Introduction
Concept of Management :
Management is the process of designing and maintaining an
environment in which individuals, working together in groups,
efficiently accomplish selected aims.
As managers, people carry out the managerial functions of
planning , organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.
Management is often included as a factor of production along with
machines, materials, and money. According to the Management
guru Peter Drucker (1909-2005), the basic task of a management
is twofold: marketing and innovation.
Functions of Management :
According to Henry Fayol, “To manage is to forecast and plan,
to organize, to command, & to control”.
The most widely accepted are functions of management given by
KOONTZ and O’DONNEL i.e. Planning, Organizing, Staffing,
Directing and Controlling.
Planning :
A plan is an exercise in problem solving & decision making. It is
the basic function of management.
According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding in advance - what
to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from where we
are & where we want to be”.
Organizing :
It is the process of bringing together physical, financial
and human resources and developing productive
relationship amongst them for achievement of
organizational goals.
•Identification of activities.
•Classification of grouping of activities.
•Assignment of duties.
•Delegation of authority and creation of responsibility.
•Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships
Staffing :
The main purpose of staffing is to put right man on right job i.e.
square pegs(hook / bolt) in square holes and round pegs in
round holes.
Staffing involves:
•Manpower Planning (estimating man power in terms of
searching, choose the person and giving the right place).
•Recruitment, selection & placement.
•Training & development.
•Remuneration.
•Performance appraisal.
•Promotions & transfer.
Directing:
It is that part of managerial function which
actuates the organizational methods to work
efficiently for achievement of organizational
purposes.
Direction has following elements:
•Supervision
•Motivation
•Leadership
•Communication
Controlling :
The purpose of controlling is to ensure that
everything occurs in conformities with the standards.
An efficient system of control helps to predict
deviations before they actually occur.
Controlling has following steps:
•Establishment of standard performance.
•Measurement of actual performance.
•Comparison of actual performance with the
standards and finding out deviation if any.
•Corrective action.
The Science and the Art of Management :
One of the enduring questions in the field of management is
whether it is an art or a science. Webster's College Dictionary
defines an art as "skill in conducting any human activity" and
science as "any skill or technique that reflects a precise
application of facts or a principle."
Managing as practice is an art, the organized knowledge
underlying the practice is a science.
Actually, it is an art and a science. it is an art, because
management must be creative, flexible. It uses it’s abilities to
motivate and manage people. At the same time, it is also a
science, because management also use theories for application.
Managerial Skills :
Technical skills :
Technical skills are the skills necessary to accomplish or understand
the specific kind of work being done in an organization. Technical
skills are especially important for first-line managers.
Interpersonal skills :
Managers spend considerable time interacting with people both
inside and outside the organization. For obvious reasons, then, the
manager also needs interpersonal skills --------- the ability to
communicate with, understand and motivate both individuals and
groups.
Conceptual skills :
Conceptual skills depend on the manager’s ability to think in
the abstract.
Diagnostic skills :
A manager can diagnose and analyze a problem in the
organization by studying it’s symptoms and then developing
a solution.
Communication skills :
Communication skills refer to the manager’s abilities both to
effectively convey ideas and information to others and to
effectively receive ideas and information from others.
Decision-making skills :
Effective managers also have good decision-making
skills. Decision-making skills refer to the manager’s ability
to correctly recognize and define problems and
opportunities and then select an appropriate course of
action to solve problems and capitalize on opportunities.
Time-management skills :
Time-management skills refer to the manager’s ability to
prioritize work, to work efficiently, and to delegate
appropriately.
Managerial Roles :
Interpersonal roles :
There are three interpersonal roles :
The manager is often expected to serve as a figurehead----
---- taking visitors to dinner, attending ribbon-cutting
ceremonies, and the like.
The manager is also expected to serve as a leader-------
hiring, training and motivating employees.
Finally, managers can have a liaison role.
Informational Roles :
There are three informational roles :
The first informational role is that of monitor, one who actively seeks
information that may be of value.
The manager is also a disseminator of information, transmitting
relevant information back to others in the workplace.
The third informational role is to focuses on external
communication. The spokesperson formally relays information to
people outside the unit or
Decisional Roles :
There are four decisional roles :
The manager has the role of entrepreneur.
The manager has the role of disturbance handler by
handling problems such as strikes, copyright infringements, or
problems in public relations or corporate image.
The third decisional role is that of resource allocator. As
resource allocator, the manager decides how resources are
distributed and with whom he or she will work most closely.
The fourth decisional role is that of negotiator.
Productivity, Effectiveness and Efficiency :
Productivity :
Productivity may be defined as the output-input ratio within a time
period with consideration for quality. It can be expressed as follows :
Outputs
Productivity = ---------------------
inputs
(within a time period, quality considered) .
Effectiveness :
Effectiveness is the achievement of objectives.
Efficiency:
Efficiency is the achievements of the ends with the least amount of
resources.
