Unit 1‘1.1 WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE? D The definition states “Open Source Software(OSS) is a software whose source code is freely available under licence to freely access, distribute and modify the sofware and the source code publicly is called Open Sou Software.” O “The code ori; nally written by the author is made freely available to anyone to make modification as per the need the authorised licensed user is called Open Source Software Open Source Software where efforts are made by the programmers to improve code and share changes made which freely available for the community. There are many advantages to open source end users due to these flourishing ‘communities are as follows: jource Software is affordable as there are no upfront costs and users only need to download the code from an authorised source and can be made to use. * Affordability : Open S Security : Open source software is secure as bugs and any other problems are share-out and solved by commusiy ‘members when they encounter it * Reliability : Open-source software is extremely reliable as many expert programmers work together to improve the open-source software and there is a greater chance that anyone will notice a defect or a bug and fix it quickly. Longevity : In Open Source Sofiware, source code can be accessed by anyone so it can be developed constantly. With any vendor confinements, users can modify and contribute to create better software. Flexibility : Open Source Software is flexible as users can freely access and modify the software as per users needs Three types of software are as follows:1.3 OPEN SOURCE PRINCIPLES As you know Open Source is a term most commonly applied to software and it refers to set of principles and practices where by the design and production information is shared openly, with out the normal restriction encountered when developing software with in a commercial environment where intellectual property is closely guarded. ‘The brief explanation of each principle is as follows :4.3.1 Licensees are Free to Use Open Source Software for Any Purpose Whatsoever An open source license may not interfere in any way with the use of the software by licensees. Restrictions on use, such as “for research and noncommercial purposes only,” are not allowed in open source licenses. The phrase free to use is also intended to mean, “without any conditions that would impede use,” such as a requirement for the licensee to report uses to the licensor, or to disclose the means or manner of internal uses of the software. Note also that the first word, licensees, means that open source software is only available under the terms of @ license t0 which each licensee must agree. 1.3.2 Licensees are Free to Make Copies of Open Source Software and to Distribute them without Payment of Royalties to a Licensor This principle does not mean that a licénsor cannot sell open source software. It merely says that a licensee need not pay the licensor for additional copies he makes himself, even if those copies are distributed to others. As a practical matter, this open source principle drives the price of mere copies of open source software toward its marginal cost of production and distribution. 1.3.3 Licensees are Free to Create Derivative Works of Open Source Software and to Distribute them without Payment of Royalties to a Licensor Quality software is built upon the foundations of earlier software. Many advocates of free and open source software conterid that the requirement for open source licenses to permit the unhindered creation and distribution of derivative works is essential to meet the goal of the intellectual property laws as stated in the U.S. Constitution, “to promote the progress of science and the useful arts.” Under this open source principle, a licensor cannot charge a royalty for the privilege to create and distribute derivative works, or require a licensee to pay a royalty for copies of a derivative work that are distributed, or impose any restrictions on the type or character of those derivative works. 1.3.4 Licensees are Free to Access and use the Source Code of Open Source Software Source code is written in a human language to instruct a computer how to perform certain functions. Since the source code must be changed in order to instruct the computer to perform different functions, access to the source code is essential to make the third open source principle—the freedom to create derivative works of open source software—a practical reality. Source code is a means to an end, not the end itself. The phrase free to access merely requires the licensor to make source code available to licensees upon request at zero prices, not necessarily to distribute the source code to everyone. 1.3.5 Licensees are Free to Combine Open Source aid Other Software Open source licenses may not impose conditions or restrictions on other software with which the licensed software is merely combined or distributed. This prevents restrictions regarding what other software can be placed on computer storage media or in compu memory. Open source is one of many possible business and licensing models for so wa ; distribution, and customers must be free to select and use those software alternatives. This open source principle does not mean that licensors cannot impose reciprocal conditionsQTE Mer 1.4 OPEN STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS FOR SOFTWARE The Requirement. An “Open Standard” must not prohibit conforming implement, open source software. - 1.4.1 The. Criteria Must satisf To comply with the Open Standards Requirement, an “Open Standard” the following criteria. If an “Open Standard” does not meet these criteria, discriminating against open source developers. 4 1.4.1.1 No Intentional Secrets , : The standards MUST NOT withhold any detail necessary for interoperabl, implementation. As flows ate inevitable, the standard MUST define a process fot fixin flaws identified during implementation and interoperability testing and to incorporate said changes into a revised version or super sending version of the standards to release under terms that do not violate the OSR. 1.4.1.2 Availability The standard MUST be freely and publicity available (ex. From a stable web site) und royalty-free terms at reasonable and non-discriminatory cost. 1.4.1.3 Patents i All patents essential to implementation of the standards Must : 1. Be licensed under royalty-free terms for unrestricted use, or 2. Be covered by a promise of non-assertion when practiced by open source softwat 1.4.1.4 No Agreements There MUST NOT any requirement for execution of a license agreement, NDA, grant click-through or any other form of paperwork to deploy conforming implementation of standard. it will py 1.4.1.5 No OSR-Incomplete Dependencies Implementation of the standard MUST NOT require any other technology that fails ‘9 meet the criteria of this requirement.1.8 WHAT IS FREE SOFTWARE ? We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be true Particular software program for it to be considered free software, Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the cone think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer, Free software is a matter of the users’ freedom to run, and improve the software. about ept, you shoul copy, distribute, study, chang! Free in Free Software is referring to freedom, meaning since the 80s, the first documented com) Bulletin, vol. 1 no, 1 [1], published February 198 oftware as : not price. Having been used in thi plete definition appears to be the GNU} 6. In particular, four freedoms define Fr 1.8.1 The Freedom to Run the Program, for any Purpose Placing restrictions on the use of Free Software, such as time ("30 days trial period’ “license expires January Ist, 2004”) purpose (“permission granted for research and not commercial use”, “may not be used for benchmarking”) or geographic area (“must not used in country X”) makes a program non-free, 1.8.2 The Freedom to Study How the Program Works, and Adapt it to Your Nee Placing legal or practical restrictions on the comprehension ot modification of a progral such as mandatory purchase of special licenses, signing of a Non-Disclosure Agreeme (NDA) or for programming languages that have multiple forms or representation makinj the preferred human way of comprehending and editing a program (“source code inaccessible also makes it proprietary (non-free). Without the freedom to modify a progta people will remain at the mercy of a single vendor.| ntvotucton to Open Source n ! %1,8,3 The Freedom to Redistribute Copies So You can Help Your Neighbor | Software can be copied/distributed at virtually no cost. If you are not allowed to give = program to a person in need, that makes a program non-free. This can be done for a ‘\-harge, if you so choose. ef1.8.4 The Freedom to Improve the Program, and Release Your Improvements to the Public, ’so that the Whole Community Gets Benefits Not everyone is an equally good programmer in alll fields. Some people don’t know jow to program at all. This freedom allows those who do not have the time or skills to solve problem to indirectly access the freedom to modify. This can be done for a charge. These freedoms are rights, not obligations, although respecting these freedoms for ociety may at times oblige the individual. Any person can choose to not make use of them, but may also choose to make use of all of them. In particular, it should be understood that Free Software does not exclude commercial use. If a program fails to allow commercial use pnd commercial distribution, it is not Free Software. Indeed a growing number of companies 4ase their business mode] completely or at least partially on Free Software, including some pf the largest proprietary software vendors. Free Software makes it legal to provide help and pssistance, it does not make it mandatory. Free Software shares much of its philosophy with Open Source software, but many people within the open source community feel that there are important distinctions between he terms, as described in the section Free Software vs. Open source software. Often Free Software is referred as “free as in speech, not as in beer”, stressing the idea - hat the Free-software movement is concerned with freedom, not with price. Throughout his book the reader should assume that the word “free” is referring to freedom.1.10 FREE SOFTWARE LICENSE PROVIDER Mi * Free Software is released fewer than one of the following license agreements : 1.10.1 GNU General Public License The strict soltw. well GPL license is the most common, and the most demanding of users of ‘are released under it. The Linux Kernel is released under (version 2 of) this license, as as the GNU Compiler Collection (The GCC)." 1.10.4 GINU Lesser General Public License ‘ is licepse was ctininalle , ‘ a This license owas original ¥ feleased as a compromise between the strict GPL license ‘OY and the more pernt Ucensés such as the BSD ense and the MIT license. It does not ‘does, which means that commercial license without having to be released under carry the “inheritance” element that the GPL license Au software may use software released under th ‘tithe GPL, or the LGPL license itself. M tiy 1.10.3 BSD Licenses AS Sometimes referred to as “BSD-Sty the GNU licenses. The original w. : Unix-like operating sy 1.10.4 Mozilla License hq The Mozilla Public License was developed for software released by the Mozilla Foundation (it was actually developed prior to that, but today that is its primary Use). It is 4 “weak copy-left” license, that has since been adopted, in modified versions, by several ey other companies and organizations. Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, and the Mozilla Application Suite are some of the software programs released under this license: licenses, these licenses are more permissive that as used for the Berkley Software Distribution (BSD), a tem for which the license was named. 1.10.5 MIT License This license, which originated at the Ma: domain license. It is one of the most pernti which the X Windows System is released. cl tute of Technology, is a public types of licenses, and is the license under 1 1.10.6 Apache License Technically, this license is incompatible with the GPL, since modifications to the software itself to remain secret and said mod ications to be sold. This does not mean that software released under this license is not Free Software, since it does require the party releasing the software to adhere to the 4 Freedoms. The Apache Web Server is released under this license. it explicitly allows 1.10.7 The “as-is” Release Model This usually means that the released code is simply placed in the public domain, with Ro restrictions whatsoever apart from not “claiming rights” to that code, and not claiming that the user wrote it. There are actually quite a few dedicated-purpose libraries released under this license, which do something very specific, very efficiently. “)/12 PUBLIC DOMAIN K Public domain comprises the body of knowledge and P} innovation (especially creative works such as writing, art, music, and inventions) in relation to which no person or other egal entity can establish or maintain proprietary interests ay within a particular legal jurisdiction. This body of information and creativity is considered to be part of a common cultural ti and intellectual heritage, which, in general, anyone may use H or exploit, whether for commercial or non-commercial purposes. About 15 percent of all books are in the Public domain, including 10 percent of all books that are still in print. . If an item (“work”) is not in the public domain, it may" 1, t08® of Public be the result of a proprietary interest such as a copyright, patent, or other Sui generics right. The extent to which members of the public may use or exploit the work is limited to the extent of the proprietary interests in the relevant legal jurisdiction. However, when the copyright, patent ot other proprietary restrictions expire, the work enters the public domain and may be used by anyone for any purpose. 1.12.1 Public Domain Software’), Another common form of open source software is software that has entered into the public domain. This is software that is unrestricted by copyright or licenses, and therefore free to use for any purpose. Before the rise of the open source software movement a great deai of software written in academic circles was released into the public domain for peer- review. This practice has changed with the rise of a more intentional open source movement, resulting in much software that was once public domain, now being released as FOSS. The -public domain is where many resources used in open source projects come from, but there are few (if any) major projects that operate totally within the public domain. Programs that are uncopyrighted because their authors intended to share them with everyone else are in the public domain. The UNIX community has developed a number of such programs over the years. Programs in the public domain can be used without restriction as components of other programs. When reusing such code, it is good to understand its ac that you can be sure it really is in the public domain. DEFINITION : Programs that are uncopyrighted because their authors intended to share them with everyone else are in the public domain. The UNIX community has developeda number umber of such _ wi 10} eet restriction as crams over the years. Py - ponents of other proms Whe the pul grams, When reusing -- plic domain can be used] “Definition continues16 PROPRIETARY VS. OPEN SOURCE LICENSING MO DEL 1,16 PROPRIETARY VS. OPEN SOUR eee Proprietary/Close Source S/W Open Source S/W Licensor distributes object code only; source code is kept a trade secret. Licensor distributed source code. Modifications are prohibited. Modification are permitted. ‘All upgrades, support and development are done by licensor. Fees are for the software license, Maintenance, and upgrades. Licensee may do its own development anc support or hire any third party to do it. Fees, if any, are for integration, packing, support and consulting. Sublicensing is prohibited, or is a very limited right. Sublicensing id permitted; licensee may have to distribute the source code to program and modification. Microsoft Windows is an example of Close Source S/W. Wikipedia is an example of Open Source S/W. De i‘Stop project development ‘Stop project development functioning Information yster Stop project dovelopment Fig. 2.4.2: Waterfall Model 1. System engineering and analysis ; Ir relates to system level requirement gathering for system elements, Col gathered information may get filtere 1. Documentation ‘The hardware must be released with documentation including design files, and must allow modification and distriby of the design files. The documentation must include design files in the preferred form which a hardware develo would use to modify the design, > 2. Derived Works The license should allow modifications and derived works and {erms as the license of the original hardware. also should permit them to be distributed under the samNecessary Softwa, SSSEM1) re IF the hardware needs sofa Understanding Open-Source Ecosystom..Page Nox (7-9) ation re, documentation requirement mea ao ogy tals ine 10 py ud Properly operate and fulfill its essential functions, then the The interface 5 ° C5 ae documen tleat one 9 Theneeded softwares ot Mickey oT following is launch . 4. Free redistribution unde OSt approve oved open source license. ‘The license shall not timit rai any aggregate distribution contai iavael from selling or giv HeSigNS from Biving away the project documentation as a component of an related to the sale of deriv "rived works Several dtferent ¥ =) ent sources, The license shall not require any royalty or fee 5 Attribution ‘The license shall not require any royal The license should require me licen wire derived wo, disibutng design es snag KS 10 provide atibution to the original designer when manufactured products, Watives thereof, ae iscrimination Against Person ONS oF > 6 No ‘The license must not discriminate agai © against any person of group of pers > 7. No Discrimination Against Fetas of End es of Endeavor license must not limit anyt a * not Timi anybody from making we ofthe hardware in a specific eld of endeavor > 8. Distribution of License thout the ‘The rights attached to the hardwa poe © the hardware must apply toll to whom the product or documentation is redistributed wit ced for execution of a supplementary license by those parties. > 9 License Must Not Be Specific to a Product ‘The rights attached to the hardware should not depend on the hardware being part of a particular bigger product. If the hardware portion is removed from that product and distributed or used within the terms of the hardware license, all parties to whom the hardware is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted for the original distribution. > 10. License Must Not Restrict Other Hardware or Software “The license should not place limitations on other hardware or software that may be distributed or used with the licensed hardware. > 11, License Must Be Technology-Neutral predicated on any individual technology material, specific part or component or No provision of the license may be style of interface.‘7.6.2 Types of Virtualization ‘You may know about virtualization if you have ever divided your hard drive into different partitions. A partition is he in result, two separate hard drives. There are six areas of IT wher, sion of a hard disk drive to create, logical virtualization: Storage virtualization- Storage virtualization is a pool of physical storage from multiple network storage devices, ti 1. a single storage device that is managed from a central location. Storage virtualization is commonly used in storige area networks. Network virtualization- Network virtualization combines the available resources in a network by dividing the 2 available bandwidth into channels, each of which is independent from the others and can be assigned or reassigned oa=_— wanes) _ particular server or device in real Understanding Open-Source Ecosystem...Page No- (7-11) ime. Virtual manageable Pans. much ike you paritioned ha dans Ces the tue problem of the network by dividing irtualization- Data Vi easier to manage your files. pow reece Vitualizaion while providing acces tothe dat thes the tadonal technical details of into number and identity of processors, operat ° ystems and individual physical servers. It is the process of separating physical server into multiple unique and isolated virual servers by means of a software application. Every virtual server can run its own operating systems independently. : Desktop virtualization- Desktop virtualization is virtualizing a workstation load rather than a server and this permits the user to access the desktop remotely Application virtualization. Application virualization is hiding the application layer away from the operating system. In this way, the application can run in an encapsulated form without being depended upon by the operating system. This can permit a Windows application to run on Linux and vice versa.B se advantages of util i 2 iting system. “PSU ~~"8 Ie application layer away from the re = capo “400 0 run og lin ia Without being depended upon bythe operating sy MUX and vig Versa 76.5 Advantages of Virtualization ing a Virtualized ¢ Disaster recovery ang snapshots provide up.to. emergency, a virtual ma virtual machine and the i "Vitonmen are as follows: Aicker backup: 5 aster recove date data which Allows virtual ma ichine can be Migrated to a ne ral server. Porters, ge ronment. Automatic "ty is very easy in a virtualized environ en ener chines to be feasibly backed up and eee ee 'W location in a few minutes. Ee ete ae Cee te ‘Virtual machines can be easily migra efficiently redeployed Lower cost: Virtualization reduces the a this lowers the overall cost of buying and Improved producti data center and mount of hardware servers required within a company and sinlaining large amounts of hardware. nee rs w ty : Reduced number of physical resources result in less ine eat Bees Ti sos ervers. Tasks that can lake many days or weeks in a physical Src Sante ee emer sf momen ond he a a ea en revenue, Easier a st Es mistake is made, the test does not stake is made, ven if a large : i complicated in a virtual environmes i esting- Testing is not so ae Easier testing. reas b the beginning, but it can simply return to the previous snapshot and proceed with the tes and go back t gi need to stop