0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views8 pagesTopping Cycle
None
Uploaded by
sagarvadhel78Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views8 pagesTopping Cycle
None
Uploaded by
sagarvadhel78Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 8
=
g2t6 ‘A COURSE IN POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
22.4 REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE
In actual thermal power plant with
high steam pressure (above 100 bar), the
reheat-regenerative cycle is used to
increase the overall efficiency of the
cycle. The use of reheat for the plant
using steam below 100 bar is not
economically just ified.
‘The arrangement of this cycle is
shown in Fig. 22.18.
The thermal efficiency of the
reheat-regenerative cycle is higher than
only reheat or only regenerative cycle.
22.5 BINARY VAPOUR CYCLE Fig. 22.18. Reheat regenerative cycle.
The Carnot cycle-efficiency will increase with an i in initi
sewing Cemotrleeicieny lines ian pre ini rag np
the steam is limited by the available technique to maintain the maximum vacuum in hecondeser
and temperature of cooling water. Using steam as working fluid, the rise ih tampeniten
accompanied by rise in pressure (critical temperature is 374.15°C sr aritical preanunsdr2aein
Meet High prescufe of the steam creates many difficulties in design, operation and conta.
It would be desirable to use another fluid than E
steam which has more desirable thermodynamic
properties than water has. This possibility has been
tonsidered by many scientists and engineers and
extensive research has been made in last five decades.
It would seen at first sight that, by superheating,
high temperature steam could be obtained without the
necessity of high pressures. However, it is found that
the thermal efficiency of the cycle depends upon the
saturation temperature corresponding to supply pressure
rather than on the super-heat temperature. The point
is clear from Fig. 22.19 as W, < W,.
In order to increase the overall efficiency of the matisets
Boiler
Condenser
Hecter Heater
Pump
plant, the initial temperature of the steam should be as ig 22.19.
high as possibly. Very high pressures are required with equipment ond
moderate temperatures if water is used as working fluid, therefore, very Tugs
ne complete
special types of boilers are required.
It is possible to use the fluid which eal a te panei range of t
cycle and yet avoid the difficulties connected with hit s ary
cycle will be increased if the fluid used has desirable thermodynat Pana fluid other than
Tt is obvious from the above discussion that We would use the ely
steam which has low saturation pressure at high temperature. 8.
fluid which has been successfully used in practice. Ithas high
correspondingly low critical pressure (21 bar).
e
‘The overall economy, of
Mereury 1S
ae ti ie :
the few more properties required for an ideal binary fuid used in higher temperature
setae listed blow:
\AMIC CYCLES FOR STEAM POWER PLAN:
jpesso0¥ Ts 22.17
e mercury alone cannot be used as the saturation temperature of Hy at atmospheri
is sufficiently high. Hence binary vapour cycle is woncrally used toine sae the overall
cy of the plant. Two fluids (mereury and water) are used in the binary cycle for the
n of power.
Itshould have high critical temperature at reasonably low pressure.
It should have high heat of vaporization to keep the weight of fluid in the cycle to
minimum.
Freezing temperature should be below room temperature.
. Itshould have chemical stability through the working cycle.
It must be non-corrosive to the metals normally used in power plants.
It must have an ability to wet the metal surfaces to promote the heat transfer.
‘The vapour pressure at a desirable condensation temperature should be nearly
atmospheric which will eliminate the requirement of power for the maintenance of
vacuum in the condenser.
After expansion through the primemover, the vapour should be nearly saturated so
that a desirable heat transfer coefficient can be obtained which will reduce the size
of the condenser required.
9, It must be available in large quantities at reasonable cost.
10. It should not be toxic and, therefore, dangerous to human life.
Although mereury does not have all the required properties, it is more favourablé than any
NOEs
cher fluids investigated. It is most stable under all operating conditions.
Although, Hg does not cause any corrosion to the metals, but it is extremely dangerous to
" tunan life, therefore, elaborate precautions must be taken to prevent the escape of vapour.
Tiemajor disadvantage associated with mercury is that it does not wet the surface of the metal
‘ad forms a serious resistance for heat flow. This difficulty can be considerably reduced by
iding magnesium and titanium (2 parts in 100000 parts) in mercury.
Thermal Properties of Mercury. Mercury fulfills practically all the desirable
‘modynamic properties stated above.
- Its freezing point is — 40°C and boiling point is 355°C at atmospheric pressure.
The pressure required when the temperature of vapour is 430°C is only 32 bar and,
therefore, heavy, construction is not required to get high initial temperature.
Is liquid specific heat is only 0.08 ki/kg so that its liquid saturation curve is very
steep, approaching the isentropic compression of the Carnot eyele.
Ithas no corrosive or erosive effects upon metals commonly used in practice, i
Its critical temperature is so far removed from any possible upper temperature limit
Some vith existing metals as to cause no trouble.
Me undesirable properties of Hg are listed below : ; :
1 Thelatent heat of Hgis only 262.5 kJ/kg over a wide range of desirable condensation
temperatures, therefore, several kg of Hg must be circulated per kg of water
£vaporated in binary cycle. : F :
The cost is a considerable item as the quantity required is 8 to 10 times the quantity
of Water circulated in binary system.
lercury vapour in large quantities is poisonous, therefore, the system must be
Perfect and tight, : last
i : 5. line di f binary vapour cycle using
‘gure 22.20 (a) shows the schematic line diagram of binary Napet ot oy
Rereury and water as working fluids. The processes
88 shown in Fig. 22.20 (6).
oon
2 oN 22.18
Economiser
‘Superheater
Mercury
(steam)
turbine
mercury
generator
Mercury
(f condenser
or steam
boiler
Mercury
boiler
©
Mercury
ee Mercury
——= Steam
Mercury
feed pump
Steam
turbine
‘Steam
generator
Steam
condenser
Woter feed
pump
Fig. 22.20 (a) Line diagram of binary vapour cycle.
™
A COURSE IN POWER PLANT ENotNeay
The steam cannot be superheated in mercury condenser (or steam boiler) as sox:
temperature gradient is required for the flow of heat from mercury vapour to water.
(A) Analysis of Mercury-steam Binary Cycle-plant:
Both the systems operate on Rankine cycle. Both
the cycles are represented on T-s diagram as shown in
Fig. 22.200).
Consider my, kg of mereury vapour is generated in
the mercury eyclé and the same is passed through the
mercury turbine and the hot mercury vapour coming out
of mercury turbine is used to generate the steam in the
steam boiler (which also works as a condenser for mercury
vapour). The generated steam is used for power generator
in the steam eycle by conventional way.
‘The power developed in the mercury turbine is given by
Puig = My (hy —hy)
‘The power developed in the steam turbine is given by
Prizo = M329 (hg — hy)
where mypo is calculated by considering,
Heat lost by mercury = Heat gained by water
yg (hg ~ hg) = Mya Uy)
‘As heat is supplied to the mercury boiler ass inthe combined svaterbs then itis
Q,= Mg (hgh)
Fig. 22 .20(6)-
vent y
‘THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES FOR STEAM POWER PLANTS 22.19
‘The overall efiieney ofthe combined system is given by
y= Peet rao
a
(6) Steam-Refrigerant Binary Cycle-Plant :
ves os —— the eating st ie houses is one of the basic requirement, Many times,
rz e ture 1.5 t ir) at lower pressure is in ition
to Lae ial ae Tequire low pressure steam (2 03) ay ec et a wr pulp
aud ai es - on acute aay a it is not economical to generate the steam at uch low
re. a y, the steam generated in big thermal after partly
expansion, fame nis tapped and used for the required ee and primi is wed in j
ee Power cycle (Rankine-cycle) to is
r generate the .
economies the thermal energy and fulfill both the requirements heating Eade eases
Such an arrangement is shown in Fig. 22.21(a), :
eae
0)
m, Refrigerant cycle
® ®
T,
Conder rf
olen ¢ ©
een) Water in Water out
~. Fig. 22.21(a). Steam cycle. (For heating and power generation),
In this system, both are closed Rankine cycles and j
they are represented on T's diagram. So
In this system, m, kg of steam per second is i; Shen
generated and the sameis passed through steam turbine,
‘Then the steam coming out partly (m,,)is used forheating
Purposes and remaining (m,,) is used to generate the
Tefrigerant vapour (m,) in the boiler/condenser. The . | Retigarant
cycle
a
4
generated refrigerant vapour is used for power, ‘generation
in the refrigerant Rankine cycle. The condensed steam
after heating the house (m,,) and (m,,) after generating: .
therefrigerant vapour is collected as shown in Fig. 22.21(a)
8nd then pumped back to the steam boiler. rei. 210K:
—— 22.20 A COURSE IN POWER PLANT py
si Gh
Analysis of the System Cycle
‘The Rankine eycles for steam and refrigerant are shown in Fi
P, (power generated in the stemer turbine) = m, (t,~ hy)
P, (power generated in the rogrigerant turbine) = m, (i. ~ fy)
where m, is calculated by using the following equation,
"Heat gained by m, = Heat lost by m,,
1, (Ihq = Nig) = My (tg ~ fg)
Iy=h
n= My ( te |
8. 22.21(b),
hg =he
@, (eat utilised for heating the houses) = m,, (ty — hy)
Q, (Heat supplied to the system) = m, (i, —h,)
The refrigerant Rankine cycle is represented on p-h
chart as shown in Fig. 22.23. This helps for easy calculation
of enthalpies at all points of the cycle,
Such type of system is generally preferred with the
heat available at low temperature, such as solar heat.
Analysis of Two Cyclic Plants Operating in Series
In the previous analysis; we have considered mercury and steam plants in series ani
both are working in closed cycle.
The block diagram for series operation is shown in Fig. 22.24
The overall efficiency of the system is given by
Fig. 22.23,
W+Wy 7
eve
and the individual efficiency is given by ok }—_—-,
n= andy, = m
Ae Qy Aen Os a
Qs = QQ, = (Q,-W,)-Q, i 2
= Q—1,9,-Q, :
= Q,(1-n)-@ (a) os
where @, is the heat loss between the system I and system II, ‘,
WW, 20 mee [ah
qe ate ee n+ cycl
7 Qe In
Substituting the value of Q, from equation (a) Q
nen, + WIQ=G-n)-@) Fig. 22.24
1
= nyt ny dd=,)~ en,
a
= M+ Ne—NyNe—aNy .
0), then the above equation becomes ;
T= ny+ng-ny ny ‘ng th
Where x represents the fraction of heat supplied which is lost (x = Q/@,) during
from exit of system-I to entry of. system-II. 4
Ifx = 0 (that means Q, = qHERMODYNAMIC CYCLES FOR ‘STEAM POWER PLANTS,
22.21
) in system-II, the
As heat @, coming out from 83 ‘
boiler efficiency (n,) is expressed ag "is transferred to the boiler (@,
nye & . B-a
@
a &
icioney (ny), wo ean write
ne AW a,
aa te
ey Res
ane BG
me
Now considering the boiler ¢
a
say tn, Sa
\
-W,
=m, SM
7
= T+ nn —n,)
=T+t-ny—n, nen,
=T +0! Np then from equation (a), we get n < nz but from equation (6), we get