Basic Pump training
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Classification
Pumps
Kinetic Positive Displacement
Continuous energy addition Periodic energy addition
Conversion of added energy Added energy forces
to increase in kinetic energy displacement of fluid in an
(increase in velocity) enclosed volume
Conversion increased Fluid displacement results in
velocity to increase in pressure direct increase in pressure
Kinetic Principle
A pail of water swinging in a circle centrifugal force holds the water in
the pale a hole is bored at the bottom of the pale water will be thrown
out the distance the water traverses and volume that flows out depends
upon the velocity of the rotating pale
Working of a Centrifugal Pump
Main Parts are –
Impeller
Volute casing
Working of a Centrifugal Pump
Impeller rotates exerting
centrifugal force on the liquid
Kinetic energy is created
Centrifugal force throws the liquid
out
Creating low pressure at the
suction eye
This forces new liquid into the
impeller inlet
Liquid thrown out of the impeller
is met with resistance to flow
Working of a Centrifugal Pump
The first resistance is created by
the volute
As the liquid moves in the volute
towards the outlet it slows down due
to increasing cross sectional area
As the liquid slows down its
velocity (kinetic energy) is
converted into pressure
Working of a Centrifugal Pump
The impeller is offset in the volute to
create a close clearance between the
impeller and the volute at the cut water
The kinetic energy given to the liquid is
proportional to the velocity at the edge of
the impeller vane tip.
Faster the impeller rotates or bigger the
impeller is, higher will be the liquid velocity
at the vane tip.
A centrifugal pump neither creates pressure nor does it suck, it
only provides flow. Pressure is just an indication of the amount
of resistance to flow!
Why Head is used to measure
the energy of a centrifugal pump?
30 m 2.4 kg/cm2 30 m 3 kg/cm2 30 m 3.6 kg/cm2
Kerosene Water Brine
Sp.gr. 0.8 Sp.gr. 1.0 Sp.gr. 1.2
Why Head is used to measure
the energy of a centrifugal pump?
37.5 m 3 kg/cm2 30 m 3 kg/cm2 25 m 3 kg/cm2
Kerosene Water Brine
Sp.gr. 0.8 Sp.gr. 1.0 Sp.gr. 1.2
Why Head is used to measure
the energy of a centrifugal pump?
Pressure at any point in a liquid is caused by a vertical
column of liquid due to its weight.
Height of this column is called Static head and is
expressed in meters of liquid.
Head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column
that the pump could create from the kinetic energy
imparted to the liquid.
Pressure is dependent on the specific gravity of a liquid
but head is not.
A given pump with a given impeller diameter and speed will
raise a liquid to a certain height regardless of the weight of the
liquid!
Pressure – Head Interconversion
Pressure (kg/cm2) x 10
Head (m) =
Specific Gravity
Pump hydraulics, head curve
100
90
80 head
70
60
head
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
flow
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Pump hydraulics, head + efficiency
100
Q opt
90 head
80 efficiency
head / efficiency
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
flow
Q opt is the point at which a pump has the highest efficiency, also
known as BEP (= best efficiency point)
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Pump hydraulics, head + efficiency
Q opt
100
90
80
head / efficiency
70
60
head
50
efficiency
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
flow
Q min > 30% BEP Desirable operating range Q max < 110% BEP
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Pump interaction with system
100
90
80
70
head / efficiency
60
head
50 efficiency
40 system
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
flow
Pump operates where pump and system curve intersect
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Pump hydraulics, system change
100
head
90 efficiency
system
80
system, lower friction losses
70
head / efficiency
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
flow
Note, with lower system curve, pump now delivers more flow
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Pump hydraulics, system change
100 head
90 efficiency
system
80
system, lower static
70
head / efficiency
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
flow
Note, with lower static curve, pump now delivers more flow
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Pump hydraulics, single operation
single outlet
single inlet
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Pump hydraulics, parallel operation
common
outlet
Valves etc. excluded for
clarity
common
inlet
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Pump hydraulics, pumps in parallel
60 60
50 50
40 40
head
head
30 30
20
+ 20
10 10
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
flow flow
60
50
40
head
30
20
= 10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
flow
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Pump hydraulics, series operation
single outlet
single inlet
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Pump hydraulics, pumps in series
60
50 120
40
head
30
100
20
10
80
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
flow
head
60
+ =
40
60
50 20
40
head
30 0
20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
10 flow
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
flow
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Pump hydraulics, Cavitation
Cavitation is caused by vapour bubbles forming in the
pump.
A bubble is formed in the impeller at a point where the
‘local’ pressure is lower than the vapour pressure.
As the local pressure drops, more vapour bubbles
will form in the pump.
As the liquid flows further through the pump into a higher
pressure area the bubble collapses
It’s this bubble collapse that causes the pump damage. This often sounds like
the pump is handling gravel. Continued cavitation will eventually destroy the
pump.
To avoid cavitation, the npsh a > npsh r of the pump
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If the pressure drops below the vapour pressure of the liquid at the
operating temperature, the liquid will vapourise.
Effect Cavitation Pitting
Pump hydraulics, NPSH available
NPSH stands for : net positive suction head
NPSH available : npsh from the plant / system in which the pump operates
NPSH required : npsh that the pump needs to stop cavitation
NPSH available consists of various parts: Pe
Hs Static head on suction side
- Friction losses in the suction line
+ Pe Absolute pressure expressed in metres of
liquid
Hs
+ V2/2g Velocity head in the pipework
This is normally ignored
- Vapour pressure expressed in metres of
Hvap
liquid, at the pumped temperature
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Suction head not the same as NPSH
Therefore you can see from the previous slide that suction head is not
the same as NPSH.
The vapour pressure of the pumped liquid must be taken into account.
All pumps have an NPSH required curve. This is largely independent of
the pumped liquid, so the NPSH available and NPSH required need to
be compared to ensure that the pump will run properly.
The NPSH r curve of the pump generally indicates the value at which
the pump will cavitate. Therefore it’s important to have a margin
between the NPSH available and the NPSH required to prevent
cavitation.
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Vapour
Pressure
curve for
water
liquid gaseous
Vapours are defined as
gases close to the
point of condensation
NPSHav - for Suction lift operation
Affinity Laws
Effect of Speed on Pump Performance
System Resistance
Keeping Impeller
Curve
diameter D constant
B1
H1 N2
B2 Q2 = x Q1
H2 N1 N1
B3
H3 N2
N2 2
N3 H2 = x H1
N1
Head H
N2 3
P2 = x P1
N - Speed N1
B - Operating Point
Q3 Q2 Q1
Capacity Q
Affinity Laws
Effect of Impeller Diameter on Pump Performance
System Resistance
Keeping Speed N
Curve
constant
B1
H1 D2
B2 Q2 = x Q1
H2 D1 D1
B3
H3 D2
D2 2
D3 H2 = x H1
D1
Head H
D2 3
P2 = x P1
N – Speed (constant) D1
B - Operating Point
Q3 Q2 Q1
Capacity Q
Effect of viscous liquid
Increase in viscocity of the medium handled
by the pump
Capacity Q - decreases
Head H - decreases
Efficiency - decreases
at the same time
Power input to pump - increases
The standard operating for water Bw with
Qw, Hw, & w is converted to the viscous
liquid operating point Bv with Qv, Hv & V
Power and Efficiency
Brake Kilo Watt (BKW)
• Mechanical power delivered to the pump shaft
Q × H × Specific Gravity Q = Capacity, m3/hr
BKW =
367 × η H = Total Differential Head, m
η = Efficiency, %
Hydraulic Kilo Watt (WKW)
• Liquid power delivered by the pump
Q × H × Specific Gravity Q = Capacity, m3/hr
WKW =
367 H = Total Differential Head, m
W KW
Pump Efficiency (η) = BKW = WKW + Mechanical Losses
BKW + Hydraulic Losses
Axial Thrust
(Single Suction Impeller)
Discharge
Pressure Discharge
Pressure
Suction
Pressure
Discharge
Discharge Pressure
Pressure
The Unbalanced Axial Thrust on an impeller is counterbalanced by Thrust Bearings
Axial Thrust
Methods to Reduce Unbalanced Axial Thrust
Back Vane
Methods of Reducing Pump NPSH
Impeller
Inducer Inducer Arrangement
Inducer
Inducer is an axial flow impeller fitted ahead of the centrifugal
impeller to reduce the NPSH of the pump or to permit the pump
to operate at higher speeds.
Impeller
Inducer
Inducer
Diffuser
Impeller Impeller
Diffuser
Volute Casing without Volute Casing with
Diffuser Diffuser
Diffuser
A diffuser consists of a number of vanes set around the
impeller
Flow from a diffuser is collected in a volute or circular casing
and discharged through the outlet pipe
A diffuser does the same function as the volute casing in
energy conversion
A diffuser reduces the unbalanced radial forces acting on an
impeller
Diffuser is used in high pressure multistage pumps, in
vertical turbine (axial flow) pumps and seldom applied to a
single stage radial flow pump.
Pump Priming
Earth’s atmosphere is approx. 80,000 m above the earth, resting
on the earth with a weight equivalent to a layer of water 10 m deep
at sea level
The weight of water is approx. 8000 times that of air
Pump Priming
A centrifugal pump is said to
be PRIMED when the waterways
of the pump is completely filled
with liquid to be pumped.
Methods of Pump Priming
Foot Valve
Methods of Pump Priming
Priming Chamber
Methods of Pump Priming
To Vacuum
Pump
Bearing Bracket
Thrust
Radial Bearing Bearings
Shaft
Deflector
Oil Seal
Oil Seal
Need to Seal a Pump
Stuffing Box / Seal Chamber
Shaft Protection Sleeve
Impeller
Shaft
Need to Seal a Pump
Pump Environment
Wall
Shaft
Process
Fluid
Leakage
Seal Types
Gland Packing Mechanical Seal
Gland Packing
Stuffing Box
Gland
Shaft
Lantern Ring (Seal cage)
Shaft Sleeve
Packing
Mechanical Seal
Cartridge Seal
Metal
O-Ring Bellows
Elastomer
Bellows
Pump training
Thanks for your attention!
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