Proofs of Formulae

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Table of Contents
1 Standard Formulae .................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Arithmetic Sum .............................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Geometric Sum .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Quadratic Formula ......................................................................................................... 3
2 Trig Identities............................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Quadratic ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Double Angle ................................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Addition ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Factor............................................................................................................................. 5
3 Differentiation ........................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Derivative of 𝒂𝒙 ............................................................................................................. 8
4 Integration ................................................................................................................ 9
4.1 Integral of 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 ............................................................................................................. 9
4.2 Trapezium Rule .............................................................................................................. 9
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1 Standard Formulae

1.1 Arithmetic Sum

This is given in the formula book, but you still need to know how to prove it.
! !
• S! = " [2a + (n − 1)d] or " [a + l] where l is the last term

Proof:
𝐒𝐧 = 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒖𝒏(𝟏 + 𝒖𝒏
We know 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅 so lets replace each 𝒖𝒏
𝐒𝐧 = 𝒂 + (𝒂 + 𝒅) + (𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅) + ⋯ + [𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝒅] + [𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] (1)
Now write this backwards
𝐒𝐧 = [𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] + [𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝒅] + ⋯ + (𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅) + (𝒂 + 𝒅) + 𝒂 (2)
Add (1) and (2) (use the like colours so you can see how to add)
𝟐𝐒𝐧 = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] + [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] + ⋯ + [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] + ⋯ + [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] + [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
We have n of these on the right-hand side
𝟐𝐒𝐧 = 𝐧 [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
Re-arrange for 𝐒𝐧
𝒏
∴ 𝐒𝐧 = 𝟐 [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]

To get the other formula

Split the 2a as a+a
𝒏
𝐒𝐧 = 𝟐 [𝒂 + 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝒏
𝐒𝐧 = 𝟐 [𝒂 + 𝒖𝒏 ]
𝒏
𝐒𝐧 = 𝟐 [𝒂 + 𝒍]

1.2 Geometric Sum

This is given in the formula book, but you still need to know how to prove it.

)(+(,! ) )(,! (+)

• S! = or
+(, ,(+

Proof:
𝐒𝐧 = 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒖𝒏(𝟏 + 𝒖𝒏
We know 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒂𝒓𝒏(𝟏 , so lets replace each 𝒖𝒏
𝐒𝐧 = 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝒓𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒓𝒏(𝟐 + 𝒂𝒓𝒏(𝟏 (1)
Multiply through by r
𝒓𝐒𝐧 = 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝒓𝟑 + 𝒂𝒓𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒓𝒏(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒓𝒏 (2)
Do (1)−(2)
𝐒𝐧 − 𝒓𝐒𝐧 = (𝒂 + 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝒓𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒓𝒏(𝟐 + 𝒂𝒓𝒏(𝟏 )− (𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝒓𝟑 + 𝒂𝒓𝟒 + ⋯ +
𝒂𝒓𝒏(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒓𝒏 )
All terms cancel except the first and the last
𝐒𝐧 − 𝒓𝐒𝐧 = 𝒂 − 𝒂𝒓𝒏
Factorise 𝐒𝐧 out
𝐒𝐧 (𝟏 − 𝒓) = 𝒂 − 𝒂𝒓𝒏
𝒂(𝒂𝒓𝒏
𝐒𝐧 = (𝟏(𝒓)
Factorise 𝒂 out
𝒂(𝟏(𝒓𝒏 )
𝐒𝐧 = (𝟏(𝒓)

Note: If you want to prove the alternate formula multiply numerator and denominator by −1

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𝒏
Hack: If struggling to remember these 2 proofs, write the result 𝐒𝐧 = 𝟐 [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] or
𝒂(𝟏(𝒓𝒏 )
𝐒𝐧 = (𝟏(𝒓)
at the bottom of your page and work upwards to the top of the page by re-arranging.

1.3 Quadratic Formula

(2±42 # (567
• 𝑎𝑥 " + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 has solution 𝑥 = "6

Proof
Consider 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
𝒃 𝒄
𝒂 F𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + G = 𝟎 Note: You could have just taken the a out from the first 2 terms only
𝒂 𝒂
Complete the square on the bracket
𝒃 𝒄 𝒃 𝟐
𝒂 H(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂)𝟐 + 𝒂 − F𝟐𝒂G I = 𝟎
Divide by a
𝒃 𝒄 𝒃 𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂)𝟐 + 𝒂 − F𝟐𝒂G = 𝟎
Re-arrange for x
𝒃 𝒃 𝟐 𝒄
(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂)𝟐 = F𝟐𝒂G − 𝒂
𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝒄
(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂
𝒃 𝒃𝟐 (𝟒𝒂𝒄
(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝟐
𝒃 𝒃𝟐 (𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂 = ±K
𝟒𝒂𝟐
𝒃 4𝒃𝟐 (𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂 = ±
4𝟒𝒂𝟐
𝒃 4𝒃𝟐 (𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂 = ±
𝟐𝒂
4𝒃𝟐 (𝟒𝒂𝒄 𝒃
𝒙=± −
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
(𝒃±4𝒃𝟐 (𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙= 𝟐𝒂

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2 Trig Identities
2.1 Quadratic
These are not given in the formula book.

• 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛" 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 " 𝑥

Proof:
Start with 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
Divide all terms by 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏
+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 =𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙

• 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 " 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 " 𝑥

Proof:
Start with 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
Divide all terms by 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏
+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 =𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙

2.2 Double Angle

These are not given in the formula book. We use addition formula to prove these.

• 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Proof:
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

• 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 " 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛" 𝑥

Proof:
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙

You may need to prove the other 2 forms too, but this is easy once you get the result above.

"?6@A
• Using 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 =
+(?6@# A

Proof:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
Divide all terms by 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 in numerator and denominator
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
=
( 𝟏(𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙

2.3 Addition
This is given in the formula book, but you still need to know how to prove it. Be aware of and be able
to follow the geometric (triangle construction) proofs for sin(𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos (𝑎 + 𝑏).

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?6@H±?6@I
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = +∓?6@H?6@I

Proof:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝑨L𝑩) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩L𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝑨L𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
Divide all terms by 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 in numerator and denominator
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
L L 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨L𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝟏(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
( 𝟏(
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩

2.4 Factor (product to sum)

These are given in an EQUIVALENT form the formula book. They don’t often come up but you MAY still need
to know how to prove them and these are useful to know to integrate trig products by turning them into sums
or differences)

We use the addition formula to prove these

[OPQ(HLI)LOPQ(H(I)]
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = "

Proof:
We can use the following 2 formulae
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 (1)
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 (2)
Add: (1)+(2)
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
Rearrange for 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩)]
𝟐

[OPQ(H(I)(OPQ(HLI)]
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 =
"

Proof:
We can use the following 2 formulae
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 (1)
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 (2)
Subtract: (2)−(𝟏)
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
Rearrange for 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩)]

[QS!(HLI)LQS!(H(I)]
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = "

Proof:
We can use the following 2 formulae
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 (1)
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 (2)
Add: (1)+(2)
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
Rearrange for 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝟐 [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩)]

[QS!(HLI)(QS!(H(I)]
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = "

Proof:
We can use the following 2 formulae

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𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 (1)
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 (2)
Subtract: (1)−(2)
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
Rearrange for 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝟐 [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩)]
Note: For this proof, you could have just used the third form 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 in proof above and
reorder the trig to look like 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨

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3 Logs
"#$ %
• log ! 𝑎 = "#$! !
!

Proof:
Let 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂 = 𝒚
Then 𝒃𝒚 = 𝒂
Take 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 of both sides
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 𝒃𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 𝒂
Replace 𝒚
𝒚𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 𝒃 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 𝒂
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 𝒃 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 𝒂
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒅 𝒃
𝒅

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4 Differentiation
4.1 Derivative of 𝑎 -
TU
• If 𝑦 = 𝑎 A ⇒ = 𝑎 A 𝑙𝑛𝑎
TA
We use implicit differentiation for this

Proof:
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙
Take ln of both sides
𝒍𝒏𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒂𝒙
Use log rule to bring the power down
𝒍𝒏𝒚 = 𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒂
Re-write with the constant in-front of 𝒙
𝒍𝒏𝒚 = (𝒍𝒏𝒂)𝒙
Differentiate implicitly
𝟏 𝒅𝒚
= 𝒍𝒏𝒂
𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
Rearrange for 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
= 𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒂
Replace y in terms of 𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒂𝒙 lna
𝒅𝒙

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5 Integration
5.1 Integral of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
This is given in the formula book, but you still need to know how to prove it.

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥|

Proof:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙| = 𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙|(𝟏 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙|

5.2 Trapezium Rule

This is given in the formula book, but you MAY need to know how to prove it.

2 + 2(6
∫6 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = " ℎ[𝑦X + 2(𝑦+L 𝑦"L 𝑦YL 𝑦5 + ⋯ ) + 𝑦@ ] Note: h = @Z[2\] ^_ `?]ab`

Proof:
We build trapezia underneath and add the areas
𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉(𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔)
area of each trapezia= Note: Width is the height of the trapezia and the
𝟐
parallel sides are the y values
𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉(𝒚𝟎 L𝒚𝟏 ) 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉(𝒚𝟏 L𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉(𝒚𝟐 L𝒚𝟑 ) 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉(𝒚𝒏5𝟏 L𝒚𝒏 )
so, the sum of areas is + + …
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉
Factorise out
𝟐
𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉
𝟐
[ (𝒚𝟎 + 𝒚𝟏 ) + (𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 ) + (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 ) + ⋯ + (𝒚𝒏(𝟏 + 𝒚𝒏 )]
Widths are the heights
𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
= 𝟐 [ (𝒚𝟎 + 𝒚𝟏 ) + (𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 ) + (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 ) + ⋯ + (𝒚𝒏(𝟏 + 𝒚𝒏 )]
Collect common y terms together
𝒉
= 𝟐 [𝒚𝟎 + 𝟐(𝒚𝟏L 𝒚𝟐L 𝒚𝟑L 𝒚𝟒 + ⋯ ) + 𝒚𝒏 ]

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6 Proofs
Types of proofs to know to prove unfamiliar results:

1) Counterexample (find one example where breaks down. This is used to prove false/not always true)
2) Deduction/algebraic (use algebra. This is used to prove always true, not for any particular case)
3) Exhaustion (plug in specific numbers. This is used to prove true for a limited number of cases)
4) Contradiction (assume not true and get a statement which isn’t true. This is used to prove always
true)

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