PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
REVIEWER
Erich Althea E. Domdom
BSEE - 1C
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
(Earliest Mass Com)
S-peaker
S-peech
O-ccasion
A-udience
E-ffect
LASS WELL’S MODEL
(Harold Lasswell)
C-ommunicator
M-essage
M-edium
R-eceiver
E-ffect
SHANNON & WAEVER MODEL
(Claude Elwood Shannon & Warren Weaver)
T-Ender Internal
E-ncoder -sender/receiver
C-hannel Noise
D-ecoder External
R-eceiver -environment
F-eedback
BERLO’S MODEL
S-ource
M-essage
C-hannel
R-eceiver
FACTOR AFFECTING COMMUNICATION
Encoding
Medium of Transmission
Decoding
Feedback
I. COMMUNICATION IS INTERGRATED IN ALL PARTS OF OUR LIVES
Academic
Professional
Personal
Civic
II. COMMUNICATION MEETS NEEDS
Physical Needs
Instrumental Needs
Relational Needs
Identity Needs
III. COMMUNICATION IS SUIDED BY:
Culture - range of human learned behavior patters (knowledge, law, moral)
Context - better group of what certain messages may mean (this influence how
we deliver % how one can understand a message)
IV. COMMUNICATION IS LEARNED
V. COMMUNICATION HAS ETHICAL IMPLICATION
FACTORS AFFECTING:
Source
Communication skills
Attitudes
Knowledge
Social system
Culture
Message
Content (message)
Element (language/gestures)
Treatment
Structure (arrangement)
Code
COMMUNICATION PROCES
Sender Encoder Channel Decoder Receiver
Noise
Feedback
ISSUES
Content - the information & experiences that are provided to
the receiver.
Process - the way the message is delivered.
Context - the situation or environment in which your
message is delivered.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
CLARITY
ATTENTION
FEEDBACK
INFORMALITY
CONSISTENCY
TIMELINESS
ADEQUACY
COMMUNICATION > GLOBALIZATION
Effective Communication - being able to send clear and concise message.
7 C’s of Communication
Clear (easy to understand)
Concise (brief)
Concrete (has clear picture)
Correct (error free comm.)
Coherent (logical, relevant, & consistent)
Complete (everything need to be informed)
Courteous (friendly, open, & honest)
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
Foundation of relationship
Express our emotions, feelings. & ideas
GLOBALIZATION
Being able to communicate around the globe
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
Everybody is connected to everybody
IMPACTS:
Increased connectivity
Cultural exchange
Economic growth
Knowledge sharing
Social movements
Challenges
Econmic impact
Cultural impact
Political impact
Technological impact
Social impact
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Process of exchanging information and ideas between people from different
cultural bachground
HIGH CONTEXT COMMUNICATION - use of indirect communication and rely on
gestures, facial expression, and tone of voice.
Ex: slight nod, saying something vague
LOW CONTEXT COMMUNICATION - more direct and focuses on the spoken or
writing words. They value clarity and precise in communication.
Ex: letters
INTERACIAL - interaction between people with diff. Social background.
INTERETHNIC - interaction between people with diff. ethnic background.
INTERNATIONAL - anything that involves multiple countries or nations.
INTRAETHNIC - interaction within the same ethnic group, connection, and shared
characteristics among people with the same ethnicity.
MISINTERPRETATION OF MESSSAGE
1. Opening and closing conversation
2. Taking turns during conversation
3. Interpreting
4. Using silence
5. Using appropriate topics of conversation
6. Using humor
7. Knowing how much to say
8. When to say things is as important as, what one says and how one says things
CULTURAL SESITIVTY & BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE
Being mindful of cultural differences and similarities
Abilities that enables you to comprehend and learn about people with diff.
Cultural background
Being able to recognize the parallels and contrast between cultures and
people
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY STAGES
Denial - they believe their culture is the “only” real one
Defense - recognize differences but see it as negative because they assume
that their culture is the best
Minimization - the see their own values as superior
Acceptance - able to shift perspectives to understand
Adaptive - become more competent. They feel that they can respect their
own cultures while adapting to the values of other culture
Integration - they develop emphathy for other cultures
BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE
Sensitive to people’s sex, age, physical condition
Does not discriminate and include all in a fair and friendly manner
RACE - concept of dividing people into groups on the basis of various sets of
physical characteristics
ETHNICITY - group made up of people who share a common cultural background
ETHNOCENTRISM - lack of sensitivity to other cultures/ your culture is superior
RACE
Narrow
Based on similar physical and biological attributes
ETHNICITY
Broad
Based on cultural expression and place of origin
GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION - Using bias-free language in terms of
gender
SEXISM - prejudice/discrimination on sex or gender
GENDER - avoid using pronouns when the gender of the person is not learn
BIASED
UNBIASED
SOCIAL CLASS
Class discrimination
More sensitive vocabulary
Owning class < upper class
Underclass < less privileged
Squatters < informal settlers
AGE (ageism)
Disabilities
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar
and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in
spoken and written forms, and may also be conveyed through sign language.
Spoken and Written Language
• Spoken language mostly takes place in the form of a dialogue with another
speaker. Written language, on the other hand, is generally more structured,
formal, impersonal, and wordy. What's more, it typically forms a monologue
rather than a dialogue.
• Written language is considered more formal and should follow the rules of
the English language. Spoken language is generally less formal, and the rules
are less important.
Varieties of Spoken and Written Language:
1. Pidgin communication that develops between two or more groups that do not
have a language in common.
2. Creole a language that has evolved from a pidgin but serves as the native
language of a speech community.
3. Regional Dialect not a distinct language, but a variety of a language spoken in
a particular area of a country.
Ex: tagalog, cebuano, waray
4. Minority Dialect A language that is spoken by a small group of people in the
country.
5. Indigenized Variety second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual
populations.
Register in Language
A register is defined as the way a speaker used language differently in
different circumstances.
It is determined by factors like social occasion, context, purpose, and
audience.
It determines the vocabulary, structure, and some grammar in one’s
writing and even in oral discourse.
Registers of Spoken and Written Language:
1. Frozen is language that is always the same. This register rarely or never changes.
2. Formal is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is
expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slangs are never used, and
contractions are rare.
3. Consultative is used when speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or
who is offering advice. It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of
this speech. It is professional discourse.
4. Casual is used among friends and peers, and includes informal language including
slang and colloquialisms. Casual register is often used among some colleagues,
friends, and teammates.
5. Intimate describes speech that is about personal topics used between close
acquaintances, such as family members, close friends, or romantic partners, and can
employ standard or nonstandard grammatical forms.
Classifications of Language Registers:
1. FORMAL REGISTER
is more appropriate for professional writings and letters to a boss or a
stranger
is impersonal, meaning, it is not written with personal emotion
used in formal settings and is one-way in nature. This use of language
usually follows a commonly accepted format.
2. INFORMAL REGISTER
is conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people
you know very well.
3. NEUTRAL REGISTER
is not necessarily formal or informal
is used to deliver facts
LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE - refers to all visible semiotic sign in public space
SPACE ANDMEANING - the presence of the signs alters the space where they are
found. The meaning the sign conveys also depnds on where it is placed.
GEO
SEMIOTICS
- term created by Ron Scollon and Suzi Scollon to describe their approach to
studying ‘discources in place’
KINDS Of SIGNS
REGULATORY DISCOURSES - traffic signs or other sign indicating official/legal
prohibition
INFASTRUCTURAL DISCOURSES - to label things for the public
COMMERCIAL DISCOURSES - advertising and related to signage
TRANSGRESSIVE DISCOURSES - any sign in a wrong space
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
Blueprint or plan of effective communication. It maps th ‘how’ to conveying
a message.
Designed to help people communicate effectively.
KINDS OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
I. Verbal Communication Strategy
Written Communication
Oral Communication
II. Non-Verbal Communication Strategy
III. Visual Communication Strategy
COMMUNICATION AIDS
Anything that helps or aids an individual communicate more effectively and
efficiently.
KIND OF COMMUNICATION AIDS
Flipchart
Handouts
Models
Visual Aids
Digital Slides
Real-Time web access
Overhead transparencies
Video
Sounds
TIPS & STRATEGIE
Keep it simple
Emphasize key ideas
Show what you can’t say
Use closeup shots & other images
Keep the number of image you present manageable
Combine variety with coherence
Use large lettering
TIPS IN PRESENTING
Practice
Consider the room
Speak to the audience
MAKING USE OF COLORS - when making presentations, it can be helpful to have
some understanding on how we can use colors to help you have a better presentation.
