„ Congestion control
„ Useful for file-transfers and e-mail

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 Data and Voice

„ Data traffic
„ Asynchronous – can be delayed
„ Extremely error sensitive
„ Voice traffic
„ Synchronous – the stringent delay requirements
„ More tolerant for errors
„ IP is not for voice delivery.
„ VoIP must
„ Meet all the requirements for traditional telephony
„ Offer new and attractive capabilities at a lower cost

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 Why VoIP?

„ Why carry voice?

„ Internet supports instant access to anything
„ However, voice services provide more revenues.
„ Voice is still the killer application.
„ Why use IP for voice?
„ Traditional telephony carriers use circuit switching
for carrying voice traffic.
„ Circuit-switching is not suitable for multimedia
communications.
„ IP: lower equipment cost, integration of voice and
data applications, potentially lower bandwidth
requirements, the widespread availability of IP
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Lower Equipment Cost

„ PSTN switch
„ Proprietary – hardware, OS, applications
„ High operation and management cost
„ Training, support and feature development cost
„ Mainframe computer
„ The IP world
„ Standard hardware and mass-produced
„ Application software is quite separate
„ A horizontal business model
„ More open and competition-friendly
„ IN
„ does not match the openness and flexibility of IP.
„ A few highly successful services
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Voice/Data Integration

„ Click-to-talk application
„ Personal communication
„ E-commerce
„ Web collaboration
„ Shop on-line with a fried at another location
„ Video conferencing
„ IP-based PBX
„ IP-based call centers
„ IP-based voice mail

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Lower Bandwidth Requirements
„ PSTN
„ G.711 - 64 kbps
„ Human speech frequency < 4K Hz
„ The Nyquist Theorem: 8000 samples per second
„ 8K * 8 bits
„ Sophisticated coders
„ 32kbps, 16kbps, 8kbps, 6.3kbps, 5.3kbps
„ GSM – 13kbps
„ Save more bandwidth by silence-detection
„ Traditional telephony networks can use coders,
too.
„ But it is more difficult.
„ VoIP – two ends of the call negotiate the coding
scheme
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The Widespread Availability of IP

„ IP
„ LANs and WANs
„ Dial-up Internet access
„ The ubiquitous presence
„ VoFR or VoATM
„ Only for the backbone of the carriers

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 VoIP Challenges

„ VoIP must offer the same reliability and voice

quality as PSTN.
„ Mean Opinion Score (MOS)
„ 5 (Excellent), 4 (Good), 3 (Fair), 2 (Poor), 1 (Bad)
„ International Telecommunication Union
Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-
T) P.800
„ Toll quality means a MOS of 4.0 or better.

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Speech Quality
„ Must be as good as PSTN
„ Delay
„ The round-trip delay
„ Coding/Decoding + Buffering Time + Tx. Time
„ G.114 < 300 ms
„ Jitter
„ Delay variation
„ Different routes or queuing times
„ Adjusting to the jitter is difficult
„ Jitter buffers add delay

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Speech Quality
„ Echo
„ High Delay ===> Echo is Critical
„ Packet Loss
„ Traditional retransmission cannot meet the
real-time requirements
„ Call Set-up Time
„ Address Translation
„ Directory Access

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Managing Access and Prioritizing Traffic

„ A single network for a wide range of

applications
„ Call is admitted if sufficient resources are
available
„ Different types of traffic are handled in different
ways
„ If a network becomes heavily loaded, e-mail traffic
should feel the effects before synchronous traffic
(such as voice).
„ QoS has required huge efforts

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 Speech-coding Techniques

„ In general, coding techniques are such that

speech quality degrades as bandwidth reduces.
„ The relationship is not linear.
„ G.711 64kbps 4.3
„ G.726 32kbps 4.0
„ G.723 (celp) 6.3kbps 3.8
„ G.728 16kbps 3.9
„ G.729 8kbps 4.0
„ GSM 13kbps 3.7

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 Network Reliability and Scalability

„ PSTN system fails

„ 99.999% reliability
„ Today’s VoIP solutions
„ Redundancy and load sharing
„ Scalable – easy to start on a small scale and then
expand as traffic demand increases

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VoIP Implementations

„ IP-based PBX solutions

„ A single network
„ Enhanced services

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 VoIP Implementations

„ IP voice mail
„ One of the easiest
applications
„ IP call centers CTI
Server
„ Use the caller ID Internet

„ Automatic call distribution

„ Load the customer’s
information on the agent’s
desktop PBX/ACD ITG Web Server
Call Center
„ Click to talk

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 VoIP Evolution
IP
IP Network
Network
VoIP
VoIP VoIP Terminal
Terminal Terminal Gateway PSTN

1: PC to PC 2: Phone to PC over IP

IP
Network PSTN

Gateway Gateway
Gateway Gateway

PSTN PSTN IP IP
Network Network
VoIP VoIP
Terminal Terminal

3: Phone to Phone over IP 4: PC to PC over PSTN

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