Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

EE5402
Dr. Chinthaka Gooneratne, Prof. Boby George
Course Information

• Weekly Schedule
- Slot E
- Tuesday, 11-12 (ESB 129)
- Wednesday, 10-11 (ESB 129)
- Thursday, 8-9 (ESB 129)
- Tutorials on Friday (ESB 129)

• Tutorials, Quiz and Exam Schedule

- Tutorials will most probably be alternate weeks
- Follow Institute schedule
Course Information

• Grading Scheme
- Attendance (5 %)

- Assignments (10 %)
- Case study reviews.
- Report on creating an IoT platform to address a challenge(s) in a chosen industry.

- 2 Quizzes (20+25 = 45 %)

- Final Exam (40 %)

Course Contents

• General Introduction to the IoT and applications in the Industry

• Sensors and Data Communication

• Machine Learning and Analytics – with focus on Industrial Applications

• Use Cases and Future Trends

Course Contents

• General Introduction to the IoT and applications in the Industry

- IoT evolution, vision, tools, concepts and the role of humans in the loop.

- Digital transformation and redefining industry boundaries, IoT markets and technologies, Technical
and business challenges.

- IoT standardization and implementation considering things-centric, data-centric, service-oriented

applications.
Course Contents

• Sensors and Data Communication

- Sensors as IoT data sources: Smart devices, Sensor data formats, Wireless sensor nodes,
Sensor swarms, MEMS, Sensor nano/microfabrication, Performance parameters of sensors, Energy
harvesting architectures, Batteryless/Self-powered devices.

- Network architectures and communication protocols for IoT: Overview and comparison, in the
application context, of PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN, LPWAN, USB, Ethernet, Bluetooth/Bluetooth Low
Energy, ZigBee, NFC, RFID, Wi-Fi, WiMax, LoRaWAN, 4G, 5G, LTE, UDP, TCP, IPv6, 6LoWPAN, RPL.

- Data ingestion and aggregation: Data integrity, Data validation, Data refinement, IoT supported
Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and SoCs.
Course Contents

• Machine Learning and Analytics – with focus on Industrial Applications

- Machine Learning and Deep Learning: Regression, Support Vector Machines, Decision trees,
Neural Networks, Long Short Term Memory networks, Data mining, Artificial Intelligence.

- Storage, analytics and insights: SQL and NoSQL databases, Time series databases,
Encryption/Decryption, Edge intelligence, Cloud computing, Big data analytics, Real-time
analytics frameworks, Data visualization, HTTP, HTTPS, MQTT, AMQP, XMPP, CoAP, RESTful, JSON,
Predictive analysis, Prescriptive analysis.
Course Contents

• Use Cases and Future Trends

- IoT technology roadmaps and platforms for industries: Security and ethical implications, Practical
constraints, Planning and governing initiatives for technology deployment, Scalability, Economic
feasibility.

- IoT platforms and Industry 4.0: smart cities, autonomous vehicles, smart healthcare, smart
homes, smart agriculture, smart grids, smart utilities, and smart infrastructure.
General Introduction to the IoT and applications in the Industry
What is the Internet-of-Things (IoT)

• What is IoT?

• Why is it useful?

• Is it something you can buy?

• Is it a technology you can bring home and apply?

• Is it a platform?
What is the Internet-of-Things (IoT)

• Connecting the Unconnected

• A major technology shift in which devices will allow us to sense and control the physical
world by making objects smarter and connecting them through an intelligent network

• Improvements in the areas of efficiency, accuracy, automation, and the enablement of

advanced applications.
Phases of the Internet

IoT fundamentals: Networking technologies, protocols, and use cases for the internet of things. Cisco Press (2017)
Phases of the Internet

IoT fundamentals: Networking technologies, protocols, and use cases for the internet of things. Cisco Press (2017)
How Digitization and Connectivity has Changed Industries

https://iceland-photo-tours.com

https://www.vectorstock.com
How Digitization and Connectivity has Changed Industries

https://mystifly.com/evolution-of-airfare-ticketing/

https://www.drift.com/blog/netflix-vs-blockbuster/
Digital Transformation

Digital
Digitization Digitalization Transformation

Conversion of analog Adaption (Process) Creation (Business)

data into digital format
Imagining a World Where Everything is Connected

• Endless possibilities - when you are connected, you can coordinate!

Digital Transformation and Industry 4.0
Internet-of-Things (IoT) Market Analysis
Internet-of-Things (IoT) Market Analysis

https://iot-analytics.com/global-overview-1600-enterprise-iot-projects/
Internet-of-Things (IoT) Market Analysis

https://iot-analytics.com/top-15-internet-of-things-cities/
Connected Roadways

• Safety

• Mobility

• Environment

https://www.its.dot.gov/infographs/intersection_movement.htm
 Connected Vehicles

Cloud
Telematics
Vehicle-to-X
communications
• Navigation, mapping,
dynamic rerouting • Infrastructure, such as
• Insurance traffic signals, toll
• Emergency services booths etc
• Diagnostics, • Other vehicles, crash RSU Base station Small cells
prognostics, predictive avoidance Autonomous operation
maintenance • Pedestrians, collision
safety • Cruise control
• Lane detection V2I V2N V2N
Infotainment and content
• Autopark
• Web browsing • Collision avoidance V2V
• Media and • Self-driving vehicles
entertainment
• Communications
• Safety and security V2P V2P
Connected Factory

• Accelerating new product and service introductions to meet customer and market
opportunities.

• Increasing plant production, quality, and uptime while decreasing cost.

• Mitigating unplanned downtime (which wastes, on average, at least 5% of production).

• Securing factories from cyber threats.

• Decreasing high cabling and re-cabling costs (up to 60% of deployment costs)

• Improving worker productivity and safety.

Connected Factory
Connected Factory
Connected Factory
Connected Buildings

https://semiengineering.com
 Connected Buildings

• Building automation system (BAS)/

building management system (BMS)/
building energy management system
– Automatic centralized control of a
building

• Building Automation and Control

Network (BACnet) – de facto
communication protocol responsible
for building automation
Connected Buildings

• Digital Ceiling – technology by Cisco that integrates many sensors and devices in a building
Parts of an IoT Network

• Sensors • Sense conditions, such as customer needs, market

conditions or earth conditions (oil/gas).
• Communication
• Get information to the right subunits and people.
• Intelligence
• Coordinate across subunits to ensure the organization is
• Actuators operating efficiently and effectively.

• Mobilizing and executing process(es) in a subunit.

IoT Network

Data
analytics Visual Analytical
Data Wireless
acquisition communication Data Machine Dashboards and
enrichment learning Actuation

Smart Data Flow Smart Analytics Decision/

Sensors/Devices Automation

The Internet of Things

IoT Layers

https://www.forbes.com
 How do you Drill? Crown block

- Wells drilled by a drill string/drill bit

Travelling
block
Top drive

attached to a top drive Drilling fluid IN

Drillstring assembly
Derrick

- Drilling fluid, also called ‘Mud’,

Derrick floor Cradle
Blowout
lubricates the bit, removes cuttings, preventer

conditions the wellbore and stabilizes the Surface Drilling fluid OUT
pressure in the hole

- Drilling can be vertical to horizontal to

multi-lateral and well design and
planning is performed prior to drilling
Parts of an IoT Network

Gooneratne et al., Drilling in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (2020)

Parts of an IoT Network

Gooneratne et al., Drilling in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (2020).

Parts of an IoT Network

RF 10-80 MHz

Drill
150 Mbps WC-SOS cuttings

RTSP Drillstring
vibration Drill solids

Modbus
Drillstring Density Fluid
rotation volume
Server .mp4

Safety Viscosity
Machine learning algorithm
Parts of an IoT Network
Things
• Sensors, actuators and smart objects of an IoT network

Y. Ismail, in Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications, 2019.

O. Ali et al., Sensors 2022, 22, 995.

How does a Thing become part of an IoT System

They incorporate computing hardware with small form-factor

Have (multiple) sensing and/or actuation capabilities

Often have low-power consumption and can be battery-powered

Usually transmit and receive information wirelessly

They are connected to the Internet and may be uniquely addressable

Their functionality can be (re)programmed

May be able to operate autonomously without human interaction

https://www.arm.com
From Embedded Systems to IoT

• IoT can be seen as an evolution of wireless sensor networks, where the network is no longer
dedicated to a single application.

• Instead IoT provides a platform that can accommodate a range of applications and devices
that are easier to manage.

• Like in the ubiquitous computing paradigm, IoT devices operate seamlessly, but in addition
- they are connected to the Internet,
- have more functionality, and
- are more intelligent.

https://www.arm.com
Technologies that Enable IoT

Mobile computing:
Faster, cheaper, low-power processors and devices (e.g., smartphones
and tablets)

Little devices and more sensing options:

Wearables and rich data sources

Big data and the cloud:

Cloud-computing services to process data from sensors

https://www.arm.com
Technologies that Enable IoT

Better batteries:
E.g., lithium-ion polymer – more energy storage, rapid charging

Faster and more diverse standardized connectivity options:

Short-range (Bluetooth, Zigbee), medium-range (Wi-Fi, cellular), and
long-range (LoRa, SigFox)

Development resources:
APIs and protocols (REST, MQTT), language-independent data formats
(e.g., JSON), development communities (Mbed)

https://www.arm.com
Sensors
• Data sources of an IoT network

• Detects and records the presence of something or changes in something (Energy form)

• Foundational elements in ‘Things’

Energy Form Examples

(Bio)Chemical Composition, Concentration, pH, Reaction rate
Electrical Current, Voltage Electric field, Conductivity, Permittivity
Magnetic Magnetic field, Magnetic flux, Permeability
Acoustic Wave velocity, Spectrum, Wave (amplitude, phase)
Mechanical Acceleration, Force, Stress, Pressure, Torque, Mass, Density
Optical Wave velocity, Refractive Index, Refractivity, Absorption
Thermal Temperature, Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal conductivity
 Sensors

Sensor
Applications

https://www.ovt.com https://www.cnogacare.co

Gooneratne et al., Inst, Meas Prin and Comm Tech for Downhole Drilling Environments (2019) M. Majid et al., Sensors, 22(6), 2022.
 Sensors
• Passive sensors - can only be used when naturally occurring energy is available. For
example, temperature sensors. They detect or sense temperature or temperature changes
and convert this input digital or analog signals.

• Active Sensors - emit their own energy that travels from the instrument to the target to
be investigated. The reflected radiation from the target is detected and measured by the
sensor. For example, a sonar sensor sends high frequency sound waves that reflect off the
water. Provides an indication of water levels.

https://www.synopsys.com
https://www.atlasrfidstore.com
Sensors

• Digital sensors – produce either a pulse or a

binary output. Can interface to a network
through digital controllers or communicate
directly to a network.

• Analog Sensors – produce continuous signals.

Requires ADC before analyzed by a computer
or interfacing to a network.
Sensors

• General properties to consider when choosing a sensor(s)

- Measurement accuracy
- Sensitivity/Resolution
- Noise
- Fast response
- Stability/Durability
- Ease of calibration and reconditioning
- Operation and maintenance cost
- Safety requirements
Sensors – Smart Devices

https://www.exelanz.com

O. Ali et al., Sensors 2022, 22, 995.

Actuators
• Sensors provide the information, actuators provide the action.

• Convert information into a controlled movement - Our skin and nerves are the sensors and
our arms and legs are the actuators

• Binary actuators - two stable states, ON or OFF.

• Continuous actuators - facilitate many values or states.

Sensor Control Center Actuator

 Actuators

• Electrical actuators – convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

• Hydraulic actuators – utilizes hydraulic power to generate movement

• Pneumatic actuators – use compressed gas as the driving force

• Micro- and nano-actuators – small motors that supply energy for a small mechanism to work

Linear actuator (Emerson)

Motors
Solenoids (ETO) (Moticont)
Relay (ATO)
Micro- Nano-Actuators
Microgripper

Microvalve

https://www.imt.kit.edu
K. Kim et al., J Micromech Microeng, 18(5), 2008.
Smart Farming

https://geopard.tech/
Smart Objects

• Building blocks or the

‘Things’ of IoT.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

• Wireless sensor networks are made up of

wirelessly connected smart objects.

• Known as ‘nodes’ or ‘motes’.

• Flexible deployment.

• Limitations greatly influence how WSNs are

designed, deployed, and utilized (Constrained
nodes)
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) – Data Aggregation

• Two communication patters

1) Event-driven
2) Periodic

• Known as ‘nodes’ or ‘motes’.

WSNs – Intelligent Traffic Management

https://www.etherwan.com
 WSNs – Smart Dust/Sensor Swarms

• Small sensor nodes (MEMS).

• Manual configuration of potentially

thousands of smart objects is impractical.

• Scattered over a geographic area to detect

multiple parameters.

• Many applications in farming,

environmental, industrial and military.

J. Park et al., Applied Sciences, 10, 2020.

WSNs – Smart Dust/Sensor Swarms

B. Li et al., IPTC-19985-MS,2020. B. Li et al., SPE-186330-MS,2017. H. Liu et al., Results in Engineering,18, 2023.

Gooneratne et al., Inst, Meas Prin and Comm Tech for Downhole Drilling Environments (2019)
Communication

OSI TCP/IP
Application SMTP, FTP, HTTP
Presentation Application POP3, IMAP4
Session SNMP
Transport Transport TCP and UDP
Networking Networking IP
Datalink Datalink and
Ethernet
Physical Physical
Physical Layer
• Transports data electrically, optically or by radio waves.

• Covers a variety of devices and mediums, such as cabling, connectors, receivers,

transceivers and repeaters.

https://www.techtarget.com
Data Link Layer
• Defines the format of the data packet exchanged across the nodes as well as the actions
such as Error detection, retransmission, flow control, and random access.

• The Data Link Layer protocols are Ethernet, token ring, FDDI and PPP.
Device 1 Device 2

Data frame
Header Data
Upper layers Upper layers
Data

Network Network
Header Layer Layer

Data Link Data Link

Layer Layer

Physical Physical
Layer Layer
Network Layer

• Transmits data segments between networks in the form of packets.

• Determines the route from the source to the destination and also manages the traffic
problems such as switching, routing and controls the congestion of data packets.

Source IP
address
Destination
IP address
Transport Layer

• Provides the communication services directly to the

application processes running on different hosts.

• Provides more than one protocol to the network

applications.
Application Layer

• Application layer and end user can interact directly with the software application.

• Application layer programs are based on client and servers.

• Application layer identifies communication partners, determines resource availability and

synchronizes communication.
Communication
Communication

https://www.mokolora.com
Communication
TCP/IP

SMTP, FTP, HTTP

Application POP3, IMAP4
SNMP

Transport TCP and UDP

Networking IP

Datalink and
Ethernet
Physical
Communication
Communication

ttps://www.mokolora.com
Communication

ttps://www.mokolora.com
Communication

ttps://www.mokolora.com
Communication
Technical and Business Challenges

• Connectivity

• Latency and Reliability

• Scaling up across networks

• Power consumption

• Standardization

• Security and Privacy

 Where is the Drilling Industry Now? – Surface Sensors
Drilling Dynamics Drilling Hydraulics and Rheology

Hall Sensors

Paddle Flow Sensor Fann Viscometer

Proximity Sensors

Mud Balance
Hydraulic gauges

https://petroleumessence.com/drilling-rig-systems-and-structure/; http://petrowiki.org/Surface_data_sensors_during_drilling; Optimization of Mud Injection Pressure in Oil Drilling Using Duelist Algorithm;
Where is the Drilling Industry Now? – Downhole Sensors and Communication
Measurement-while-Drilling(MWD) Downhole communication
/Logging-while-Drilling (LWD)

Drilling rig
Wireline Truck

Drillstring
Electrical assembly
cable
Formation
Wellbore
Formation
Wellbore

Wireline
Logging Tool MWD

LWD

Drill bit
Current Rig Setup

Wired V-SAT Headquarters

Data Acquisition
Server
Rig Sensors

100 % 1%

Data capture Infrastructure Data Management Analytics Deployment People and processes
Current Rig Setup

https://www.energyvoice.com/oilandgas/middle-east/288400/aramco-saudi-sap/