Forensic Science Division

Firearms Section
FORENSIC LABORATORY TRAINING MANUAL
Effective Date: 4/20/2018
Approved by Laboratory Director / Printed Copies are not Controlled

The Austin Police Department Firearm and Toolmark Section utilizes

the AFTE Training Manual, dated March 3, 2001.

The Section will maintain a copy of the AFTE Training Manual as an

addendum to our Section Manuals

Page 1 of 168
 Association
Of
Firearms & Tool Mark
Examiners

TRAINING
MANUAL
March 3, 2001

Page 2 of 168
Introduction
A. Administrative Matters and Procedures

B. Background/History of Firearms Identification and Current Trends

C. Firearms and Ammunition Development and Current Trends

D. Manufacture of Modern Firearms

E. Manufacture of Modern Ammunition

F. Instrumentation

G. Examination of Firearms

H. Bullet Examinations and Comparisons

I. Cartridge/Cartridge Case Examinations and Comparisons

J. Shotshell/Shotshell Component Examinations and Comparisons

K. Gunshot Residue Examinations and Distance Determinations

L. Toolmark Examinations and Comparisons

M. Serial Number Restoration

N. Research Project, Report Writing, Expert Testimony and External Laboratory

Review and Tours

Page 3 of 168
 INTRODUCTION

The following syllabus will allow you as an examiner trainee to guide yourself through the various areas of
knowledge integral to the field of firearms/toolmark identification. This syllabus is generic in its layout and
allows some modification by the individual training officer or section chief to meet local conditions. It is
paramount that you keep before you the primary and ultimate objective of this training period: to
independently and competently examine and compare evidence relating to firearms and toolmark
identification; to independently and competently render an opinion and reach conclusions relating to your
examinations and comparisons; and to give expert testimony in court in matters encompassed within the
broad definition of firearms/toolmark identification and to do this in a professional, competent and an
impartial manner. The obligation is yours to maximize on the effectiveness of the training period as an
opportunity to learn everything possible in this field. The extent to which you exert yourself during this
training and evaluation period will bear directly on the quality of your performance in the laboratory and on
the witness stand. Note well that your technical abilities and your testimony will, in turn, bear directly on
the future situations of accused persons, and especially in the discipline of firearms/toolmark identification,
the lives of accused persons can hang in the balance. You have a moral and ethical obligation to prepare
yourself technically and professionally during training in order to be able to perform according to the most
rigid standards.

You will be expected to carry out a study of all pertinent section equipment, the Technical Protocol
Manual, Administrative Procedures Manual, the Quality Assurance Manual, the Safety Manual, as well as
print, video and physical reference files. Integral to your course of study will be frequent daily contacts
with section personnel with special expertise in certain areas. Do not hesitate to ask anyone a question,
whether a technician, examiner or section chief.

Your study will include many printed references, including the basic material listed after each area
of study. It is expected that during the training period that you will become thoroughly familiar with these
basic references. Further, it should be noted that you should not restrict your efforts and research to those
basic references. One of your primary sources of additional information will be the Firearm Section
reference library. Familiarize yourself with the library's contents of all types, including the reference files,
related indices, manufacturers' literature and the journal of the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark
Examiners.

It is required that you keep a loose-leaf notebook of your study notes on each of the items shown
in the syllabus for research, discussion, demonstration, study or practical work. Your notebook can include
handwritten notes, charts, graphs, photographs, brief photocopied material, etc., at your discretion, but it
must address and broaden on each of the required items of study set out in the syllabus. Organization of
your notebook in a format that parallels the syllabus is suggested. This notebook will serve as a ready
reference in the months and even years following your qualification, and will assist in documenting your
progress during training.

A research project or projects, in addition to certain collateral duties assigned as a learning

experience may supplement your training syllabus. You should be prepared to discuss your preferences
in regard to a project or projects and collateral duties with your training officer within thirty days after
physically reporting to the section.

This training syllabus provides a framework for addressing the most important part of your training:
Preparing you to independently and competently examine firearms/toolmark related evidence and
independently and to competently reach conclusions and render opinions concerning your examinations
and comparisons. This on-the-job, hands-on experience is the core of your training and you will be
assigned to work with a training officer during your training period. This will insure that you have sufficiently
covered each aspect of this training syllabus and have a basis for continuing to develop after you have
graduated beyond your initial qualification and certification.

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 Your training will be monitored and assisted by your Training Officer, who have responsibility for
training matters. All outside schools, tours, lectures and the training officer will coordinate contacts. Within
sixty days of physically reporting to the section you should have completed pertinent sections of this
training syllabus and you should be sufficiently knowledgeable about section operations and reference
files to conduct tours of the section. This aspect of your training should also be coordinated with the
training officer.

The Laboratory Director, Firearm Section Chief and/or your Training Officer will interview you in
detail after you report to the section. They will be particularly concerned with you past training, experience,
education, published articles and other credentials so that they may establish a base line in regard to your
knowledge, skills and abilities with regard to the examiner position. Based on this information an Individual
Training Plan (ITP) will be prepared for you which will contain projected completion dates for the
established training goals. You will receive a copy of this ITP for your information and guidance. You will
be expected to meet the standards set by your Training Officer for your successful completion of your
training. These standards are set forth in the Administrative Guide as well as in your ITP.

Training Assessment

 A trainee shall have successfully completed a qualifying test in each discipline and
sub-disciplines before beginning supervised or independent casework
responsibilities.
 Training assessment will be accomplished when
 All competency tests must be satisfactorily examined, documented and reported
(minimum of 5)
 All training records documenting completion of training requirements, and trainee's
credentials are approved by the Firearms Laboratory Supervisor
 The trainee successfully completes comprehensive standardized practical exams
for the specific area of testing (for example: firearm examination, projectile
comparisons, GSR – Distance testing).

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A. ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS AND PROCEDURES

1. Discuss the laboratory Quality Assurance Program and the Proficiency Testing Program with
your Laboratory Director/ Firearm Section Chief.

____________________ __________
Lab Director/Section Chief Date

2. Discuss the laboratory policy regarding the reexamination of evidence with your Laboratory
Director/Section Chief.

____________________ __________
Lab Director/Section Chief Date

3. Discuss the opportunities for advancement within the Firearm Section and the laboratory system
with your Lab Director/Section Chief.

____________________ __________
Lab Director/Section Chief Date

4. Meet with the Lab Director and discuss the laboratory's mission, organization and capabilities.
Tour the facilities and prepare a typed summary for your training officer regarding what you
learned.

____________________ __________
Lab Director/Section Chief Date

____________________ __________
Training Officer Date

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5. Participate in a one week "ride-along" program with a crime scene evidence processing section.
Observe the collection and preservation of physical evidence of all types, with emphasis on
firearms-related evidence. Prepare a typed report for each day, citing crime scenes observed,
evidence collected and the related crime scene search documentation generated, such as
photographs, sketches, evidence logs, incident reports, etc.

_______________________ __________
Crime Scene Supervisor Date

_______________________ __________
Training Officer Date

6. Discuss with your Lab Director/Section Chief the laboratory policies regarding the following:

a. Providing telephonic results prior to issuance of a final laboratory report.

b. Inquiries from the press and other media.
c. Request to give a deposition in a criminal case.
d. Request to testify in a civil case.
e. Request to testify in a grand jury proceeding or a preliminary hearing.
f. Providing a laboratory report to other agencies.

____________________ __________
Lab Director/Section Chief Date

7. Become familiar with the requirements and the facilities available for the secure storage of
evidence within the section. Discuss this with the Lab Director/Section Chief and an examiner
from the section.

_________________ ________
Lab Director/Section Chief Date

____________ ________
Student Date

8. Become familiar with the requirements of section security in regard to firearms, electrical
appliances, evidence while under examination, and section space security. Discuss this with the
Section Chief and an examiner from the section.

_________________ ________
Lab Director/Section Chief Date

____________ ________
Student Date

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9. Familiarize yourself with the Firearms Reference Collection (FRC):

a. Learn how to locate firearms in the FRC using the FRC printed inventory listings, and
obtain up-to-date copies of this inventory for your use.
b. Know the correct procedure for checking a firearm out of the FRC.

_____________ __________
Lab Director/Section Chief Date

____________ __________
Student Date

10. Be briefed by the Section Chief in regard to his files, records and procedures in regard to
delinquent cases, annual and sick leave, time and attendance, report files, ordering expendable
supplies, purchase orders and obtaining necessary tools, equipment and protective clothing.

______________________ _________
Lab Director/Section Chief Date

______________________ _________
Student Date

11. Know the procedures utilized in the firearm section for handling and examining evidence that
may be or is known to be infected by the AIDS virus or other diseases.

(Use Training Assignment #1 to complete this objective.)

______________________ _________
Student Date

12. Obtain a copy of the "Technical Protocols for Handling of Firearms and Ammunition" which
includes safety rules and procedures. Familiarize yourself with its content and indicate you
understand the rules and procedures contained therein by your signature below.

(Use Training Assignment #1 to complete this objective.)

___________ ________
Student Date

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 8 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of resources for use in completing pre-course assignments

should you have a particular interest in a given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make additional
notes about them at the end of this listing.

Basic

Policies and procedure manuals for the laboratory

Firearms Safety

Dutton, G., “Firearms Safety in the Laboratory”, AFTE Journal, 1997;

29(1):37-41.

National Laboratory Center, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms,

“Firearms Safety Guidelines for the Forensic Firearms Examiner,”
current edition.

Chemical Safety

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), as applicable can be obtained in print or on disk from
chemical supply houses.

National Laboratory Center, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, “National

Laboratory Center Safety Procedures Manual,” current edition.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR Part 1910, Occupational

Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories; Final Rule.

Biohazards

Bigbee, P.D., “Collecting and Handling Evidence Infected with Human Disease-Causing
Organisms,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Jul. 1987.

---. The Law Enforcement Officer and Aids, U.S. Government Printing Office, current
edition.

FBI Laboratory, Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure Control Plan, current edition.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Bloodborne Facts Hepatitis B

Vaccination Protection for You, current edition.

---. Bloodborne Facts - Holding the Line on Contamination, current edition.

Page 9 of 168
 ---. Bloodborne Facts - Personal Protective Equipment Cuts Risk, current edition.

---. Bloodborne Facts - Protect Yourself When Handling Sharps, current edition.

---. Bloodborne Facts - Reporting Exposure Incidents, current edition.

---. 29 CFR Part 1910.1030, Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens; Final

Rule, current version.

"AIDS/HIV Carriers, An Organizational Response" FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,

June 1989.

Personal Protective Equipment

Ball, P. and Mikko, D., “Protective Optics,” AFTE Journal, 1992; 24(1):80-81.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Hearing Conservation, current edition.

---. Personal Protective Equipment, current edition.

---. Respiratory Protection, current edition.

Lead Poisoning

Cayton, J.C., “Blood Lead Tests,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(1):40.

Geibel, J., “Ammunition Can Be Hazardous to Your Health (In More than the Obvious Way),”
Police and Security News, May-Jun. 1992, p. 11.

Gregory, A.M., “At Close Range,” American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers Journal, Vol.
4, No. 2.

Martinez, A.M., “Lead Poisoning,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,

Aug. 1993, pp. 1-4.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Standards for Occupational Exposure to Lead,
Chapter XVII, Title 29, U.S. Department of Labor, Section 1910.1025.

“Publication Availability: Lead Poisoning in Shooting Range A Menace or a Hoax,” AFTE

Journal, 1980; 12(4):101.

Physical Plant Safety

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.155, Fire Protection

Regulations, Subpart L.

Quality Assurance

Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners, “Association of Firearm and Tool Mark
Examiners Quality Assurance Program 1986,” AFTE Journal, 1986; 18(3):10.
Bradford, L.W., “Barriers to Quality Achievement in Crime Laboratory Operations,” AFTE
Journal, 1983; 15(2): 71.

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 ---. “Forensic Firearms Identification, Competence or Incompetence,” AFTE Journal, 1979;
11(2):12.

Brundage, D.J., “Proficiency Testing in Illinois,” 1980; 12(4):76.

Hodge, E.E., “Guarding Against Error,” AFTE Journal, 1988;

20(3):290-293.

---. “Guarding Against Error,” AFTE Journal, 1989; 21(2):450-453.

Serrill, M.S., “Forensic Sciences: Overburdened, Underutilized,” AFTE Journal, 1980; 12(4):58.

Lucas, D.M., “American Proficiency Testing Program,” AFTE Journal, 1985; 17(1):26.

“Proficiency Testing Recommended for Crime Labs,” AFTE Journal, 1979; 11(2):22.

Thornton, J.I., “Nationwide Crime Laboratory Proficiency Project,” AFTE Journal, 1979; 11(2):23.

Individual Certification

Kopera, J., “Summary of the Study of the Feasibility of Certification,” AFTE Journal, 1992;
24(1):84-90.

Kowalski, K.F., “AFTE Certification Program,” AFTE Journal, 1996; 28(4):287-290.

Laboratory Accreditation

American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, Laboratory Accreditation Board

Manual, current edition.

Rabren, C.L., “Laboratory Accreditation,” AFTE Journal, 1982; 14(3):36.

AFTE History and Development

“Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Bylaws,” AFTE Journal, 1990; 22(1):61-70.

Howe, W.J., “Report on the Formation of the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners,”
AFTE Journal, 1989; 21(2):118-119.

Ethics

“AFTE Code of Ethics,” AFTE Journal, 1991; 24(3):342-345.

“AFTE Code of Ethics,” AFTE Journal, 1993; 25(1):ix.

“AFTE Procedures for Enforcement of the Code of Ethics,” AFTE Journal, 1990; 22(4):457-470.

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 B. BACKGROUND/HISTORY OF FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION AND CURRENT TRENDS

1. Define the following terms:

a. Firearm identification
b. Ballistics

(Use Training Assignment #1 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officers Date

2. Read the applicable sections from the basic references and prepare a report on the history,
principles, evolution and scope of firearms identification in its broadest sense. Support your
report by data accumulated in your notebook. Discuss this with the Training Officer from the
section who will review your report.

(Use Training Assignment #1 and #2 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

3. Formulate an answer to the following questions:

a. Is the Forensic Science Discipline of Firearm and Toolmark Identification an art or
science?
b. What are the types of conclusions that can be reached in firearm identification
comparisons?
c. What is the basis for each of the above conclusions?
d. Is it possible for experts in the Forensic Science Discipline of Firearm and Toolmark
Identification to disagree regarding their conclusions? Why or Why Not?
e. How does "probability" relate to firearm identification?

(Use Training Assignment #2 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

4. Familiarize yourself with the "Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners" (AFTE), to
include its history, current officers, criteria for membership, committees, the AFTE glossary and
the AFTE journal and be able to discuss them.

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

5. Discuss with system operators the status of the ongoing research initiatives to link shootings
using computer imagery such as NIBIN (National Integrated Ballistics Information Network-
formerly DRUGFIRE and IBIS). Prepare a report on this system.

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 12 of 168
6. Visit and tour the various laboratories that provide firearms and toolmark examinations within
your region. Coordinate this visit with your Training Officer.

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

7. Become knowledgeable about the proficiency-testing program administered by the outside

independent testing services. Particularly be aware of testing and the results of testing
conducted within the field of firearms and toolmark identification by this organization. Discuss
this with your Training Officer.

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

8. Be able to demonstrate a practical working knowledge of firearm terminology using the AFTE
Glossary as the standard.

(Use Training Assignment #4 and #5 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

9. Select a topic for a research project to be completed during your training period. Obtain approval
from your Training Officer before initiation of the project. This project should contribute to the
overall fund of information in the field of firearm identification. These results will be shared with
the section upon completion. In addition, your results should be formatted for publication in the
AFTE Journal and for presentation at an AFTE Meeting.

(Use Training Assignment #3 to begin this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 13 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION - HISTORY, PRINCIPLES, EQUIPMENT AND CURRENT
DEVELOPMENTS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in a given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make addtional
notes about them at the end of this listing.

BooksBooks

Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Standardization Committee, Glossary of the
Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners, 3rd edition, Available Business Printing, Inc.,
Chicago, 1994.

Burrard, G., The Identification of Firearms and Forensic Ballistics, 1st edition,Charles Scribner
Sons, NY, 1934, revised edition, A.S. Barnes & Co., NY, 1964.

Davis, J.E., An Introduction to Tool Marks, Firearms and the Striagraph, Charles C. Thomas,
Springfield, IL, 1958.

Gunther, J.D., and Gunther, C.O., The Identification of Firearms, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1935.

Hatcher, J.S., Hatcher’s Notebook, Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg,

PA, 1947.

---. Firearms Investigation, Identification and Evidence, and Textbook of Pistols and Revolvers,
Small Arms Publishing Company, Plantersville, SC, 1946.

Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J. and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and Evidence, 2nd
edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1957.

Himmelwright, A.L.A., “Forensic or Legal Ballistics” in Pistol and Revolver Shooting, The
Macmillan Company, NY, 1928.

Heard, B.E., Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic
Evidence, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.

Mathews, J.H., Firearms Identification, Volumes I - III, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield,

IL, 1962.

NRA Firearms Fact Book, 3rd edition, National Rifle Association, Fairfax, VA, 1989.

Rowe, W. H., “Firearms Identification”, Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. II, 1988,
Saferstein, R. (Ed.), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 393 – 461

Page 14 of 168
AFTE Journal

AFTE Criteria For Identification Committee Report, “Theory of Identification, Range of

Stria Comparison Reports and Modified Glossary Definitions”, 1992; 24(3)

Barrett, M.R., “Microchip and the Bullet: A Vision of the Future, 1991; 23(3): 876-883.

Bates, J.S., “Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy,” 1981;

13(1):64.

Berg, S.O., “Drama of Forensic Ballistics,” 1979; 11(3):44.

---. “Firearms Evidence and the Kennedy Assassination,” 1970; 2(2):2-3.

Beck, R., “Alexander von Inostranzeff and the Technical Development of Optical
Comparison Systems,” 1989; 21(1):67-72.

Biasotti, A.A., “Bullet Bearing Surface Composition: Variables: Fired Bullets,” 1981;
13(2):94.

---. “Characteristics in Firearms and Toolmark Identification,” 1980; 12(4):81.

---. “Firearms and Toolmark Identification: A Forensic Science Discipline,” 980;12(3):12.

---. “Methods Applied to the Comparison of Class and Individual Characteristics in

Firearms and Toolmark Identification,” 1989; 21(2):260-263.

---. “Photomicrography and Illumination: Some Critical Factors,” 1979; 11(4):60.

---. “Proposal for a Computer Based Firearms Class Characteristics Information

System,”1970; 2(1):12.

Biasotti, A.A. and Murdock, J., “State of the Art of Firearm &Toolmark Identification,
“ 1984; 16(4):16.

Blackwell, R.J., and Framan, E.P., “Automated Firearms Identification System (AFIDS) Phase I,”
1980; 12(4):11.

Bradford, L.W., “Forensic Firearms Identification: Competence or Incompetence,” 1979;

11(2):12.

Brent, W., “Proved Guilty by Ballistics (Hadley vs Arizona),” 1973; 5(6):5.

Byron, D., “Computerized System for Identifying Firearms,” 1982; 82(3):157.

Cassidy, F.H., “Information on History of Comparison Microscopes,” 1989; 21(1):67-72.

Chamberlain, D., “Microscope Comparison Bridge,” 1972; 4(1):9.

Collins, J.M., “IBIS Manual Bullet Acquisition: Mounting Stub Modification,

“ 1997;29(1):70-72.

Crossman, E.B., “Qualifications of a Ballistics Expert,” 1985; 17(3):119.

Page 15 of 168
Dillon, J.H. and Sibert, R.W., “FBI Laboratory’s DRUGFIRE Program,” 1990; 22(2) :216.

Gardner, G.Y., “Computer Identification of Bullets,” 1979; 11(2):26

Garland, P.V., “Reexamination of Firearms Evidence in the Robert F. Kennedy

Assassination,” 1976; 8(3):complete issue.

Garrison, D.H., “Guns of Brownsville,” 1986; 18(4):65.

---. “Gunsmith and the Soldier”, (Churchill vs. Burrard), 1987;

19(2): 181-187.

Goddard, C.H., “Criminal Investigation Laboratory as an Aid to Law Enforcement in the

Far East,” 1985; 17(3):100.

---. “Firearms as Evidence,” 1980; 12(4):93.

---. “History of Firearms Identification,” 1980; 12(4):38.

---. “History of Firearms Identification,” 1985; 17(1):55.

---. “History of Firearms Identification,” 1989; 21(2):263-278.

---. “History of Firearms Identification to 1930,” 1993; 25(3):214-228.

---. “Identification of Projectiles in Criminal Cases,” 1987; 19(4):393-402.

---. “Scientific Identification of Firearms and Bullets,” 1979; 11(4):97.

---. “Valentine Day Massacre: A Study in Ammunition Tracing,” 1980; 12(1):44.

Goebel, R., “Comparison SEM First Experiments in Forensic Application,” 1983; 15(2):47.

Grove, C.A., Judd, G, and Horn, Horn, R., “SEM: A New Technique for Firearms Examination,”
1972; 4(1):19.

Hall, A.L., “Missile and the Weapon,” 1980; 12(4):85.

Howe, W.J., “Report on the Formation of The Association of Firearm and Toolmark
Examiners,” 1989; 21(2):118-119.

Hueske, E.E., “Preliminary Report on the Application of Fiber Optic Videomicroscopy to

Firearm and Toolmark Examination,” 1990; 22(3):280-287.

Inbau, F.E., “Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases: Firearms Identification - Ballistics’,” 1981;
13(2):75.

---. “Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases: Firearms Identification -Ballistics,” 1989; 21(2):280-
293.

Juling, R.J. and Stern, W.W., “Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for Attorneys, I.
Salient Features of Firearms Evidence,” 1981; 13(4): 128.

Katterwe, H., “Comparison Scanning Electron Microscope,” 1983: 15(3):141.

Page 16 of 168
Lambert, R.R., “Firearms Identification,” 1971; 3(3):23.

Lansing, J.F., “Customized Comparison Microscope,” 1973; 5(5):25.

Lee, H.C., “Firearm Related Evidence: The Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti Case,” 1985;
17(3):13.

Lawyers Cooperative Publishing Co., “Firearms Identification AM JUR PROOF OF FACTS,”

1983; 15(3):31.

Lutz, M.C., “Consecutive Revolver Barrels,” 1970; 2(5):24.

---. “Evaluation of New Fiber Optics System,” 1986; 18(1):12.

Mann, M., Espinoza, E.O., and Scanlan, M.D., “Firearms Examinations by Scanning
Electron Microscopy: Observations and An Update on Current and Future Approaches,
“ 1992; 24(3): 294-303.

Masson, J.J., “ Confidence Level Variations in Firearms: Identifications through

Computerized Technology,” 1997; 29(1):42-44.

Matty, W., “Comparison of Three Individual Barrels Produced from One Button Rifled
Barrel Blank,” 1985; 17(3):64.

---. “Comparison of Three Individual Barrels Produced from One Button Rifled Barrel Blank,”
1989; 21(2):370-374.

Meyers, C.R., “Firearms and Toolmark Identification: An Introduction,” 1993; 25(4):281-285.

---. “Objective vs. Subjective Boondoggle,” 1987; 19(1):24-30.

---. “Objective vs. Subjective Boondoggle,” 1989; 21(2):413-419.

---. “Mythical Striation Match,” 1992; 24(4):364-365.

Miller, J., “Book Review: The Law and Forensic Ballistics by T.A. Warlow,” 1997; 29(2):239,
173.

Molnar, S., “Comparison Scope Effects Simulated by Use of Photography,” 1971; 3(3):18.

---. “What is a Firearms Examiner: Some Provocative Thoughts,” 1970; 2(7):36.

---. “What is a Firearms Examiner: Some Provocative Thoughts,” 1989; 21(2):128-131.

Moran, B., “Building an Inexpensive High Intensity Fluorescent Lighting System for the
Comparison Microscope,” 1997; 29(1):49-54.

---. “Manual and Automated Bullet and Cartridge Case Comparison Systems: A Commentary,”
1997; 29(1):55-57.

Murdock, J.E., “Effect of Crowning on Gun Barrel Individuality,” 1970; 2(3):12.

---. “Forensic Examination of Firearms and Ammunition,” 1987; 19(2):188-197. (Lecture by
Robert Churchill Feb. 25, 1931.)

Page 17 of 168
---. “Gun Barrel Individuality and Button Rifled .22 Caliber Rifle Barrels,” 1981; 13(3):84.

Ogihara, Y., “5000 Consecutively Fired Bullets and Cartridge Cases from .45 Caliber M1911A1
Pistol,” 1983; 15(3):127.

Ogihara, Y., Kubota, M., Sanada, M., Fukudo, K., Uchiyama, T., and Hamby, J.E., “Comparison
of 5000 Consecutively Fired Bullets and Cartridge Cases from a .45 Caliber M1911A1 Pistol,”
1989; 21(2):331-343.

Prieto, M.A., “Firearms Identification Preface”, 1982l, 14(2): 17- 43.

Rathman, G.A., and Ryland, S.G., “Use of the SEM-EDXA as an Aid to the Firearms
Examiner,” 1987; 19(4):338-392.

Starrs, J.E., “Once More Unto the Breech: The Firearms Evidence in the Sacco and
Vanzetti Case Revisited: Part I,” 1987; 19(1):37-60.

---. “Once More Unto the Breech: The Firearms Evidence in the Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Revisited: Part II,” 1987; 19(1):61-89.

Thornton, J.I., “Origin of the Term Land,” 1983; 15(4):8.

---. “Some Historical Notes on the Comparison Microscope,” 1978; 10(1):7.

---. “Some Historical Notes on the Comparison Microscope,” 1989; 21(2):215-217.

---. “Validity of Firearms Evidence,” 1979; 11(2):16.

Thomas, F., “Striation Matching and Forensic Firearms Identification,” 1980; 12(3):31.

Thompson, R.M., Desrosiers, M., and Hester, S., “Computerized Image Analysis for
Firearms Identification: The Integrated Ballistic Identification System: IBIS,” 1996;
28(3):194-203.

Uchiyama, T., “Automated Landmark Identification System,” 1993; 25(3):172-196.

---. “Automatic Comparison Model of Land Marks,” 1988; 20(3):252-259.

---. “Change of Rifling Marks of the Bullets Fired from a Revolver,” 1986; 18(4):40.

---. “Correction: Automatic Comparison Model of Land Marks,” 1990; 22(3):346.

---. “Criterion for Land Mark Identification,” 1988; 20(3):236-251.

---. “Criterion for Land Mark Identification Using Rare Marks,” 1988; 20(3):260-268.

---. “Similarity Among Breech Face Marks Fired from Guns with Close Serial Numbers,” 1986;
18(3):15.

Uchiyama, T., Igarashi, N., and Nagai, M., “Frequency of Occurrence of Individual
Characteristics of Firearms on Fired Bullets,” 1988; 20(4):376-390.

Williams-Sorenson, “Barrel Corrosion and Its Effect on Identification,” 1971; 3(2):34.

Ziegler, P.A., “Examination Techniques: The Beam Splitter and Reverse Lighting,” 1983;
15(2):37.

Page 18 of 168
Professional Journals

Belveal, D.N., “Firearms Identification Based Upon Bullet Comparisons: Expertise or

Guesswork,” California Attorneys for Criminal Justice Forum, Vol. 4, No. 2, Mar. - Apr. 1977, p.
17.

Biasotti, A. A., “A Statistical Study of the Individual Characteristics of Fired Bullets,

“Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan. 1959, pp. 34 - 50.

---. “The Principles of Evidence Evaluation as Applied to Firearms and Tool Mark Identification,”
Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 9, 1964.

Blackwell, R., “Automated Firearms Identification System (AFIDS),” JPL Report SP 43-8:
Phase I, July, 1974.

Brackett, J. W., “A Study of Idealized Striated Marks and their Comparisons Using Models,” The
Journal of Forensic Science Society, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan. 1970, pp.27 - 55.

Burd, D.Q., and Kirk, P.L., “Tool Marks. Factors involved in Their Comparison and Use as
Evidence,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Mar. - Apr. 1942.

Burrard, G., “The Identification of Fire-Arms in Murder Cases,” Game and Gun, Vol. 10, No. 92,
May 1933, pp. 214 -219.

Buxton, J.T., “The Science of Ballistics: Judicial Applications,” Law Notes, Vol. 34, May 1930,
pp. 24 -28.

Cassidy, H.E., “Ballistics Forensically Applied,” Journal of Criminal Law and

Criminology, Vol. 20, Nov. 1929, pp. 439-448.

Churchill, R., “The Forensic Examination of Firearms and Projectiles, “ The Police
Journal, Vol. 2, Jul. 1929, pp. 367 -380 (London).

Crossman, E.C., “Some Questions Not in the Program,” The American Journal of Police
Science, May - Jun. 1930.

Davis, J.E., “The Striagraph: A New Police Science Instrument,” Police, Nov. - Dec. 1956, pp.
26 - 29.

Goddard, C.H., “Evidence in Shooting Cases,” Chicago Police Journal, Nov. 1913.

---. “Forensic Ballistics,” Army Ordnance, Nov. - Dec. 1925.

---. “Scientific Identification of Firearms and Bullets,” Journal of Criminal Law and
Criminology, Aug. 1926.

---. “The Valentine Day Massacre: A Study in Ammunition Tracing,” The American Journal of
Police Science, Vol. 1, 1930, pp. 60-79.

---. “Firearms as Evidence,” The American Journal of Police Science, Vol. 2, 1931, p. 3.

---. “A National Firearms Bureau,” Chicago Police Journal, Jul. 1934, pp. 15-16.

---. “In Search of the Firearm,” Chicago Police Journal, Part I, Jan. 1935;
Part II, Feb. 1935.

Page 19 of 168
---. “A History of Firearm Identification,” Chicago Police Journal, 1936, pp. 1-14.

Dougherty, P.M., “Report on Two Early United States Firearms Identification Cases,” Journal of
Forensic Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 4, Oct. 1969, pp. 453-459.

“A Federal Firearms Identification Bureau,” editorial in Army Ordnance, Vol. 14, May - Jun. 1934,
p. 365.

Grove, C.A., Judd, G., and Horn, R., “Examination of Firing Pin Impressions by Scanning
Electron Microscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1972, pp. 645-658.

---. “Evaluation of SEM Potential in the Examination of Shotgun and Rifle Firing Pin
Impressions,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1974, pp. 441-447.

Gunther, C.O., “Markings on Bullets and Shells Fired from Small Arms,”
Mechanical Engineering, 54, 1932, pp. 341-345.

---. “Markings on Bullets and Shells Fired from Small Arms,” Mechanical Engineering,
53, 1930, pp 107-113.

---. “Markings on Bullets and Shells Fired from Small Arms,” Mechanical Engineering,
52, 1930, pp. 1065-1069.

---. “Principles of Firearms Identification - Fingerprinting Ordnance in the War on Crime,

“Army Ordnance, 12, 1932, pp. 339-340.

---. “Principles of Firearms Identification - Further Analysis of Accidental Characteristics,

“ Army Ordnance, 13, 1932, pp. 40-43.

Hall, A.L., “The Missile and the Weapon,” The Buffalo Medical Journal, Jun. 1900. (Reprinted in
American Journal of Police Science, Vol. 2, 1931, pp. 311-322.)

Hatcher, J.S., “The Identiification of Firearms,” Army Ordance, Vol. 14, Jul. - Aug. 1933,
pp. 27 - 32; Vol. 14, Sep. - Oct. 1933, pp. 89-95.

Inbau, F.E., “Firearms Identification Ballistics’,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,
Vol. 24, 1933, pp. 825-845.

Judd, G., Sabo, J., Hamilton, W., Ferriss, S., and Horn, R., “SEM Microstriation Characterization
of Bullets and Contaminant Particle Identification,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 4,
1974, pp. 798-811.

Katterwe, H., Goebel, R., and Gross, K.D., “The Comparison Scanning Electron Microscope
within the Field of Forensic Science,” Scanning Electron Microscopy/1982, SEM Inc., pp. 499 -
504.

Korda, E.J., Macdonell, H.L., and Williams, J.P., “Forensic Applications of the Scanning Electron
Microscope,” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, Vol. 61, No. 3, 1970, pp.
453-458.

Murdock, J.E., “The Effect of Crowning on Gun Barrel Individuality,” The Journal of the Forensic
Science Society, Vol. 12, 1972, pp. 305-308.

Page 20 of 168
Nichols, R.G., “Firearms and Toolmark Identification Criteria: A Review of the Literature”; Journal
of Forensic Science, 1997:42(3): 466-474 (contains 35 references)

Peterson, C.A., “A Camera for Bullet Photography,” Chicago Police Journal, May 1934,
pp. 7 - 8.

Roche, G.F., “The Use of Photographs in Forensic Firearms Identification,” Identification News,
Vol. 3, No. 6, Jun. 1953.

Serhant, J.E., “The Admissibility of Ballistics in Evidence,” American Journal of Police

Science, May-Jun. 1930.

Sibert, R. W., “DRUGFIRE: Responding to Gang and Drug-Related Shootings,”, Crime

Laboratory Digest, Vol. 19, No. 1, January 1992, pp. 6 - 9

Sibert, R.W., “Drugfire: Revolutionizing Firearms Identification and Providing a National Firearms
Identification Network,” Crime Laboratory Digest, Oct. 1994.

Smith, S., “The Identification of Firearms and Projectiles,” The Police Journal, Vol. 1,
Jul. 1928, pp. 411-422 (London).

Sullington, D., “Ballistics, a New Science,” The Criminologist, Vol. 5, Jun. 1929, pp. 32-
34.

Tangen, E., “The Schopflin Case,” The American Journal of Police Science,” Vol. 2, 1931, pp.
518-528.

“The History of Firearms Identification,” The International Association of Identification Firearms

Sub-Committee, Identification News, Vol.15, No. 6, June 1965, pp. 5 – 15

Thomas, F., “Comments on the Discovery of Striation Matching and on Early Contributions to
Forensic Firearms Identification,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. 1967, pp. 1-
7.

Thornton, J., “The Validity of Firearms Evidence,” California Attorneys for Criminal Justice
Forum, Vol.5, No. 4, Aug. 1978, p. 15.

Wescott, A.P., “The Firearms Expert,” The Police Journal, Vol. 7, Oct. - Dec. 1934, pp. 472-485
(London).

Wiard, S.W., “Ballistics as Applied to Police Science,” The American Journal of Police Science,
Vol. 1, 1930, pp. 538-542.

Wiard, S., “Application of Ballistics in Legal Cases,” American Journal of Police Science, Vol. 2,
1931, pp. 174-179.

Wigmore, J.H., “Evidence - Homicide - Identification of Bullet and Firearms,” Illinois Law Review,
Vol. 25, 1931, p. 692.

Page 21 of 168
Periodicals

“Art of Photographing the Unseen is Museum-Artgravure Subject,” Newark News,

Feb. 4, 1934. (Phillip O. Gravelle)

Barton, A., “You Can’t Get Away With Murder,” Guns, Jul. 1979.

Braverman, S., “Forensic Ballistic Errors,” The Gun Digest, 1966, pp. 280-283.

Coggswell, J.F., “Is There a Perfect Crime?,” Popular Mechanics, Aug. 930, pp. 194 - 199.

Crawford, W.J., “Bullet Identification,” The Edison Monthly, May 1926.

Crossman, E.C., “The Scientific Side of Firearms and Crime,” The Sporting Goods
Dealer, June 1930.

Dunn, H.H., “Trade-Marks of Crime,” Popular Mechanics, Jul. 1929, pp. 50-56.

Goddard, C.H., “Who Did the Shooting?,” Popular Science Monthly, Nov. 1927, pp. 21-23.

---. “Forensic Ballistics,” Medical Times, Jul. 1929.

---. “Forensic Ballistics - Popular Style,” American Rifleman, Vol. 77, Jul. 1929, pp. 14,
15 and 20.

---. “The Bullet and Microscope,” The Rifleman, Nov. 1929 (London).

---. “Gang Guns,”, American Rifleman, Vol. 78, Jan. 1930, pp. 16 and 38.

---. “How Science Solves Crime: II. Identification of Firearms,” Hygeia, Vol. 10, Mar.
1932, pp. 219-233.

Gorman, S.F., “Scientific Criminology - How Bullets and Firearms are Matched for Identification,”
Scientific American, Oct. 1930, pp. 265-267.

---. “Scientific Criminology - The Pistol Witness,” Scientific American, Dec. 1930, pp. 456-457.

“His Camera Sees Where Human Eye Fails,” Newark News, Feb. 17, 1941. (Phillip O. Gravelle)

“How the St. Louis Ballistics Expert Operates in His Part of Crime Detection,” St. Louis Globe-
Democrat, Jul. 14, 1929.

Herrich, R.E., “Ballistic Jusrisprudence,” Arms and the Man, May 1923.

Landis, C.S., “Winchester’s Ballistic Chief Has Helped to Unravel Many Crime Mysteries,”
The Sporting Goods Dealer, Nov. 1931.

“A New Way of Examining the Inside of a Rifle Barrel,” Scientific American, April, 1926.
“Optics and the Dectective,” Bausch and Lomb Magazine, Jul. 1925.

Pardua, R., “What’s in a Name....Ballistics for Instance,” Spring 3100, a Magazine for Policemen,
Vol. 22, No. 2, (NYCPD).

Page 22 of 168
 Souder, W., “Firearm Identification,” Army & Navy Journal, Mar. 1932.

“South Orange Man is Awaitng Medal for Photomicrography,” Newark News, Jun. 24, 1924
(Phillip O. Gravelle).

Stout, W.S., “Fingerprinting Bullets - The Expert Witness,” The Saturday Evening Post,
June 13, 1925.

---. “Fingerprinting Bullets The Silent Witness,” The Saturday Evening Post, June 20, 1925.

“Photomicrography Authority Started Career as Hobbyist,” Newark News, Feb. 16, 1936.
(Phillip O. Gravelle)

“Photomicrography Expert to Address Camera Club,” Newark News, Jan. 25, 1934.
(Phillip O. Gravelle)

Teale, E.W., “Secrets of Crime Read on Bullets,” Popular Science Monthly, Feb. 1932.

Thompson, W., “How Who Dunits Are Solved,” Guns Magazine, Aug. 1955.

Williams, C.G., “Fingerprints on Bullets,” Outdoor Life, May 1922.

“Wizard in Ballistics: Phillip O. Gravelle of So. Orange, Expert with Microscope, Dead at
77,” Newark News, Feb. 4, 1955.

Other Documents

“Benchmark Evaluation Studies of the Bulletproof and DRUGFIRE Ballistic Imaging Systems,”
Executive Summary, Published by the Executive Office of the Presidents’s Office of National
Drug Control Policy

Biasotti, A.A., “Bullet Comparisons - A Study of Fired Bullets Statistically Analyzed,”

unpublished Master’s thesis, School of Criminology, University of California, Berkeley, 1955, 97
pages.

Boyd, K.T., “Use of Probability Theory in Making Identifications Through Common

Characteristics,” paper presented at AFTE meeting in Washington, D.C., Feb, 1974.

Devaney, J.R., and Bradford, L.W., “Applications of Scanning Electron Microcopy to Forensic
Science at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1969 - 1970,” Scanning Electron Microscopy/1971 (Part
II), proceedings of the Workshop on Forensic Applications
of the Scanning Electron Microscope, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL, pp. 561-568

Kingston, C.R., and Kirk, P.L., “The Use of Statistics in Criminalistics,” unpublished paper
presented at California Association of Criminalists, Fall Seminar, Oct. 1973.

“Study of Fired Bullets and Shells in Brownsville, Texas, Riot.” Annual report of Chief of
Ordnance, U.S. Army, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1907.

The Waite System of Bullet Identification (undated pamphlet) Bureau of Forensic

Ballistics, New York.

Page 23 of 168
 C. FIREARMS & AMMUNITION DEVELOPMENT
AND CURRENT TRENDS

1. Review the history of early firearms and ammunition development up to the advent of metallic
cartridges, with particular emphasis on lock mechanisms, early rifling techniques, percussion
systems, priming methods and pre-metallic cartridges. Prepare a chronological outline of this
early development and discuss it with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #3 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

2. Visit the firearm collection of a museum in your region and observe first-hand those firearms that
constitute examples of early firearms and ammunition development. Meet the curator of the
collection and obtain their views and opinions on those firearms that are developmental
benchmarks. Coordinate this tour with your Training Officer and discuss the tour with them
afterwards.

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

3. Tour the firearms reference collection noting in particular the types of firearms that are
representative of commercial and military firearm development since the advent of metallic
cartridges.

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

4. Trace the evolution of the rimfire cartridge from the mid-nineteenth century to the current
generation of modern .22 caliber rimfire cartridges.

(Use Training Assignment #4 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

5. Study the history of centerfire cartridge development starting with black powder cartridges to the
current generation of modern centerfire cartridges. Make notes to show the chronological
history of this development and discuss these with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #5 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 24 of 168
6. Study the Firearm Section Standard Ammunition File (SAF) with the Firearms examiner to whom
it is assigned, noting in particular cartridges and shotshells that are representative of commercial
and military ammunition development during the past three decades.

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

7. Conduct an in depth study of exterior bullet coatings which have been developed in the last
decade. Prepare a report concerning how this new technology impacts the firearm examiner.

(Use Training Assignment #5 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

8. Obtain a copy of the (most recent) studies concerning cartridge effectiveness conducted by the
FBI. Prepare a report listing trends you see unfolding in cartridge and bullet development and
show any historical significance to these findings.

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

9. Prepare an overview of the recent development in handguns and how this information might be
of significance to the firearm examiner.

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 25 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
HISTORY OF BLACK POWDER AS A PROPELLANT

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of resources should you have a particular interest given topic.
 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.
 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make additional
notes about them at the end of this listing.

Books
Barnes, Cartridges of the World

Davis, T.L., The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives, reprinted by Angriff Press, Las Vegas, NV
(Originally printed as two separate volumes in 1941 and 1943; also reprinted by John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 1950.) pp. 1-51.

Munhall and White, Cartridge Headstamp Guide

Periodicals

Brown, M., “America’s Gunpowder Maker,” American Rifleman, Aug. 1979, pp. 40-43, 81

Harrison, E.H., “Black Powder,” American Rifleman, Oct. 1975, p.73.

Lewis, R.B., “Bacon’s Thunderous Sound,” American Rifleman, May 1952, pp. 35-40.

Ley, W., “Friar Berthold...Man or Myth,” American Rifleman, Jul. 1959, pp. 31-34.

Nonte, G.C., “At Last a Black Powder Substitute” in Hogdon’s Data Manual No. 23, Hogdon
Powder Co., Shawnee Mission, KS, 1977.

“Pyrodex Replica Black Powder,” Rifle Magazine, No. 46, p. 18.

Roberts, D., “Dupont - Powder Supplier for a Nation,” Rifle Magazine, Jul./Aug. 1973, pp. 36-37,
54.

Silva, E., “The Black Powder Saga,” Guns Magazine, Aug./Sep. 1977

AFTE Journal

Dillon, J.H., “Black Powder Background,” 1991; 23(2):689-693.

Garland, P.V., “The Augusta Powder Works - A Historical Sketch,” 1974; 6(2):8-10.

Rosenberg, S.F., “Good News for the Charcoal Burners, New Source for Black Powder,
“ 1974; 6(2):13.

Styers, G.R., “History of Black Powder,” 1987; 19(4):443-446.

Videotapes

Kaboom! , NOVA/WGBH Boston, 1997. (first twenty minutes)

Page 26 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
EVOLUTION OF EARLY FIREARMS

Books

Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Standardization Committee, Glossary of the
Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (Appendix F, Firearm Ignition Systems), 3rd
edition, Available Business Printing, Inc., Chicago, 1994.

Carman, History of Firearms from Earliest Times to 1914

Chapel, C.E., Guns of the Old West, Coward-McCann, Inc., New York, 1961.
(Reprinted by Odysseus Editions, Inc., for the NRA Firearms Classics Library, 1995)

Edwards, Civil War Guns

Fuller, C.E. and Stewart, R.D., Firearms of the Confederacy, Standard Publications, Inc.,
Huntington, WV, 1944. (Reprinted by Odysseus Editions, Inc., for the NRA Firearms Classics
Library, 1996)

Gluckman, U.S. Martial Pistols and Revolvers

Greener, W.W., The Gun and Its Development, Cassel and Company, Ltd., New York, 1910.
(Reprinted by Bonanza Books, 1967, and by Odysseus Editions, Inc., for the NRA Firearms
Classics Library, 1995)

Held, R., The Age of Firearms - A Pictorial History, Harpers, 1957.

Hogg, I.V., The Story of the Gun from Matchlock to M16 , St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1996.

Lewis, Small Arms and Ammunition in the U.S. Service, 1776-1865

Logan, H.C., Hand Cannon to Automatic, Standard Publications, Inc., Huntington, WV, 1944.

NRA Staff, Firearms and Ammunition Fact Book

NRA, Handgun and Shoulder Arms Assembly

Peterson, H.L., Arms and Armour in Colonial America 1526-1783, The Stackpole Co.,
Harrisburg, PA, 1956.

Peterson, H.L., Encyclopedia of Firearms

Pope, Guns

Roberts, N.H., The Muzzle-loading Cap Lock Rifle, The Clarke Press, Manchester, NH, 1944.
(Reprinted by Odysseus Editions, Inc., for the NRA Firearms Classics Library, 1996)

Sharpe, P.B.., The Rifle in America, William Morrow and Co., New York, 1938. (Reprinted by
Odysseus Editions, Inc., for the NRA Firearms Classics Library, 1995)

Page 27 of 168
 Smith, W.H.B., The NRA Book of Small Arms: Volume II - Rifles, NRA/Military Service
Publishing Company, Harrisburg, PA, 1948. (Reprinted by Palladium Press for the NRA
Firearms Classics Library, 1997)

Smith, W.H.B., The NRA Book of Small Arms: Volume I - Pistols and Revolvers,
NRA/Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, PA, 1946. (Reprinted by Palladium Press
for the NRA Firearms Classics Library)

U.S. Cartridge Company, Pictorial History of Firearms to 1905, Normount Technical

Publications, Forest Grove, OR, 1971.

Winant, L., Early Percussion Firearms, Morrow Publications,1959.

Periodicals

Peterson, H.L., “The Development of Firearms,” American Rifleman, Parts 1 and 2, Mar. and
Apr., 1960.

AFTE Journal

Cayton, J.C., “Blackpowder Firearms, Powder Residue & Ball Penetration,” 1984; 16(4):80.

Fadala, S., “Penetration of Round Ball,” 1988; 20(2):135-139.

George, W., “Black Powder Firearms: Safety Precautions,” 1988; 20(1):57-58.

Tschappat, M.G., “Early History of the Ordnance Department,” 1988; 20(2):174-184.

Vandiver, J.V., “Foxfire 5 Has Early Gunsmithing Data,” 1981; 13(2):15.

Videotapes

Gunsmith of Williamsburg, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, VA, 1969.

Guns of the Civil War, Volumes I & II, Monterey Movie Co., 1993.

The History of Firearms - The Springfield Armory, United States Video Corp., Vienna, VA, 1994.

Muzzle-Loading Basics, Flintlock and Percussion Firearms, Lenny Magill Productions,

San Diego, CA.

The Story of the Gun, Volume I and first 38 minutes of Volume II, up to but not including the
development of rimfire ammunition, A&E Television Networks, New York,1996.

Page 28 of 168
 D. MANUFACTURE OF MODERN FIREARMS

1. Numerous techniques are used in the manufacture of modern firearms. Research in detail these
processes and set these out in your notes. Include but do not restrict your study to the following
machining methods:

a. Shaping i. Abrasive machining-

b. Planing include honing, lapping,
c. Drilling grinding, sanding, and
d. Reaming ultrasonic methods
e. Turning j. Sawing
f. Boring k. Filing
g. Milling-include both face l. Swaging
milling and peripheral m. Electrochemical machining
(slab) milling n. EDM
h. Broaching o. Investment casting

(Use Training Assignment #6 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

2. Demonstrate your knowledge of the basic nomenclature of handguns, rifles, and

shotguns.

a. Include but do not restrict your study, to the following: breechface,

breech bolt, bolt, bolt face, extractor, ejector, firing pin, rifling, barrel,
lands, grooves, ramp, magazine, clip, ejection port, receiver.
b. Point out these parts in several handguns, rifles and shotguns as
applicable.
c. Discuss the manufacturing techniques that would have been used to
fabricate and finish each of the parts and note the machining marks on
each part.
d. Point out any "mark of abuse" which could contribute to the uniqueness
of each part.
e. Identify areas that machining marks might "carry over" to another firearm.

(Use Training Assignment #7 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

3. Research in detail the following rifling techniques:

a. Broach e. Scrape method
b. Button f. ECM
c. Hammer Forging g. EDM
d. Hook method

(Use Training Assignment #8 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 29 of 168
4. Obtain broaches and buttons for study from the section training materials. Determine the
difference between barrels, which have been button, rifled and those, which have been
broach, rifled.

(Use Training Assignment #8 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

5. Discuss and define the following terms as they relate to firearm manufacture or firearms
identification.

a. Chambering
b. Crowning
c. Ballizing
d. Bore slugging
e. Forcing cone
f. Bore
g. Choke
h. Choke tubes

Page 30 of 168
 (Use Training Assignment #8 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

6. Research the history and current significance of proof marks as they relate to the
manufacture of firearms. Discuss this with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #8 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

7. Visit the manufacturing facilities of at least six firearms and/or barrel manufacturers such
as Wilson barrels, Ruger, Smith and Wesson, Mossberg, Marlin and US Repeating Arms.
Record notes in your notebook on each visit and produce a written report of your visit for
the Firearm Section files and an oral report for Firearm Section members. Particular
emphasis should be placed on manufacturing and rifling techniques used by each
manufacturer, noting methods and procedures which leave unique manufacturing
toolmarks on firearm parts which, in turn, produce individual microscopic marks on
bullets, cartridge cases and shotshell casings. Coordinate these visits with your Training
Officer.

_________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 31 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
MODERN FIREARMS DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in a given topic.
 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.
 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

Books

Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Standardization Committee, Glossary of

the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (Appendix F, Firearm Ignition
Systems), 3d edition, Available Business Printing, Inc., Chicago, 1994.

Brownell, F.R., Encyclopedia of Modern Firearms, Brownell, 1959.

Chinn, G.M., The Machine Gun, Volumes I-IV, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951-
1955.

Ezzel, E.C., Handguns of the World, Barnes and Noble Books, New York, 1993.

---. Small Arms of the World, Barnes and Noble Books, New York, 1993.

Hatcher, J.S., Hatchers Notebook

Hobart, F.W., Pictorial History of the Submachine Gun, Scribners, 1975.

Hogg, I.V., Pistols of the World, Fortress Publications, 1978,

---. Modern Small Arms, Book Sales Inc., Edison, N.J., 1994.

Janes Information Group, Jane’s Infantry Weapons, London, current edition.

Johnson, M.M., Automatic Arms: Their History, Development and Use, W. Morrow & Co.,
New York, 1941.

Johnson, G.B., and Lockhoven, H.B., International Armament, Volumes I-II, International
Small Arms Publishers, Cologne, 1965.

Keith, E., Shotguns, Stackpole and Heck, 1950.

Mueller and Olson, Shooters Bible, Small Arms Lexicon and Concise Encyclopedia

Murtz, H.A., ed., The Gun Digest Book of Exploded Long Gun Drawings, DBI Books, Inc.,
Northbrook, IL, 1993.

Page 32 of 168
 ---. The Gun Digest Book of Exploded Handgun Drawings, DBI Books, Inc., Northbrook,
IL, 1992.

Nelson, T.B., and Lockhoven, H.B., The Worlds Submachine Guns, International Small
Arms Publishers, Cologne, 1963.

Nelson, T.B., and Musgrove, D., The Worlds Assault Rifles and Automatic Carbines, TBN
Enterprises, 1968.

NRA Fact Book, 3rd edition, National Rifle Association, Fairfax, VA, 1989.

Petzal, D.E., The Encyclopedia of Sporting Arms, Facts on File, Inc., New York, 1991.

Roberts, J.B., ed., Firearms Assembly, the NRA Guide to Pistols and Revolvers, NRA,
Fairfax, VA, 1993.

---. Firearms Assembly, the NRA Guide to Rifles and Shotguns, NRA, Fairfax, VA, 1993.

Smith, W.H.B., Small Arms of the World, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1973.

---. Book of Pistols and Revolvers, 7th edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1968.

Smith & Smith, The Book of Rifles

Wirnsberger, G., The Standard Directory of Proof Marks, Blacksmith Corporation, Chino
Valley, AZ.

Wood, J.B., Firearms Assembly/Disassembly - Part I: Automatic Pistols, DBI Books,

Northbrook, IL, 1990.

---. Firearms Assembly/Disassembly - Part II: Revolvers, DBI Books, Northbrook, IL,
1990.

---. Firearms Assembly/Disassembly - Part III: Rimfire Rifles, DBI Books, Northbrook, IL,
1994.

---. Firearms Assembly/Disassembly - Part IV: Centerfire Rifles, DBI Books, Northbrook,
IL, 1991.

---. Firearms Assembly/Disassembly - Part V: Shotguns, DBI Books, Northbrook, IL,

1992.

---. Firearms Assembly/Disassembly - Part VI: Law Enforcement Weapons, DBI Books,
Northbrook, IL, 1981.

AFTE Journal

Ball, P., “Iraqi Tariq Pistol (7.65mm),” 1993; 25(2): 128-129.

Bell, P.D., and Mikko, D.M., “Iraqi Model 74 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1992; 24(1) 23-27.

Berg, S.O., “Firearms Safety Design Origins and the Firearms,” 1996; 28(4): 211-221.

Page 33 of 168
---. “Gas Handling, Containment, Deflection and Venting for Bolt Action Rifles,” 1992;
24(4): 375-380.

---. “History of Remington Slide Action Shotguns,” 1988; 20(3): 296-299.

---. “History of Remington Slide Action Shotguns,” 1989; 21(2) :453-457.

---. “History of Revolver Safeties,” 1982; 14(4): 29.

---. “History of Revolver Safeties,” 1989; 21(2): 309-313.

---. “History of the Derringer Pistol,” 1985; 17(3): 91.

---. “Lever Action Firearms Safeties,” 1988; 20(1): 64-71.

---. “Magazine Safeties: Important Safety Design,” 1993; 25(4): 301-307.

---. “Rohm RG Industries Firearms and Safeties,” 1986; 18(2):72.

---. “Safety Design: Remington Semiautomatic shotguns,” 1989; 21(3): 496-499.

Boss, G., “Number One: AK-47 the Most Popular Gun in the World,” 1995; 27(3): 220-
221.

Chenow, R.W., “Bauer .25 Caliber Stainless Steel Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1976; 8(4): 20.

---. “Mendoza Model K 62 Single Shot Pistol,” 1980; 12(2): 28.

Dodson, R.V., and Stengel, R.F., “American Derringer,” 1992; 24(1): 63-64.

Dujanovich, M.B., “Heckler & Koch 9x19mm Firearms,” 1995; 27(4): 297-302.

---. “Navy Arms Model TU90 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1994; 26(2): 121-126.

Fournier, R.J., and Lemmer, J.T., “Type Sugiura: Oriental 32 ACP Pistol,” 1985; 17(2):
38.

Freeman, R.A., “M11/Nine and KG 99 Closed Bolt Semiautomatic Pistols,” 1985; 7(2):
92.

Garland, P.V., “Glock 17 Pistol,” 1987; 19(2): 178-180.

---. “SATA Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1970; 2(7): 23.

---. “SWD, Inc. Model II Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1988; 20(4): 460-461.

---. “Taurus Model 58S Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1988; 20(4): 459.

Garland, P.V., and Lutz, M., “USAF Rifle/SMG,.221 Cal,” 1971; 3(1):24.

Gieszl, R., “Bersa 380 Semiautomatic Pistols,” 1991; 23(3): 862-866.

Gieszl, R., Wolslagel, P., and Nordhoff, T., “Stallard Arms Model JS 9mm Semiautomatic
Pistol,” 1990; 22(3): 299-302.

Page 34 of 168
Goodman, R., Santora, D., and Trochum, T., “Kahr K9,” 1996; 28(3): 166-167.

Hawkins, R.R., “Davis Industries Model D-25 Derringer,” 1985; 17(2): 77.

Heflin, T.F., “Marlin 30 Caliber Machine Gun,” 1988; 20(2): 204-205.

Hughes, D.R., “Book Review: The History and Development of the M16 Rifle and Its
Cartridge,” 1991; 23(3): 798.

Johnson, T.D., and Matty, W., “Arcadia Machine and Tool: Notes on AMT Firearms,”
1986; 18(3): 69.

Kreiser, M.J., “45-70 Caliber Century Revolver,” 1983; 15(2): 19.

---. “AMT Back-Up Pistol Manufacturer Marking Information,” 1984; 16(3): 20.

---. “Information on Taurus History,” 1982; 14(3): 9.

Laskowski, G.E., “American Industries Calico M-100 & M-100P 22 Long Rifle Carbine
and Pistol,” 1988; 20(2): 131-134.

Levine, R.T., “Davis Industries Derringers,” 1990; 22(3): 310-314.

Lutz, M.C., “Smoothbore 38 Special Derringer: Davis Industries Model D38,” 1996; 28(3):
174-176.

---. “Central Kentucky Arms Semiautomatic Rifle,” 1983; 15(4): 40.

---. “Jennings Bryco 59 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1995; 27(2): 130-132.

Maruoka, R.K., “Beretta Model 92 Compact L,” 1997; 29(1): 14-15.

---. “French Mas Rifle,” 1995; 27(1):17-19.

Matty, B., and Dougherty, P., “Sedco Industries Model SP-22 Pistol,” 1990; 22(2): 195-
198.

Mauer, C.C., “Rohm Model 38T Double Action Revolver,” 1970; 2(3): 25.

McBrayer, W.S., “Smith & Wesson Model SW40F,” 1994; 26(4): 297-298.

Mikko, D., “Ceska Zbrojoka (CZ) Model 50 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1993; 25(4): 264-265.

Moorehead, C.A., and Mauer, R., “AMT Back Up 9mm Kurz (380 ACP) Auto Loading
Pistol,” 1985; 17(2): 97.

Nielson, F. I., “Heckler & Koch P7 (PSP),” 1981; 13(4): 37.

Nordhoff, T.J., “Lorcin 25 ACP Caliber Pistol,” 1989; 21(4): 399-400.

---. “Grendel Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1989; 21(4); 609.

Page 35 of 168
---. “Wyoming Arms Parker 10mm S.S. Pistol,” 1990; 22(2): 191-193.

Stanton, R.B., “Bryco Arms Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1990; 22(2): 194.

Stauffer, J.C., “. 38 S&W American Bulldog (Belgium),” 1973; 5(5): 8.

---. “Feather Model AT-9 Semiautomatic Carbine,” 1990; 22(3): 333.

---. “MKA 9mm Semiautomatic Carbine,” 1991; 23(2): 658.

Schubert, K.H., “Technical Note on the Grendel P-30 Pistol,” 1993, 25(2): 108-109.
Sojat, J.G. and Hart, R.P., “Heckler & Koch Model HK-4 Pistol,” 1973, 5(2): 19.

Stengel, R.F., and Dodson, R., “Rohm 41 Magum Model 57 Revolver, 1990; 22(4): 444-
445.

Stone, R.S., “Sites Spectre 9mm Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1991; 23(4): 1000-1002.
Templin, R.H., “Jennings, Model J-22 Semiautomatic Pistol Information,” 1987; 19(1) 18.

---. “H&R Military Training Rifle,” 1985; 17(2): 95.

Thorpe, J.C., “Information on the S.W.D., Inc. SMG Production,” 1984; 16(3): 17.

Trumble, C. “Ortgies Pocket Pistols,” 1997; 29(1): 87-92.

---. “Ruger’s Answer to the MP 5,” 1997; 29(1): 80-86.

Thompson,E., “Ares 9mm Folding Machine Gun (FMG),” 1988; 20(2):198.

---. “FMJ 45 Long Colt/.410-Gauge Shotshell Model D Derringer,” 1994; 26(2):144.

--- .”Haskell 45 ACP Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1992; 24(1): 75.

---. “Intratec Tec 22 Scorpion Pistol,” 1990; 22(1): 51-54.

---. “Parker 45 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1991; 23(3): 859-861.

---. “380 Jennings Firearms Model 59,” 1994; 26(2): 132-133.

---. “9mm Lorcin Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1995; 27(1) 8-10.

Thompson, E., and Qanass, N., “9mm Danshway Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1992; 24(3):
311-313.

Vagnozzi, V., “Information on the M3 SMG Grease Gun,” 1989; 21(1): 74.

Vaughan, R.T., and Gilman, P.L., “Information of the Rogak LES P18 Pistol,” 1985;
17(2):72.

Whitemarsh, J.W., “Jennings Firearms Model J22 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1985; 17(2):
120.

---. “Jennings Firearms Model J22 Semiautomatic Pistol Information,” 1987; 19(1): 18.

Page 36 of 168
Videotapes

American Gunsmithing Institute (AGI) Armorer’s Course videotape series, including the following
titles:

Colt 1911 .45 Auto Pistol (111

min.) Makarov Pistols (60 min.)

H&K Models 91,93,94 Rifles (60 min.)

Remington 1100 Shotguns (120 min.)
S&W, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, Generation Pistols (105 min.)
Browning Hi-Power Pistol (97 min.)
S&W Revolvers (120 min.)
Remington 870 Shotguns (95 min.)
M1 Garand/M1A Rifles (90 min.)
AR-15 Rifles (120 min.)
Ruger 10/22 Rifles (60 min.)
Winchester 94 Rifles (120 min.)
Mossberg 500 Shotgun (90 min.)
SKS Rifles (120 min.)
Beretta 92/Taurus P-92 Pistols (90 min.)
Ruger Standard Auto MKI/MKII (90 min)
M1/M2 .30 Carbine (90 min.)
AKS/MAK 90 Type Rifles (91 min.)
FN FAL Rifles (128 min.)
Ruger Mini-14 Rifles (90 min.)
Hi-Standard Auto Pistols (111 min.)
Glock 17,19,21,23 Pistols (60 min.)

Lenny Magill Productions “Bill Wilson Presents” videotapes series including the following titles:

CZ-75 (72 min.)

Sig Sauer P226 (74 min.)

Lenny Magill productions videotapes under the following titles:

Mastering the AR-15 (120 min.)

Rock‘n Roll # 2 (50 minutes)
Center X M1A/M14 (120 min.)
Complete Sigma (45 min.)
Mastering Revolvers (70
min.) U.S. Marines Firepower (75 min.)

Rock’n Roll #1(45 min.) Complete Ruger .22 Pistol (67 min.)

Complete Ruger P-Series (45 Mastering the Mini-Glock (110 min)

min.)
U.S. Government training films converted to videotape and marketed by GunVideo, 4585 Murphy
Canyon Road, San Diego, CA:

Thompson Sub-Machine Gun (97 min.)

min)

Infantry Weapons and Their Effects (30 min.) Fundamentals of Small Arms (30 min.)

Weapons of the Infantry (41 B.A.R.-Browning Automatic Rifle (20 min.)

Page 37 of 168
Videotapes from other sources marketed by Lenny Magill Productions under the following titles:

Firestorm Shooting the Uzi the Israeli Way

(60 min.) ( 70 min.)

Knob Creek Machine The Colt M-16 Rifle

Gun Shoot (60 min.) (20 min.)

Anite Productions, P.O. Box 375, Pinole, CA, videotapes under the following titles:

Deadly Force (100 min.)

Deadly Weapons (106 min.)

Deadly Effects (60 min.)

Dillon Productions, 8009 East Dillon’s Way, Scottsdale, AZ. videotape:

Firestorm in the Desert - Machine Gun Magic (117 min.)

A & E Television Networks, 126 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, videotape series:

The Story of the Gun, Vol. I-IV (50 min. each volume)

Magnum Research, Inc., 7110 University Avenue, N.E., Minneapolis, MN, videotape:

Desert Eagle Pistol and Friends (20 min.)

Page 38 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
MANUFACTURE OF MODERN FIREARMS

Books

Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J., and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and
Evidence, 2nd edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1957, Chapters 3-6.

Herb, C.O., Machine Tools at Work, The Industrial Press, New York, 1942.

“Machinery Handbook, 25th Edition”

Mathews, J.H., Firearms Identification, Volume I, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL,

1962, pp. 1-9.

Moltrecht, K.H., Machine Shop Practice Vol 1 & 2

Oberg, Jones & Horton, Machinist's Handbook Revised 21st Edition

“Ruger Investment Casting (Company Brochure)”

Steindler, Firearms Dictionary

Periodicals

Bird, J., “How Handguns Are Made,” Handguns, Feb. 1996, pp. 70-73.

“Choke Tube Roundup!” Guns & Ammo, July 1994.

Peterson, H.L., “The Development of Firearms,” American Rifleman, Parts 3 and 4, May
and Jun., 1960.

Ruger Staff, “Ruger’s Gun Talk - Rifled Barrels,” Guns and Ammo, Mar. 1997.

Sitton, G., “Blackstar Barrel Accurizing,” Guns and Ammo, Aug. 1994.

S & W Staff Report, “How S & W Builds Great Guns,” Smith & Wesson Handguns 96,
PJS Publications, Peoria, Il. 1996.

Weller, J., “The Quiet Revolution in U.S. Firearms Manufacture, Part 1,” American
Rifleman, Jan. 1971.

---. “The Quiet Revolution in U.S. Firearms Manufacture, Part 2 - Sporting Rifles,”
American Rifleman, Feb. 1971.

---. “The Quiet Revolution in U.S. Firearms Manufacture, Part 3 - Shotguns,” American
Rifleman, Mar. 1971.

---. “The Silent Revolution at Savage and Ithaca Gun Co.,” American Rifleman, Nov.
1972.

Page 39 of 168
AFTE Journal

Ball,P., and Mikko,D., “Proofmarks,” 1992; 24(1): 14-15.

Biasotti, A. A., “Rifling Methods: Individual Characteristics Produced,” 1981; 13(3):34.

Chenow, R.W., and Lemmer, J.T., “Use of Investment Castings in the Manufacture of
Firearm Components,” 1994; 26(1):64-76.

Goddard, C.H., “Proof Tests and Proof Marks,” 1983; 15(2): 116-142.

Haag, L.C., “Heckler & Koch Polygonal Rifling,” 1977; 9(2):45-47.

Harden, L.R., “Rohm Manufacturing Plant,” 1978; 10(1):15.

Lansing, J.F., “Electrochemical Machining: A New Barrel Making Process, Part 2, Testing
the Coonan Arms Model B Pistol and the Reproducibility of Rifling Stria,” 1988; 20(4):
396-403.

Papke, R.E., “Electrochemical Machining: A New Barrel Making Process,” 1988; 20(1):
48-52.

Sugarman, L.A., “Eddy Manufacturing Co., Caliber .45 Auto Pistol,” 1982; 14(1): 43.

Swearengen, T.F., “Polygonal Rifling,” 1973; 5(2): 32.

Templin, R.H., “Manufacture of a M10 SMG Receiver,” 1985; 17(2): 110.

Videotapes

Shotguns in Valtrompia, How a Gun is Made (Com Nasce Un’Arma), Consorzio Armaioli
Bresciani, Gardone Valtrompia, Italy, 1995 (English version).

Page 40 of 168
 E. MANUFACTURE OF MODERN AMMUNITION

1. Define in your notebook and know the meaning of the following terms as they relate to
modern ammunition and its manufacture:

a. Cartridge bb. Copper-coated lead

b. Jacketed bullet bullet
c. Cartridge case cc. Headstamp
d. Bullet sizing dd. Nylon-coated lead
e. Primer bullet
f. Wadcutter bullet ee. Proof cartridge
g. Shotshell ff. "Silvertip" bullet
h. Semi-wadcutter gg. Tapered cartridge
bullet hh. Antimony
i. Shotshell casing ii. Extractor groove
j. Soft point bullet jj. Arsenic
k. Bottleneck cartridge kk. Gauge
l. Spitzer bullet ll. Chilled shot
m. Rebated-rim mm. Battery cup
cartridge nn. High brass, low
n. Swaging brass
o. Rimless cartridge oo. Brass
p. Cast lead bullet pp. Lubaloy
q. Rimmed cartridge qq. "Rule of 17"
r. Mold marks rr. Dram equivalent
s. Semi-rimmed ss. Wadding
cartridge tt. Single base, double
t. Truncated-nosed base
bullet uu. Shot collar
u. Shoulder vv. Boattail bullet
v. Cannelure ww. Crimp
w. Neck xx. Casting seam
x. Ogive yy. Bunter
y. Mouth zz. Sprue
z. Brass-coated lead aaa. Bullet
bullet bbb. Round-nosed bullet
aa. Head

(Use Training Assignment #9 and Practical Exercise #1 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

2. Sketch the cross-section of Berdan and Boxer primers, showing their relationship to the head of
the cartridge.

(Use Training Assignment #10 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 41 of 168
3. Discuss the purpose and essential ingredients of priming mixture used in modern cartridges.

(Use Training Assignment #10 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

4. Know and discuss the difference between caliber and caliber type. Illustrate this difference by
relating these terms to a discussion of the .22 caliber, .30 caliber and .38 caliber families of
cartridges.

(Use Training Assignment #10 and Practical Exercise #2 to complete this objective.)

________________ ________
Training Officer Date

5. Visit at least one ammunition-manufacturing facility such as Remington, Federal or Winchester to

observe the manufacture of rimfire and centerfire cartridges and shotshells. Make detailed notes
of the manufacturing processes and generate a written report for section files. Also, prepare an
oral presentation for section members upon your return. Particular emphasis should be placed
on pellet and bullet manufacture, shotshell casing and cartridge case manufacture and the steps
involved in the loading of cartridges and shotshells. Coordinate this visit with your Training
Officer.

________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 42 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
MODERN AMMUNITION EVOLUTION AND MANUFACTURE

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of resources should you have a particular interest in a given
topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make additional
notes about them at the end of this listing.

Books

ANSI/SAAMI Centerfire Pistol & Revolver Voluntary Performance Standards, Sporting Arms and
Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute, Wilton, CT, current edition.

ANSI/SAAMI Centerfire Rifle Voluntary Performance Standards, Sporting Arms and Ammunition
Manufacturers’ Institute, Wilton, CT, current edition.

ANSI/SAAMI Rimfire Voluntary Performance Standards, Sporting Arms and Ammunition

Manufacturers’ Institute, Wilton, CT, current edition.

ANSI/SAAMI Shotshell Voluntary Performance Standards, Sporting Arms and Ammunition

Manufacturers’ Institute, Wilton, CT, current edition.

Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Standardization Committee, Glossary of the
Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (Appendix F, Firearm Ignition Systems), 3rd
edition, Available Business Printing, Inc., Chicago, 1994.

Barnes, F.C., Cartridges of the World, DBI Books, Inc., Northbrook, IL, current edition.

Davis, T.L., The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives, reprinted by Angriff Press, Las Vegas, NV
(Originally printed in two separate volumes in 1941 and 1943; also reprinted by John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 1950.) pp. 244-330, pp. 400-458.

Frost, G.E., Ammunition Making, An Insider’s Story, National Rifle Association, Fairfax, VA, 1990.

“The Ever-changing Shotshell Story,” Gun Digest, 1973 edition, DBI Books, Northbrook, IL.

Hackley, F.W., Woodin, W.H., and Scranton, E.L., History of Modern U.S. Military Small Arms
Ammunition, MacMillan Co, 1967.

Halsey, A., ed., The NRA Handloader’s Guide, National Rifle Association, Washington, DC, 1968.

Handloaders’ Bullet Making Annual, Wolf Publishing Co., Prescott, AZ, current edition.

Hatcher, J.S., Hatcher’s Notebook, Military Service Publishing Co., Harrisburg, PA, 1947, pp.
300-333.

Page 43 of 168
Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J., and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and Evidence, 2nd
edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1957, Chapters 3-6.

Hayes, T.J., Elements of Ordance, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1938.

Hoyen, G.A., The History and Development of Small Arms Ammunition, Volumes I-II, Armory
Publications, Tacoma, 1981.

The Illustrated Reference of Cartridge Dimensions, Wolfe Publishing Company, Prescott, AZ,
1993.

Labbett, P., Military Small Arms Ammunition of the World 1945-1980

Logan, H.C., Cartridges, A Pictorial Digest of Small Arms Ammunition, Standard Publications,
1948.

“Lyman Reloading Manual”

Mann, F.W., The Bullet’s Flight from Powder to Target, Standard Printing and Publishing Co.,
Huntington, WV. (Reprinted by Palladium Press for the NRA Firearms Classics Library, 1997).

Ohart, T.C., Elements of Ammunition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1946.

SAAMI Publication #200, Smokeless Powder, Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’
Institute, Wilton, CT.

SAAMI Publication #201, Primers, Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute,
Wilton, CT.

SAAMI Publication #202, Sporting Ammunition, Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’
Institute, Wilton, CT.

SAAMI Publication #204, Facts About Sporting Ammunition, Sporting Arms and Ammunition
Manufacturers’ Institute, Wilton, CT.

SAAMI Publication #226, Ammunition Types and Characteristics - Handguns, Sporting Arms and
Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute, Wilton, CT.

Sharp, P.B., Complete Guide to Handloading, Funk and Wagnells, New York, 1937.

---. The Rifle in America, William Morrow & Co., New York, 1938, pp. 28-43.

Simmons, R.F., Wildcat Cartridges, William Morrow & Co., 1947.

“Speer Reloading Manual”

Steindler, Firearms Dictionary

Page 44 of 168
Periodicals

“Fundamentals -- Internal Ballistics,” American Rifleman, Feb. 1963, pp. 32-35.

“Gunpowder Development,” American Rifleman, Oct. 1959, pp. 38-40.

Hatcher, J.S., “This Stuff Gunpowder,” American Rifleman, Aug. 1949, pp. 32-34 and Sep. 1949,
pp. 35-36.

“Modern Gunpowders,” American Rifleman, Oct. 1949, pp.26-30.

Weller, J., “Quality in U.S. Ammunition, “ American Rifleman, Oct. 1975, pp.48-51.

AFTE Journal

Bydal, B.A., “Percussion Primer Mixes,” 1990; 22(1): 1-26.

Dillon, J.H., “The Manufacture of Conventional Smokeless Powder,” 1991; 23(2): 682-688.

Johnson, T.D., and Matty, W., “Eclipse All Plastic Shotshells,” 1983; 15(4):60.

Matty, W.P., “Primer Composition and Gunshot Residue,” 1987; 19(1): 8-13.

Videotapes

Every Single Round, Federal Cartridge Company, Anoka, MN, 1993.

Metallic Cartridge Reloading, Lenny Magill Productions, San Diego, CA.

Page 45 of 168
 F. INSTRUMENTATION

1. Differentiate between the following:

a. compound microscope
b. stereo microscope
c. comparison microscope

(Use Training Assignment #30 and Practical Exercise #7 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

2. Study the instruction manual for the various brands of stereo microscopes. Determine how to
insert a reticle and how to check the calibration of the microscope.

(Use Practical Exercise #7 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

3. Familiarize yourself with the instruction manuals and the mechanical and optical aspects of the
various brands of comparison microscopes in the Firearm Section. Note the differences and
similarities in each, both mechanically and optically.

(Use Training Assignment #30 and Practical Exercise #7 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

4. Familiarize yourself with the following types of light sources, which are in use in the Firearm
Section on the comparison microscopes.

a. Fluorescent
b. Fiber optics (with and without filters)

(Use Training Assignment #30 and Practical Exercise #7 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

Page 46 of 168
5. Using each type of light source in the field of view on a comparison microscope, note the
differences in the quality of each using the following different surfaces: lead bullets, jacketed
bullets, various types of cartridge cases, and various types of surfaces containing impressed and
striated toolmarks. Manipulate the above light sources with respect to angle and vary the
intensity of the light source, if possible. Gain an appreciation for the effects of varying the angle
and intensity for each light source on each type of surface. Discuss this with your Training
Officer.

(Use Training Assignments #30 and #31 and Practical Exercises #7 and #8 to complete this
objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

6. Set up a comparison microscope for your vision requirements and focus the "hairline.” Prepare
the microscope for your personal use, and familiarize yourself with each set of objective lenses
on your comparison microscope. Become familiar with the different types of Polaroid film and/or
other photographic systems used in the Firearm Section with the comparison microscopes.
Master the use of the Polaroid Land film holder. Using all of the objective lenses, make timed
exposures of the same objects while varying the intensity and angle of the light sources.
Calculate the magnification for each set of objective lenses on your comparison microscope.

(Use Training Assignment #30 and Practical Exercise #7 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

7. Become familiar with and demonstrate the use of the following equipment:

a. speed micrometer
b. inertia bullet puller
c. steel rule
d. reticle in ocular lens of binocular microscope
e. Ainsworth scale
f. balances and scales located in the Firearm Section
g. Stage micrometer
h. Digital (electronic) micrometer
i. depth gauge (Federal brand or equivalent for firing pin impression measurements

(Use Training Assignment #31 and Practical Exercise #8 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

Page 47 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
MICROSCOPY AND INSTRUMENTATION

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular interest in a
given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make additional
notes about them at the end of this listing.

AFTE Journal

Biasotti, A.A., “Photomicrography and Illumination: Some Critical Factors,” 1979; 11(4):60.

Chamberlain, D., “Microscope Comparison Bridge,” 1972; 4(1):9.

Cook, C.W., “Basic Optics,” 1985; 17(4):14.

Haemmerle, C., “Easily Made Diffusers for Fiber Optic Illuminators,” 1990; 22(4): 446-447.

Hueske, E.E., “Application of Fiber Optic Videomicroscopy to Firearm and Toolmark Examination:
A Further Look,” 1993; 25(2):132-139.

---. “Preliminary Report on the Application of Fiber Optic Videomicroscopy to Firearm and
Toolmark Examination,” 1990; 22(3):280-287.

Lansing, J.F., “Customized Comparison Microscope,” 1973; 5(5):25.

Lutz, M.C., “Evaluation of New Fiber Optics System,” 1986; 18(1):12.

Moran, B., “Building an Inexpensive High Intensity Fluorescent Lighting System for the
Comparison Microscope,” 1997; 29(1):49-54.

Ziegler, P.A., “Examination Techniques: The Beam Splitter and Reverse Lighting,” 1983;
15(2):37.

Periodicals

Schlueter and Gumperty, “The Stereomicroscope - Instrumentation and Techniques,” American

Laboratory, Apr. 1975.

Page 48 of 168
Manuals

Leica Microsystems, Inc., “Operating Instructions for the K2700 Universal Forensic Microscope
(UFM IV).”

---. “The Leica Universal Forensic Microscope”

---. “Reference Manual, Photostar Automatic Camera System”

---. “The Leica DMC Comparison Microscope”

Basic References

American Optical, "Procedure for Bullet Comparison"

Bartels, P., "Microscope Optics”

Needham, G.H., "The Microscope A Practical Guide”

Page 49 of 168
 G. EXAMINATION OF FIREARMS

1. Define each of the following types of firearms and explain in detail the operation of each type to
include the loading of cartridges and the subsequent movement of the cartridge case and/or
bullet after firing.

a. revolver, single and double action

b. autoloading pistol, single and double action
c. derringer and single shot pistols
d. bolt-action rifle
e. autoloading rifle
f. pump-action rifle
g. various single shot rifles
h. submachine gun
I. assault rifle
j. Muzzle loading firearm
k. Percussion revolvers

(Use Training Assignment #11 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

2. Explain and illustrate the differences between a gas-operated and a recoil-operated autoloading
shotgun.

(Use Training Assignment #12 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

3. Explain and illustrate the differences between the following types of autoloading pistols:

a. blowback action
b. delayed blowback action
c. gas-delayed blowback action
d. short recoil action
e. long recoil action

(Use Training Assignment #12 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

Page 50 of 168
4. Partially disassemble and reassemble the following revolvers. Photograph and note the
differences in their mechanisms. Identify each part by name.

a. Smith & Wesson double-action revolver

b. Colt double-action revolver
c. Ruger double-action revolver
d. "Old style" Ruger single-action revolver
e. "New style" Ruger single-action revolver

(Use Training Assignment #15 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

5. Field strip and reassemble the following pistols. Note and photograph differences in their
mechanisms. Identify each part by name.

a. 9mm Luger Browning, Hi-power, pistol

b. .45 Auto caliber U.S. Pistol, Model 1911A1, pistol
c. 9mm Luger Steyr, GB, pistol
d. 9mm Luger Glock, Model 17, pistol
e. 9mm Luger Beretta, Model 92F, pistol
f. 9mm Luger SIG-Sauer, Model 226, pistol
g. 9mm Luger Smith & Wesson, Model 669, pistol
h. 9mm Luger H&K, P7, pistol
I. 357 Magnum Desert Eagle pistol
j. 9mm Luger Walther P38 pistol
k. 380 Automatic Walther PPK pistol
l. 8mm Arisaka Type 14 pistol
m. 9mm Luger P08 pistol

(Use Training Assignments #16, #17, and #18 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

6. Field strip and reassemble the following submachine guns. Note differences in the mechanism
and operation of each. Make appropriate photographs for your notes and identify the major parts
by name.

a. .45 Auto caliber RPB Industries, M10, submachine gun (open bolt and closed
bolt)
b. 9mm Luger SWD Inc., M11/Nine, submachine gun
c. 9mm Uzi submachine gun
d. 9mm H&K, MP5, submachine gun
e. .45 Auto caliber US M3 submachine gun
f. 9mm Intratec, TEC 9, submachine gun
g. .45 Auto caliber Thompson submachine gun

(Use Training Assignment #19 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

Page 51 of 168
7. Familiarize yourself with the operation of each of the following firearms. Identify the major parts
by name and make appropriate notes.

a. .30-06 Springfield caliber U.S. Rifle, Model M1

b. .308 Winchester caliber U.S. Rifle, Model M14
c. .223 Remington caliber U.S. Rifle, Model M16
d. .300 Savage caliber, Savage, Model 99, rifle
e. .30-30 Winchester caliber Winchester Model 94 rifle
f. 7.62x39mm caliber AK47/74 and SKS rifle
g. .30-40 Krag caliber U.S. Rifle 1898
h. .303 British caliber Lee Enfield rifle
I. .30-06 Springfield caliber U.S. Rifle, Model 1903

(Use Training Assignments #21 and #22 to complete this objective.)

__________________ _______
Training Officer Date

8. Familiarize yourself with the operation of each of the following shotguns. Identify the major parts
by name and make appropriate notes.

a. Remington, Model 870, shotgun

b. Winchester, Model 12, shotgun
c. Ithaca, Model 37, shotgun
d. Browning, Model A5, shotgun
e. Remington, Model 1100, shotgun
f. Harrington & Richardson, Topper Model 158, shotgun
g. L.C. Smith, side-by-side, double-barrel, shotgun
h. Savage, Model 311, side-by-side, double-barrel, shotgun
i. Beretta, Silver Snipe, over-under, double-barrel, shotgun

(Use Training Assignment #23 and #24 to complete this objective.)

_________________ _________
Training Officer Date

9. Familiarize yourself with the operation of each of the following firearms. Identify the major parts
by name and make appropriate notes.

a. .22 caliber Browning autoloading rifle

b. .22 caliber Winchester, Model 62, rifle
c. .22 caliber Remington, Model 582, rifle
d. .22 caliber Ruger, Model 10/22, rifle
e. .22 caliber Ruger, MKII, pistol
f. .22 caliber Colt, Woodsman, pistol
g. .22 caliber Raven, Lorcin, Jennings

(Use Training Assignment #25 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 52 of 168
10. Familiarize yourself with the operation of each of the following firearms. Identify the major parts
by name and make appropriate notes.

a. .25 Auto caliber Raven Arms pistol

b. .25 Auto caliber Colt Jr. pistol
c. .25 Auto caliber Beretta pistol
d. .25 Auto caliber Bauer pistol

(Use Training Assignment #20 to complete this objective.)

__________________ __________
Training Officer Date

11. Familiarize yourself with the Firearm Section Range Rules and Safety Rules regarding firearms.
Demonstrate, using firearms from No. 4 through No. 9 above and others, how to place firearms in
a safe condition, how to load and unload each, how to handle and carry these firearms in the
Laboratory, and how to safely test fire each of these different types of firearms.

(Use Training Assignments #15 through #25 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

12. Using the firearms in No. 4 through No. 9 above, study the various safety mechanisms employed
in each design. Include thumb safety, grip safety, magazine safety, firing pin block, transfer bar,
and any other mechanical safety. Illustrate how the firing mechanisms are blocked, interrupted,
or otherwise stopped from operating.

(Use Training Assignments #15 through #29 and Practical Exercises #3 through #6 to
complete this objective.)

__________________ ________
Training Officer Date

13. Familiarize yourself with the Firearm Section equipment used for measurement of trigger pull.
Determine the trigger pull on at least one firearm from each of the firearms listed in the No. 4
through No. 9 groups, using various methods and compare the results.

(Use Training Assignments #15 through #29 and Practical Exercises #3 through #6 to
complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

14. Discuss with your Training Officer the protocol to be used in determining whether a firearm "can
be made to fire without pulling the trigger.” Demonstrate, using one firearm from each of the No.
4 through No. 9 groups of firearms above, how to conduct this type of examination.

(Use Training Assignments #15 through #29 and Practical Exercises #3 through #6 to
complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 53 of 168
15. Research, define, and/or determine the implications of the following terms as they relate to safety
in the operation of a firearm.

a. excessive headspace j. defective safety

b. bore obstruction k. high primer
c. barrel bulge l. rail splitting
d. broken extractor m. hairline cracks
e. push off n. improper timing
f. trigger shoe o. excessive pressure
g. false half-cock p. dented barrel
h. slam-fire q. jar-off
i. inadequate/improper sear engagement

(Use Training Assignment #28 and Practical Exercise #5 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

16. Become familiar with the Section firearm range including its physical dimensions, construction of
walls and backstop, and bullet velocity limitations. Know how to test fire firearms thought to be
possibly unsafe. Become familiar with the use of all the equipment on the range. Know the
range rules and emergency medical treatment procedures.

(Use Training Assignment #28 and Practical Exercise #5 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

17. Attend armorer training offered by various manufacturers of firearms, at their manufacturing
facilities, if possible. Coordinate these with your Training Officer.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

18. Explore the capabilities in restoring an inoperable evidence firearm to operating condition and
also know the limitations and reservations, which must be considered. Discuss these with your
Training Officer.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 54 of 168
19. Review and record the references in the Firearm Section library, which can be used to identify the
manufacturer and/or source of a firearm using the following criteria:

a. proof marks
b. inspector marks
c. factory numbers and markings
d. serial number
e. part numbers
f. company logos

(Use Training Assignment #29 and Practical Exercise #6 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

20. Discuss the following topics with your Training Officer and become familiar with the capabilities
and limitations of the section in regard to these areas:

a. Marking evidence firearms, recognition, documentation, recovery, and retention

of trace evidence from the bore of a firearm prior to test firing.
b. Determining whether an evidence firearm has been "recently" fired
c. Determining the manufacturer of a firearm from an examination of a part from a
firearm.
d. Determining the manufacturer of a firearm from a photograph and comparing an
evidence firearm to a photograph

(Use Training Assignment #29 and Practical Exercise #6 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

21. Become knowledgeable about how to submit evidence firearms to the Laboratory when they have
been recovered from water or when they are in a rusted condition. Also, become familiar with the
capabilities, limitations, and reservations, which must be considered when restoring such firearms
to operating condition to obtain test specimens from them.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

22. Discuss with your Training Officer how to conduct an examination to determine if a firearm has
been altered to fire full automatic. Using a firearm, which has been altered to fire full automatic,
conduct this type of examination and verbally report your findings.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 55 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
GENERAL PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS OF FIREARMS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular interest in a
given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make additional
notes about them at the end of this listing.

General

Burrard, G., Identification of Firearms and Forensic Ballistics, 1st edition, Charles Scribner Sons,
NY, 1934, revised edition, A.S. Barnes & Co., NY, 1964.

Davis, J.E., An Introduction to Tool Marks, Firearms and the Striagraph, Charles C. Thomas,
Springfield, IL, 1958.

Gunther, J.D., and Gunther, C.O., The Identification of Firearms, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York, 1935.

Hatcher, J.S., Hatcher’s Notebook, Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, PA, 1947.

Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J. and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and Evidence, 2nd
edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1957.

Heard, B.E., Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.

Mathews, J.H., Firearms Identification, Volumes I III, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1962.

NRA Firearms Fact Book, 3rd edition, National Rifle Association, Fairfax, VA, 1989.

AFTE Journal

Case Notes

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification

Training Syllabus: Professionalism,” 1991; 23(1):559-578.

Examination Protocols and Procedure

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):703-715.

Page 56 of 168
 Worksheets

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):712.

Cooper, R.E., “Firearm Safety and Trigger Pull Worksheet,” 1995; 27(3):vii.

Hildebrandt, C., “Problems with Preservation of Evidence for Secondary Gun Examination,” 1991;
23(4):982-985.

Howe, W.J., “Laboratory Work Sheets,” Newsletter #2, Aug. 1969, pp. 13-14.

Jordan, T.D., “Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Firearms Laboratory: A Pictorial Display,”
1979; 11(4):46.

Thompson, R.C., “Firearms Malfunction Worksheets,” 1983; 15(1):100.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #3, Oct. 1969, pp. 17, 18, 21.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #4, Dec. 1969, pp. 25, 27.

Reporting of Conclusions

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):719-726.

Accidental Discharge Potential

Berg, S.O., “Air Gun Safety Designs,” 1992; 24(2):165-171.

---. “Author’s Response,” 1991; 23(3):781-783.

---. “False Safety Notch: Firearms Design Problem,” 1989; 21(4):580-582.

---. “Firearms Safety Design Origins and the Firearms,” 1996; 28(4):211-221.

---. “Gas Handling, Containment, Deflection and Venting for Bolt Action Rifles,” 1992; 24(4):375-
380.

---. “History of Revolver Safeties,” 1982; 14(4):29.

---. “History of Revolver Safeties,” 1989; 21(2):309-313.

---. “History of the Derringer Pistol,” 1985; 17(3):91.

---. “Jar Off: A Critical Firearms Design Factor,” 1990; 22(4):390-394.

---. “Lever Action Firearms Safeties,” 1988; 20(1):64-71.

---. “Magazine Safeties: Important Safety Design,” 1993; 25(4):301-307.

---. “Rohm RG Industries Firearms and Safeties,” 1986; 18(2):72.

---. “Safety Design: Remington Semiautomatic Shotguns,” 1989; 21(3):496-499.

---. “Safety Loading/Unloading Designs of Revolvers,” 1991; 23(4):931-939.

Page 57 of 168
---. “Safety Notch: Design Dangers Through the Ages,” 1994; 26(1):4-10.

Binsbacher, H., “Caution: When Examining Remington Arms Co. Model of 1911,” 1973; 5(3):21.

Brundage, D.J., “Bauer Accidental Discharge,” 1982; 14(1):62.

Buckleton, J.S., and Walsh, K.A.J., “Perplexing Accidental Discharge of Ammunition,” 1992;
24(1):46-54.

Chenow, R.W., “False Half Cock Position in Semiautomatic Handguns,” 1977; 9(2):179.

Conrad, W.E., “Browning Hi Power Without Magazine Safety,” 1978; 10(2):87.

Denio, D.J., “Uzi Semiautomatic Carbine: A Potential Hazard,” 1984; 16(3):19.

Doyle, J.S., “Possible Malfunction of a Savage 30-30 Rifle,” 1983; 15(4):5.

Dujanovich, M.B., “Accidental Firearms Discharge,” 1985; 17(2):56.

Fineman, L.T., “Taurus Recall,” 1978; 10(2):33.

Fournier, R.J., “COP Pistol: Additional Information,” 1983; 15(4):18.

---. “Dangerous Doubling,” 1982; 14(1):44.

Gamboe, T.E., “Arminius HW3 Hammerblock Failure,” 1993; 25(4):286-291.

Garrison, T., “Altered Firing Pin Contributes to Accidental Discharge,” 1991; 23(4):908-909.

Gieszl, R., and Wolslagel, P.F., “Accidental Death by a Pen Gun,” 1990; 22(4):448-450.

Hildebrandt, C., “Editorial,” 1991; 23(3):780-781.

Komar, S.M., “Accidental Firing of an RG Pistol,” 1973; 5(1):25.

Kreiser, M.J., “Thompson Center Lock Mechanisms,” 1983; 15(2):15.

Krivosta, G.G., “One in a Million Firearms Accident,” 1993; 25(3):206-208.

Lipscomb, J.W., and Harden, L.R., “Evaluating Trigger Mechanisms for Sensitivity to Shock,”
1985; 17(4):4.

Maruoka, R.K., “Unsafe Condition,” 1995; 27(3):233-236.

Masur, H.Q., “$2,000,000 Defense,” 1983; 15(1):69.

Molnar, S., “Use of Scale Drawings to Establish Facts in Shooting Cases,” 1970; 2(2):2-14.

Pex, J.O., “Accidental Discharge of a Smith and Wesson Model 659,” 1994; 26(1):18-20.

Phillips, G.R., “Ruger Security-Six Revolver for Accidental Discharge,” 1983; 15(4):56.

“Product Recalls Warnings,” 1992; 24(1):80.

Page 58 of 168
Reitz, J.A., “Trigger Shoes Causing Accidental Shootings,” 1976; 8(4):64.

Robinson, E.L., “Accidental Discharge of a Cobray Selective Fire Pistol,” 1990; 22(1):43-46.

“Remington Arms Recall,” 1979; 11(1):19.

“Safety Notice: Galil Rifle System,” 1985; 17(4):3.

“Safety Notice: Galil Rifles,” 1985; 17(3):62.

Silverwater, H., Shoshani, E., Argaman, U., Hocherman, G., and Schecter, B., “Accidental
Discharge of a FN Browning Hi-Power Pistol,” 1996; 28(4):233-240.

Swearengen, T.F., “Firearms Accident Investigation Involving Ithaca Model 37 Police Shotgun,”
1975; 7(1):37.

Thompson, E., “Nick in Time,” 1996; 28(1):45-47.

Thompson, R.W., and Amble, A.M., “Ruger Mark 1 Pistol Accidental Discharges,” 1980; 12(2):16.

Vaughan, R.T., “Accidental Eruption of a Cartridge,” 1980: 12(3):48.

Vaughan, R.T., and Kreiser, M.J., “Potential Accidental Discharge in a Semiautomatic Firearm,”
1990; 22(1):47-48.

Vitale, V., “Potential Safety Hazard Interdynamic KG 99,” 1984; 16(3):24.

---. “Potential Safety Hazard Interdynamic KG 99,” 1985; 17(2):88.

Warren, G., “Temperature Initiated Discharge,” 1991; 23(3):849.

Alterations and Modifications

Barabash, T., “Unique Springfield Rifle,” 1976; 8(4):41.

Biasotti, A.A., “Semiautomatic Rifle That is a Full Automatic,” 1971; 3(6):22.

Branch, D.M., “Modification of 16 Gauge Shotgun To Fire 12 Gauge Shotshells,” 1983; 15(3):14.

Brundage, D.J., “Homemade Automatic,” 1978; 10(2):52.

Chenow, R.W., “Conversion of the Intratec Tec 9 to Full Auto,” 1987; 19(2):169-171.

Cunningham, J., “Hit Gun,” 1975; 7(1):40.

---. “Full Auto Conversion of the Intratec Tec 9: An Update,” 1988; 20(2):165-166.

---. “Illinois State Police Model 39 Barrel Ramp Modifications,” 1983; 15(4):6.

---. “Mauser Rifle To Shotgun Conversion,” 1986; 18(1):16.

Chenow, R.W., and Lemmer, J.T., “Correction: PPS/50 Full Auto Modification Attempt Resulting
in a Dangerous Firearm,” 1990; 22(3):345.

Page 59 of 168
---. “PPS/50 Full Auto Modification Attempt Resulting in a Dangerous Firearm,” 1990; 22(2):174-
185.

Finor, J.M., “Uncontrollable Full Automatic Fire Occurring in a Walther Pistol, Model PP,” 1996;
28(1):48-54.

Freeman, R.A., “M11/Nine and KG 99 Closed Bolt Semiautomatic Pistols,” 1985; 17(2):92.

Galan, J.I., “Conversion of the KG-9 Pistol,” 1983; 15(1):60.

Garland, P.V., “Another Modification of the RPB,” 1985; 17(2):71.

Grey, D.T., “Alteration of an RPB Industries Model 10 Pistol,” 1983; 15(4):26.

Hofmeister, A.G., “Conversion of .36 Navy To Fire .38 Smith & Wesson,” 1978; 10(2):65.

---. “Conversion of an Obsolete Revolver,” 1983; 15(2):14.

Johnson, T.D., “Machine Gun Auto Sear,” 1988; 20(3):322-324.

Kennington, R.H., “Ruger Blackhawk Automatic Revolver Conversion,” 1978; 10(1):34.

Laskowski, G.E., “Full Auto Conversion of an UZI 9mm Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1995; 27(4):287-
292.

Love, E.W., “Full Automatic AR-15 Rifle,” 1978; 10(2):46.

Lutz, M.C., “Atchisson Device for Conversion Unit for AR-15 & M-16 Rifles,” 1973; 5(5):18.

Matthews, J.W., “Improvised Shotshell Firearm,” 1981; 13(1):13.

Mogish, N.M., “Full Auto Uzi Conversion,” 1990; 22(2):186-187.

Molnar, S., and Nicholson, T., “Homemade Machine Gun,” 1970; 2(4):28.

Rathman, G.A., “Two or More Alterations of the RPB Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1984; 16(3):13.

Rathman, G.A., and Rudolph, N.J., “Full Auto Conversion of an AK-47 and HK94,” 1990;
22(3):302-306.

Schubert, K.H., “Full Auto Conversion Of An RPB Industries M10,” 1989; 21(3):511-512.

Stengel, R.F., “Illegitimate Smith & Wesson Model 59 Autos?,” 1977; 9(2):167.

Templin, R.H., “Full Auto Conversion of F.N. Belgium, FNC,” 1989; 21(3):509-510.

Thompson, E., “Conversion of a 45 Caliber Semiautomatic Pistol to 9mm Parabellum,” 1989;

21(4):650.

---. “Converted Colt Semiautomatic Pistol Revisited,” 1990; 22(3):337-338.

---. “Modified Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1988; 20(2):195.

Page 60 of 168
---. “Two Shot Double Barrel Shotgun Suicide,” 1991; 23(4):973-976.

Thornton, J.I., and Rios, F.G., “Full Automatic Fire Conversions of the Colt AR 15 and Variants,”
1983; 15(1):114.

Trahin, J.L., “Disguised Conversion of the RPB (MAC 10) Pistol,” 1988; 20(4):452-453.
Yales, L., “Modified Rohm Revolver,” 1980; 12(1):41.

Zahn, M.S., “Browning Hi Power Automatic Pistol: Another Type of Full Automatic Modification,”
1981; 13(2):24.

---. “Browning Hi Power Automatic Pistols Full Automatic Modification,” 1978; 10(1):13.

---. “RPB Industries M10 Autoloading Pistol Full Automatic Modification,” 1980; 12(3):29.

---. “RPB Industries M10 Autoloading Pistol: New Rifling Observed,” 1981; 13(2):32.

Ward, J.G., “Information,” 1971; 3(2):26.

Barrel Obstructions

Berg, S.O., “Rifle Barrel Obstruction Tests and Experiments,” 1991; 23(4):951-957.

Barrel Ruptures

“Smith & Wesson Information, “ 1979; 11(1):22.

Edwards, R.L., “Circumferential Fractures,” 1991; 23(3):806-807.

Voorhees, R.S., “Very Lucky Man,” 1976; 8(4):68.

Cartridge Case Ruptures

Andrews, D., “Warning Do Not Use Blazer 357 Magnum Ammunition in Rifles,” 1983; 15(3):12.

Dujanovich, M.B., “Accidental Firearms Discharge,” 1985; 17(2):56.

Edwards, R.L., “Circumferential Fractures,” 1991; 23(3):806-807.

Garland, P.V., “SATA Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1970; 2(7):23.

Haag, L.C., “Novel Means of Propellant Identification in Shooting Mishap,” 1983; 15(4):42.

McBeth, R.G., “Another Potentially Dangerous Weapon from a Starters Gun,” 1975; 7(1):72.

McBrayer, W.S., “Unrifled Adapter: The PC-410 Shot Shell Adapter,” 1985; 17(2):69.

Robinson, M.K., “Raven Pistol Firing Out of Battery,” 1988; 20(2):207-208.

Vaughan, R.T., “Accidental Eruption of a Cartridge,” 1980; 12(3):48.

Vitale, V., “Potential Safety Hazard Interdynamic KG 99,” 1984; 16(3):24.

Page 61 of 168
 Drop Testing

Gunnell, D.L., “Mechanical Malfunction of Safety Device,” 1978; 10(2):30.

Lipscomb, J.W., and Harden, L.R., “Evaluating Trigger Mechanisms for Sensitivity to Shock,”
1989; 21(2):382-384.

Noedel, M., Franklin, T., Krylo, J., and Kusumi, R., “Drop Testing a .45 Auto Colt 1911,” 1997;
29(2):183-185.

Firearm Markings

Ball, P., and Mikko, D., “Proof Marks,” 1992; 24(1):14-15.

Bates, J.S., “Ithaca Serial Numbers,” 1970; 2(1):16.

Dragan, P., “Notes on Serial Numbers on the AK-47 Type, Assault Rifle,” 1996; 28(1):22-24.

Fraser, D.A., “Firearms Grip Logos & Trademarks,” 1986; 18(1):52.

Goddard, C.H., “Proof Tests and Proof Marks,” 1983; 15(2):116.

Gun Week, “Marlin Computerizes System for Recording Serial Numbers,” 1972; 4(4):20.

Guns & Ammo,” United States Military Serial Numbers for 1911, 1911A1 .45 Automatics,” 1971;
3(3):7.

Hawkins, R.R., “Colt Revolvers with Identical Serial Numbers,” 1988; 20(2):190-191.

Howe, W.J., “Location of Serial Numbers on Ruger Weapons,” 1972; 4(3):28.

Keisler, M.A., “Smith and Wesson Model SW9F and the Hidden Serial Number,” 1997; 29(2):186-
187.

Kreiser, M.J., “Information on Browning Serial Numbers,” 1985; 17(2):22.

Nielson, B.C., “Location of Serial Numbers on Colt Weapons,” 1972; 4(2):40.

Improvised/Homemade Firearms

Butler, D.J., “5/8" x 4" Stove Bolt Zip,” 1974; 6(2):5.

Cooper, R.E., “Disguised 22 Caliber Weapon,” 1988; 20(2):192.

Fournier, R.J., “Rocket Gun: Homemade,” 1982; 14(1):26.

Garland, P.V., “Improvised Firearm: Tire Pressure Gauge,” 1989; 21(1):79.

---. “Mondial Model 999 Blank/Starter Revolver,” 1985; 17(2):52.

FBI, “Cigarette Lighter Pistol,” 1979; 11(4):57.

---. “Deadly Contraption,” 1981; 13(4):53.

---. “Double Barreled Threat,” 1981; 13(4):117.

Page 62 of 168
---. “Homemade BB Gun,” 1972; 4(4):34.

---. “Homemade Pipe Shotgun,” 1981; 13(3):16.

---. “Pipe Pistol,” 1980; 12(3):75.

George, W., “Disguised 12 Gauge Shotgun,” 1988; 20(2):193.

Hamby, J.E., “Shotgun Boobytrap,” 1980; 12(1):35.

Harden, L.R., “Factual or Fake,” 1976; 8(1):59.

---. “Zip Gun,” 1975; 7(2):107.

Harriman, J.J., and Wilder, R., “Tear Gas Pen Guns: Who Will the Victim Be?” 1974; 6(4):4.

Heffernan, T.F., “What Next,” 1977; 9(2):203.

Heflin, T.F., “Two Homemade Weapons,” 1988; 20(2):204.

Hensley, O.L., “Homemade Weapons from Thailand,” 1972; 4(4):35.

Higgs, T., “Staplegun Firearm Case,” 1994; 26(1):34-36.

Lattyak, E.K., “Crude Pen Gun,” 1987; 19(3):322-323.

Lee, F.R., “Unusual Homemade Firearm,” 1979; 11(3):64.

Lewis, D.C., “Where There’s a Will There’s a Way,” 1981; 13(4):29.

Lutz, M.C., “Homemade Shotgun Used in Suicide,” 1994; 26(2):161-165.

Mason, J.J., “Conversion of Butler Associates Replica Derringer to Firing Condition,” 1989;
21(1):37.

McBeth, R.G., “Another Potentially Dangerous Weapon from a Starters Gun,” 1975; 7(1):72.

Molnar, S., “Booby Trap: Cover Story,” 1971; 3(4):6.

---. “Trap Gun: An Interesting Illegal Hunting Device,” 1980; 12(2):19.

Monument, R., “Altered Blank Revolver Identification,” 1972; 4(2):22.

Perkins, W.E., “Hazards of Firing Homemade Weapons,” 1976; 8(1):55.

Rodney, J.C., “Forged Firearms of the Pathan,” 1988; 20(1):85-94.

Simpson, R.L., “Modified Starter Revolver,” 1987; 19(3):303.

Smith, L.L., “Zip Guns,” 1970; 2(5):29.

Smith, R.M., “Potentially Dangerous Weapons from a Starters Gun,” 1973; 5(5):34.

Templin, R.H., “Manufacture of a M10 SMG Receiver,” 1985; 17(2):110.

Page 63 of 168
Uchiyama, T., and Ishihara, M., “Forged 45 Colt Semiautomatic Pistols,” 1988; 20(1):81-84.

Woodward, R.J., “Look for the Conventional and the Bizarre,” 1978; 10(2):43.

Vagnozzi, V., “Modified Bruny Alarm Pistol,” 1989; 21(1):89.

---. “Modified S M 12 Gas Pistol,” 1989; 21(1):84.

Photography
Burton, W.E., “Actually, Axial Lighting Works,” 1991; 23(4):963-965.

Cassidy, F.H., “Method To Deal With Polaroid Film Back Problems,” 1983; 15(4):26.

Haag, L.C., “Information on Construction of High Speed Photography Unit,” 1985; 17(2):74.

Haag, L.C., and Kokanovich, J., “Shot in the Dark: A Procedure for the Photographic
Documentation of Firearm’s Muzzle Flash,” 1991; 23(4):910-918.

Lutz, M.C., and Buck, J.C., “High Speed Photography Applied to Firearms Identification,” 1984;
16(4):75.

Parian, R.W., “Sound Trigger for Stop Action Photography,” 1975; 7(2):92.

Wilhelm, R.M., “Use of High Speed Photography in Firearms Cases,” 1972; 4(2):4.

Trace Evidence Concerns

Dixon, T.R., “Trace Evidence in a Toolmarks Case,” 1975; 7(1):70-71.

Murdock, J.E., “Associative Evidence,” 1984; 16(2):5.

Versailles, J., “Metal Residue Build-Up on Tool Blades,” 1974; 6(4):7.

Trigger Pull Analyses

Cooper, R.E., “Firearm Safety and Trigger Pull Worksheet,” 1995; 27(3):vii.

Dillon, J.H., “The Trigger Scan System Microprocessor Technology Applied to Precision
Trigger Pull Analyses,” 1999; 31(2):123-130.

Gamboe, T.E., “MAFS Firearms Workshop: Trigger Pull Methods,” 1986; 18(3):77.

Hamby, J.E., “Trigger Pull Data for Selected Military Weapons,” 1972; 4(1):23.

Krylo, J., and Slonina, S., “Trigger Pull Statistics,” 1985; 17(1):79.

Lomoro, V.J., “Statistical Analysis of Trigger Pulls,” 1986; 18(1):35.

Quirk, T.W., “Handgun Trigger Pull Scale/Dry Fire Safety Station,” 1994; 26(2):119-120.

Page 64 of 168
Rios, F.G., and Thornton, J., “Static vs Dynamic Determination of Trigger Pull,” 1984; 16(3):84.

Rosenberg, S.F., “Some Colt Firearm Trigger Pulls from the Factory,” 1973; 5(5):5.

Templin, R.H., and Nielson, J.P., “Evaluation of the Effects of Cyanoacrylate Processing on Pistol
and Revolver Trigger Pull,” 1988; 20(4):443-445.

Thompson, E., “Preloaded vs Normal Trigger Pull Weights,” 1995; 27(1):62-64.

Page 65 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
TEST FIRING FOR KNOWN SPECIMENS AND OPERABILITY

General

Burrard, G., Identification of Firearms and Forensic Ballistics, 1st edition, Charles Scribner Sons,
NY, 1934, revised edition, A.S. Barnes & Co., NY, 1964.

Davis, J.E., An Introduction to Tool Marks, Firearms and the Striagraph, Charles C. Thomas,
Springfield, IL, 1958.

Gunther, J.D., and Gunther, C.O., The Identification of Firearms, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York, 1935.

Hatcher, J.S., Hatcher’s Notebook, Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, PA, 1947.

Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J. and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and Evidence, 2nd
edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1957.

Heard, B.E., Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.

Mathews, J.H., Firearms Identification, Volumes I III, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1962.

NRA Firearms Fact Book, 3rd edition, National Rifle Association, Fairfax, VA, 1989.

AFTE Journal
Case Notes

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(1):559-578.

Examination Protocols and Procedures

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):703-715.

Worksheets

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):712.

Cooper, R.E., “Firearm Safety and Trigger Pull Worksheet,” 1995; 27(3):vii.

Hildebrandt, C., “Problems with Preservation of Evidence for Secondary Gun Examination,” 1991;
23(4):982-985.

Howe, W.J., “Laboratory Work Sheets,” Newsletter #2, Aug. 1969, pp. 13-14.

Page 66 of 168
Jordan, T.D., “Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Firearms Laboratory: A Pictorial Display,”
1979; 11(4):46.

Thompson, R.C., “Firearms Malfunction Worksheets,” 1983; 15(1):100.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #3, Oct. 1969, pp. 17, 18, 21.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #4, Dec. 1969, pp. 25, 27.

Reporting of Conclusions

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):719-726.

Bullet Recovery Systems

Arnold, R.R., and Gallant, R., “Bullet Recovery Tank For Under $1,500.00,” 1988; 20(2):168.

Ball, P., and Mikko, D., “Snail Passive Bullet Trap,” 1992; 24(1):82-83.

Cayton, J.C., “Firing Chamber & Safety Measures Taken in Firearm & Toolmark Work
Environment,” 1985; 17(3):95.

---. “Horizontal Water Recovery Tank,” 1974; 6(1):23.

Dragan, P., and Miller, J., “Atlanta Forensic Science Laboratory Bullet Recovery Tank,” 1996;
28(1):1-2.

Dutton, G., “Firearms Safety in the Laboratory,” 1997; 29(1):37-41.

Eaton, T.R., “Simple Bullet Recovery Tool,” 1996; 28(3):191.

Freeman, R.A., “European Crime Laboratories,” 1977; 9(2):207.

Haag, L.C., “Inexpensive, Portable Bullet Recovery Device,” 1991; 23(1):522-523.

Heard, B.J., “Portable Water Recovery Tank,” 1980; 12(1):42.

Hueske, E.E., “Anti-Splash Back Lid for Water Traps,” 1988; 20(1):72-74.

Lansing, J.F., and Seestrom, J.L., “Cheap Water Recovery Tank,” 1975; 7(1):54.

Lansing, J.L., “Bullet Recovery in a Six Foot Cotton Box,” 1994; 26(4):286.

Lattig, K.N., and Kreiser, M.J., “Water Recovery Tank Safety,” 1982; 14(4):12.

Lee, F.R., “Horizontal Recovery Tank,” 1979; 11(2):48.

Lutz, M.C., “Source for Cotton Waste Recovery Materials,” 1985; 17(2):59.

McBrayer, W.S., “What? Another Water Tank and Bullet Stop,” 1978; 10(2):90.

Page 67 of 168
Miller, K.E., “Description of Water Tank Bullet Recovery Units at Missouri State Highway Patrol,”
1971; 3(2):18.

Molnar, S., “Identification of 50 Caliber Machine Gun Bullets,” 1970; 2(1):22.

---. “Novel Bullet Recovery Method,” 1971; 3(5):17.

Moyer, F.A., “Chamber, Bullet Recovery, Water, Horizontal, MK1,” 1977; 9(1):32.

“New Ballistics Tank From Detroit Armor Corp,” 1984; 16(3):106.

Newquist, A.M., “Test Bullet Recovery System,” 1973; 5(1):9.

Reich, J.E., “New Method of Bullet Recovery,” 1978; 10(2):26.

Reitz, J.A., “Vertical Water Tank System Employing a Unique Method of Bullet Retrieval,” 1973;
5(6):12.
Skolrood, R.W., “Use of Dip-Pak as a Means of Bullet Recovery,” 1971; 3(6):17.

Wilhelm, R.M., “Ice Retrieval Method,” 1976; 8(2):82.

Ziegler, P.A., “Bullet Recovery Using Non Newtonian Fluids,” 1982: 14(3):43.

Cartridge Interchangeability

Barber, D., and Cassidy, F., “When is a Caliber 380 Auto Not a 380 Auto?,” 1993; 25(3):168-171.

Conrad, W.E., “Firing Pistol Ammunition in a Revolver,” 1980; 12(1):33.

Ernest, R.N., “Obsolete 256 Winchester Magnum Cartridge Causes Interesting Problems,” 1990;
22(2):200-201.

Green, K., “Cartridge Interchangeability,” 1983; 15(3):12.

Kopera, J., “Identification of a .32 Fired in a .380,” 1989; 21(3):513-515.

Marouka, R.K., “Firing a 9mm Cartridge in a 40 S&W,” 1992; 24(2):172-176.

---. “.223 Remington Versus 5.56 X 45mm: What’s the Difference?,” 1994; 26(1):50-63.

Nielsen, F.I., “Cartridge Interchangeability?,” 1983; 15(2):12.

Stengel, R.F., and Mills, D., “Revolver Cartridges in Automatics,” 1980; 12(3):68.

Thompson, E., “38 Super Fired in a Revolver,” 1991; 23(3):868.

Downloading Ammunition

Molnar, S., “Comment on Random Notes on Test Firing,” 1969; 1(3):14.

Smith, L.L., “Random Notes on Test Firing and Lab Techniques,” 1969; 1(2):19.

Page 68 of 168
 Remote Discharge of Firearms

Bates, J.S., “Firearms Test Stand,” 1973; 5(6):32.

Biasotti, A.A., “Vise/Rest for Remote Firing,” 1979; 11(4):16.

Lindman, D.A., and Moline, K.W., “Test Firing a Severely Damaged/

Dangerous Firearm,” 1994; 26(2):142-143.

Lutz, M.C., “Evaluating Zero-One New Testing Device for Firearms Examiners,” 1983; 15(4):28.

Uri, B., “Remote Controlled Device for Safe Discharge of Dangerous Firearms,” 1993; 25(2):116-
124.

Voth, A.J., “Test Firing a Ruptured Shotgun Barrel,” 1997; 29(2):188-189.

Restoring Firearms to Operability

Denio, D.J., “Making a Rusted Gun Functional,” 1981; 13(3):29.

Garland, P.V., “Two Cases of Death Caused by Inoperable Firearms,” 1989; 21(1):85.

Basic References

Arnold, Automatic and Repeating Shotguns

Beeman, Air Gun Digest

Brownell, Encyclopedia of Modern Firearms, Parts and Assembly, Vol. I

Burrard, The Modern Shotgun

Chinn, The Machine Gun, Vols. I - IV

Department of the Army, U.S. Rifle, 7.62 mm, M14

Hicks, J.E., US Military Firearms

Hogg and Weeks, Military Small Arms of the Twentieth Century

Jane’s Annuals, Jane's Weapons Systems

Keith, Shotguns

MacFarland, Gunsmithing Simplified

McLean, Firearms Silencers

Mossberg & Sons, Mossberg Component Parts Catalog

Muntz, Gun Digest Book of Exploded Firearms Drawings

Musgrave and Nelson, The World's Assault Rifles

Page 69 of 168
Nelson, The World's Submachine Guns

Nonte, George, Pistolsmithing

NRA Staff, The NRA Guidebook to Handguns

NRA Staff, NRA Guidebook to Shoulder Arms

NRA Staff, NRA Firearms Handling Handbook

NRA Staff, NRA Illustrated Shotgun Handbook

Remington Arms, Remington Component Parts Catalog

Savage Arms, Component Parts Catalog, Savage, Stevens, Fox, Springfield Sporting Arms

Smith & Smith, The Book of Rifles

Smith & Wesson, Smith & Wesson Component Parts Catalog

Smith, W.H.B., The Book of Pistols and Revolvers

Smith, W.H.B., Small Arms of the World

Stiendler, The Firearms Dictionary

Stoeger Arms, Stoeger Gun Parts Catalog

Stoeger Arms, Shooter's Bible

Swearengen, The World's Fighting Shotguns

Wesley, Air Guns and Air Pistols

Wirnsberger, The Standard Directory of Proof Marks

Page 70 of 168
 H. BULLET EXAMINATIONS AND COMPARISONS

1. Define what is meant by or determine the significance of the following terms or phrases as they
relate to the examination and comparison of fired bullets. Discuss these with your Training Officer.

class
a. characteristics
l. general
slippage riflingm.
b. "insufficie
nt individual microscopic marks"
shaving n. corrosion
c. o. leading
p. "limited
obturation individual microscopic marks"
d.leading edge and q. "single-
action" firing
trailing edge r. "double-
e. action" firing
s. knurled &
melting grooved cannelure
f. t. stab
crimp
blow-by u. Boattail
g. v. open
base
striation w. closed
h.individual base
x. recessed
microscopic marks base
i. y. skived
tip/hollow point
ogive z. trace
j. evidence aspects (lacquers, sealants,
painted tips)
bearing surface
k.
(Use Training Assignment #32 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

2. As they relate to the examination and comparison of fired bullets or bullet fragments, know
the importance of, and limitations of, determining the following:

a. weight
b. caliber
c. caliber type
d. manufacturer
e. general rifling characteristics
f. pitch of rifling
g. depth of rifling
h. jacket construction/composition

Discuss this with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #33 and Practical Exercise #9 to complete this

objective.)

Page 71 of 168
_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 72 of 168
3. Familiarize yourself with the Standard Ammunition File (SAF). Know how to search this
file manually and by use of the computer in order to determine the manufacturer of fired
bullets. Demonstrate your proficiency in using this file to your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #33 and Practical Exercise #9 to complete this

objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

4. Become familiar with the Known Specimen File (if your laboratory maintains such a file).
Know its location, composition, filing system, and uses as a reference file. Discuss this
with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #33 and Practical Exercise #9 to complete this

objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

5. Familiarize yourself with the General Rifling Characteristics (GRC) file. Know how to use
this file to compile a list of firearms in a "no-gun case.” Demonstrate your proficiency in
using the GRC file to your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #33 and Practical Exercise #9 to complete this

objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

6. Using test bullets and other fired bullets and bullet fragments provided to you,
demonstrate your proficiency in accurately determining caliber, caliber type,
manufacturer, and rifling characteristics of these fired bullets. Also, prepare a list of
firearms that could have been used to fire these bullets provided to you. As necessary,
use the KSF, SAF, and GRC files in conducting these examinations.

(Use Training Assignments #34 and #35 and Practical Exercises #8a and #10 to complete
this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

7. Determine the methods and techniques used to differentiate between lead bullets and
bullet cores.

(Use Training Assignment #42 and Practical Exercise #16.)

_________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 73 of 168
8. Using test bullets fired from polygonal rifled barrels, demonstrate your proficiency in
accurately determining the rifling characteristics of these fired bullets. Compile a list of
firearms that could have been used to fire these bullets using the GRC file.

(Use Training Assignment #38 and Practical Exercise #13 to complete this
objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

9. Become knowledgeable about the facilities in the section for the recovery of fired test
bullets. Know when and how to use the horizontal recovery tank and cotton boxes and
their limitations. Observe and assist your Training Officer in the recovery of fired bullets
using each of these methods. Know and observe all safety rules.

(Use Training Assignment #39 and Practical Exercise #14 to complete this
objective.)

__________________ ________
Training Officer Date

10. Familiarize yourself with the ammunition storage areas in the section. Know how to
locate test ammunition after correctly selecting test ammunition using the SAF. Discuss
with your Training Officer the reasons for using substitute ammunition or downloading
ammunition for test firing. Know the proper procedure for downloading ammunition for
test firing. Under supervision of your Training Officer prepare and fire downloaded test
ammunition.

(Use Training Assignment #39 and Practical Exercise #14 to complete this
objective.)

____________ ________
Training Officer Date

11. Test fire "consecutively-made" barrels and/or microscopically compare test bullets from
"consecutively-made" barrels. Observe the differences and similarities in the striations
and discuss this with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #46 to complete this objective.)

____________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 74 of 168
12. Using the same .22 caliber firearm, test fire two each of the following cartridges and
attempt to identify the test bullets with each other. Take appropriate photographs and
notes.

a. .22 Long Rifle caliber Remington with lead bullets

b. .22 Long Rifle caliber Winchester with lead bullets
c. .22 Long Rifle caliber Remington with brass-coated lead bullets
d. .22 Long Rifle caliber Winchester with copper-coated lead bullets
e. .22 Long caliber Remington with lead bullets

(Use Training Assignment #40 and Practical Exercise #15 to complete this
objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

13. Using the same .357 Magnum caliber revolver, test fire two each of the following
cartridges and attempt to identify the test bullets with each other. Take appropriate
photographs and notes.

a. .38 Special caliber Remington lead round-nosed bullet

b. .38 Special caliber Remington jacketed bullet
c. .357 Magnum caliber Remington jacketed bullet
d. .357 Magnum caliber Winchester Silvertip bullet
e. .357 Magnum caliber Federal Nyclad bullet

(Use Training Assignment #37 and Practical Exercise #13 to complete this
objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

14. Using the same 9mm Luger pistol, test fire two each of the following cartridges and
attempt to identify the test bullets with each other. Take appropriate photographs and
notes.

a. 9mm Luger Federal Hydra-shok

b. 9mm Luger PMC Starfire
c. 9mm Luger Remington full metal jacket
d. 9mm Luger Winchester Silvertip
e. 9mm Luger CCI total metal jacket
f. 9mm Luger Black Talon/Ranger SXT
g. 9mm Luger Federal Nyclad

(Use Training Assignment #36 and Practical Exercise #11 to complete this
objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 75 of 168
15. Using a .22 caliber rifle, test fire and recover two test bullets and identify these bullets
with each other. Cut off approximately three inches of the muzzle of the barrel and crown
the muzzle end of the barrel. Test fire and recover two test bullets using the same
ammunition as above. Microscopically compare these bullets with each other and with
the previously fired test bullets.

(Use Training Assignment #43 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

16. Using a 30 caliber rifle, test fire two each of the following cartridges and compare the
tests with each other. Conduct this test with your Training Officer.

a. 30 caliber Remington jacketed soft-point bullet

b. 30 caliber Remington Accelerator cartridges
c. Test fire and inter-compare steel jacket bullets vs. Copper jacket bullets
from the same barrel

(Use Training Assignment #45 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

17. Using a .32 S & W caliber Harrington & Richardson revolver, test fire two each of the
following cartridges and compare the test bullets with each other. Conduct this test with
your Training Officer.

a. .32 S & W caliber Remington with lead bullet

b. .32 Auto caliber Remington with full metal case jacketed bullet

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

18. Test fire each of the following pistols. Using two test bullets from each pistol, make
microscopic comparisons of the test bullets. Conduct this test with your Training Officer.

a. 9mm Glock pistol

b. 9mm H&K, Model P7, pistol
c. 9mm Steyr, Model GB, pistol

(Use Training Assignment #45 to complete this objective.)

________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 76 of 168
19. Compile a list of reasons as to why bullet identifications cannot be made in some cases,
and why some barrels and bullets can preclude or tend to preclude identifications. This
list should include, but not be limited to, the results of the above testing.

(Use Training Assignment #43 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

20. Discuss the significance of identifying manufacturing toolmarks on a fired bullet from a
victim with those on unfired bullets loaded into cartridges from the suspect. Read the
article in the April 1985 issue of the Crime Laboratory Digest concerning "Manufacturing
Toolmark Identification on the Base of Jacketed Bullets.”

(Use Training Assignment #44 to complete this objective.)

________________ ________
Training Officer Date

21. Discuss the feasibility of determining caliber and/or the rifling characteristics of a fired
bullet from an examination of a bullet hole in metal.

(Use Training Assignment #44 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

22. Test fire a .22 caliber firearm. Compare and identify test bullets with each other. Using
this same firearm, "slug" the barrel and compare the previously fired test bullets with the
bullets used to "slug" the barrel. Cut off approximately 25 percent of the barrel at the
muzzle and "slug" this portion of the barrel and compare these tests with the previous
test bullets. Conduct this exam with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #43 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

23. Obtain a copy of and familiarize yourself with the Firearm Section protocol for the
examination of fired bullets.

(Use Training Assignment #44 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 77 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
BULLET EXAMINATIONS AND COMPARISONS; SHOTSHELL PROJECTILES

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest ina given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

General

Burrard, G., The Identification of Firearms and Forensic Ballistics, 1st edition, Charles
Scribner Sons, NY, 1934, revised edition, A.S. Barnes & Co., NY, 1964.

Davis, J.E., An Introduction to Tool Marks, Firearms and the Striagraph, Charles C.
Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1958.

FBI Laboratory, General Rifling Characteristics File, current edition.

Gunther, J.D., and Gunther, C.O., The Identification of Firearms, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York, 1935.

Hatcher, J.S., Hatcher’s Notebook, Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, PA,
1947.

Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J., and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and
Evidence, 2nd edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1957.

Heard, B.E., Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic
Evidence, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.

Mathews, J.H., Firearms Identification, Volumes I III, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield,

IL, 1962.

NRA Firearms Fact Book, 3rd edition, National Rifle Association,

Fairfax, VA, 1989.

AFTE Journal

Case Notes

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(1):559-578.

Page 78 of 168
 Examination Protocols and Procedures

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):703-715.

Worksheets

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):713.

Howe, W.J., “Laboratory Work Sheets,” Newsletter #2, Aug. 1969, p. 15.

Jordan, T.D., “Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Firearms Laboratory: A Pictorial

Display,” 1979; 11(4):46.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #3, Oct. 1969, pp. 19, 21.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #4, Dec. 1969, p. 25.

Reporting of Conclusions

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):719-726.

General Rifling Characteristics

Anderson, C.E., “General Rifling Characteristics Using the Personal Computer,” 1990;
22(4):431-433.

Anderson, C.E., Martinson, D., and Burnham, R., “Update of Houston’s General Rifling
Characteristics Computer System,” 1991; 23(4):1005.

Baney, R.E., “Smith & Wesson Model’s 39 and 59 Rifled 5 Right,” 1978; 10(2):18.

---. “Smooth Bore Tanfoglio Pistol,” 1992; 24(2):177-178.

Bell, P.D., and Mikko, D.M., “Iraqi Model 74 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1992; 24(1):23-27.

Berry, L., “Additional Information Concerning Sterling Arms Company,” 1981; 13(2):16.

Biasotti, A.A., “Bullet Bearing Surface Composition: Variables: Fired Bullets,” 1981;
13(2):94.

Bullock, J.J., “Interesting Rifling,” 1982; 14(1):63.

Butler, D.J., “7mm Nambu,” 1972; 4(4):30.

Butler, D.J., and Sachs, S., “Type 54 Tokarev Pistol,” 1990; 22(2):160-162.

Carr, J.C., “Lorcin L25 A Barrel With Class,” 1992; 24(1):17-21.

Carr, J., and Fadul, T., “Miami Barrel,” 1997; 29(2):232-234.

Cashman, P.J., and Thornton, J.I., “Rapid Method for Determining Rifling Pitch,” 1975;
7(3):21.

Page 79 of 168
Cassidy, F.H., “Nomograph for Calculation of the Number of Lands and Grooves,” 1981;
13(4):67.

---. Reflections on Measurements of Land and Groove Dimensions,” 1983; 15(1):81.

Cayton, J.C., “Bullet Recovered From Jesse James Grave,” 1979; 11(3):57.

Chenow, R.W., “Mendoza Model K 62 Single Shot Pistol,” 1980; 12(2):28.

---. “Revolver/Pistol Rifling Class Characteristics,” 1979; 11(2):89.

---. “Rifling Change for Llama 22 Caliber Pistols,” 1983; 15(2):12.

Christansen, R.P., “Raven Arms,” 1977; 9(2):59.

Churchman, J.A., “Reproduction of Characteristics of Cooey Rifles,” 1981; 13(1):46.

“Criminalistics Laboratory Information System,” 1980; 12(3):72.

“Criminalistics Laboratory Information System,” 1980; 12(4):75.

Davis, J.E., “Land Impression Widths: A Simplified Measuring Set Up,” 1976; 8(4):14.

Denio, D.J., “Inverted Bullet Jacket,” 1982; 14(1):65.

Deobald, G.W., “Winchester Model 94: 6R vs. 4R,” 1977; 9(1):18.

Dragan, P., “Land & Groove Count from Bullet Cores,” 1978; 10(2):28.

Dunbar, D.A., “Identification of a Fired Sabot and a Distance Determination Involving a

Shotshell Cartridge,” 1997; 29(1):26-29.

Ernest, R.N., “Bryco Arms Change in Rifling,” 1992; 24(1):22.

Fadul, T.G., “Pen Pistol,” 1995; 27(4):294-296.

Fournier, R.J., and Lemmer, J.T., “Type Sugiura: Oriental 32 ACP Pistol,” 1985; 17(2):38.

Fraser, D., “Further Information on the Enfield: Lee Enfield Confusion,” 1994; 26(3):173-
175.

George, W., “Excam 25 ACP Pistol Design and Rifling Change,” 1989; 21(1):78.

---. “Smith & Wesson 10mm and Beretta 9mm,” 1990; 22(3):288-294.

Gieszl, R., “Bersa 380 Semiautomatic Pistols,” 1991; 23(3):862-866.

---. “Six Left Ruger Security-Six Revolver,” 1991; 23(4):1002-1003.

Gieszl, R., and Wolslagel, P., “Atypically Rifled SWD Cobray Pistols,” 1990; 22(3):328-
329.

Goodman, R.E., Santora, D.N., and Trochum, T., “Kahr K9,” 1996; 28(3):166-167.

Page 80 of 168
Haag, L.C., “Class Characteristics of Rifled Barrels,” 1978; 10(2):11.

Haag, L.C., and Petronino, J., “Colt: Right Twist Rifling,” 1974; 6(5-6):10.

Hamby, J.E., “Heckler & Koch Model 9 & 9s Pistol,” 1974; 6(2):16.

Harden, L.R., “Charter Arms Rifling Specifications & Serial Number Information,” 1972;
4(3A):29.

---. “Fox Carbine,” 1977; 9(2):119.

---. “Krieghoff Firearms,” 1977; 9(1):15.

---. “Rohm Manufacturing Plant,” 1978; 10(1):15.

---. “Savage Rifling Specifications,” 1972; 4(4):29.

Hart, R.P., “9MM Microgroove Bullet,” 1987; 19(3):310-311.

---. “Information on Weapons Frequently Encountered,” 1981; 13(4):51.

---. “Measurement and Value of Rate of Twist,” 1982; 14(3):27.

---. “Unrifled Bullet at 4000 FPS,” 1977; 9(1):55.

Heard, B.J., “Unusual Gun,” 1978; 10(3):41.

Heflin, T.F., “Rifling Characteristics for the Iver Johnson 38 Special Revolver,” 1985;
17(2):82.

---. “Ruger Model 77 300 Win Magnum GRC,” 1988; 20(2):205.

Howe, W.J., “Ruger Security Six Rifling Specifications,” 1973; 5(4):24.

Hueske, E.E., “Conversion Kit for a Colt Government Model,” 1988; 20(2):162.

Johnson, T.D., and Matty, W., “Arcadia Machine and Tool: Notes on A M T Firearms,”
1986; 18(3):69.

Jordan, T.D., and Looney, J., “Class Characteristics of Overpressured Cast Bullets,”
1981; 13(4):100.

Kennington, R.H., “Ordinance Manufacturing Corporation Model Back-Up,” 1977; 9(1):42.

---. “Pre-Rifled? .38 Caliber Bullet Cores,” 1988; 20(2):189.

Kent, R.H., “Thompson Center Contender Barrel Specifications,” 1983; 15(3):23.

Krcma, V.J., “Rifling Specifications, Sauer Revolvers,” 1969; 1(4):22.

Kreiser, M.J., “AMT Back-Up Pistol Manufacturer Marking Information,” 1984; 16(3):20.

Komar, S.M., “Unusual Rifling,” 1989; 21(4):653.

Page 81 of 168
Larson, E.G., “Rifling Specifications on All Remington Firearms Currently Catalogued,”
1973; 5(4):30.

Laskowshi, G.E., “Identification of a Bullet to a Firearm Using a Barrel Cast,” 1997;

29(2):215-222.

Lomoro, V.J., “FIE Titanic Up-Date,” 1977; 9(2):64.

Lutz, M.C., “Four Plus Two Makes Three,” 1977; 9(2):38.

---. “Smoothbore 38 Special Derringer: Davis Industries Model D38,” 1996; 28(3):174-
176.

---. “Smoothbore Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1994; 26(3):203-205.

Mason-Rooke, A., “Stripping and Axial Bullet Engraving,” 1981; 13(1):53.

Mathews, J.H., “Gain Rifling,” 1985; 17(2):100.

McBrayer, W.S., “380 Caliber Colt with 12 Lands & Grooves,” 1979; 11(4):22.

---. “Randall 45 Caliber Stainless Steel Pistol,” 1983; 15(3):16.

---. “RG-15 Derringer with Different Rifling,” 1987; 19(3):314.

Meyers, C.R., “North American Revolver with Faint Rifling,” 1985; 17(2):76.

---. “Wiping and General Rifling Characteristics,” 1970; 2(5):23.

Mikko, D., “Ceska Zbrojoka (CZ) Model 50 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1993; 25(4):264-265.

Molnar, S., “Characteristics of the Erma .22 Caliber Luger Pistol,” 1970; 2(4):26.

---. “Rifling and Name Change Noted in 25 Caliber German-Made Auto Pistol,” 1969;
1(3):27.

---. “Rifling Changes Noted in Bauer & Guardian .25 Auto Pistol,” 1978; 10(1): 16.

---. “Rifling Impressions from Italian Made Firearms,” 1969; 1(4):40.

---. “Rifling Specifications in Some of the Firearm Replicas,” 1970; 2(2):8.

---. “Rifling Specifications of Newer .25 Caliber Pistols,” 1972; 4(4):6.

---. “Simplified Technique for L & G Measurement: Twist Rate,” 1969; 1(4):28.

---. “Technique for Counting Lands & Grooves,” 1971; 3(2):33.

---. “Torque Shifts in Rifling Impressions Indicate Direction of Rotation,” 1970; 2(2):2-13.

Monturo, C., “.410/.45 Colt Street Sweeper,” 1997; 29(1):19-20.

Munhall, B.D., “Weatherby Rifling Specifications,” 1972; 4(3):10.

Page 82 of 168
Nennstiel, R., “Computer Supported Method of Firearm Type Determination,” 1986;
18(4):4.

Nielsen, F.I., “Heckler & Koch P7 (PSP),” 1981; 13(4):37.

Nordhoff, T.J., “Information on Colt 10mm Semiautomatic Pistols,” 1989; 21(1):86.

Parian, R.W., “Land and Groove Tabulation,” 1976; 8(1):15.

Pearl, A., “Unidentified Pistol,” 1974; 6(4):9.

Pearl, A., and Trusty, G.A., “German Derringer with Multiple Rifling Characteristics,”
1977; 9(2): 168.

Perkins, W.E., “Colt Revolver with Right Hand Twist,” 1969; 1(2):5.

Prystauk, G.S., “Encom MK IV Assault Pistol,” 1994; 26(3):176-180.

Reynolds, T.W., “Phoenix Arms (Model HP22),” 1995; 27(4):314.

Rios, F.G., and Thornton, J.I., “Comments on the Trigonometrical Basis of Bullet Twist
Measurements,” 1983; 15(1):104.

Roberts, J.L., “Information on Gun Barrels Manufactured by Fred Kart,” 1982; 14(1):70.

Royse, D., “Identification Made on a Bullet Fired from an Unrifled Pistol,” 1995; 27(3):197.

Schecter, B., “Novel Training Weapon: A Sub-Caliber RPG,” 1986; 18(3):64.

Sham, P., “Smith and Wesson Model SW9F Pistol,” 1995; 27(2):152-153.

Smith, D., “Delu .25 Auto Caliber Vestpocket Pistol,” 1972; 4(2):33.

Sojat, J.G., and Hart, R.P., “Heckler & Koch Model HK-4 Pistol,” 1973; 5(2):19.

Stanton, R.B., “Bryco Arms Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1990; 22(2):194.

---. “Feather Model AT-9 Semiautomatic Carbine,” 1990; 22(3):333.

---. “Some Interesting Information From Amadeo Rossi Company,” 1974; 6(5-6):17.

Stauffer, J.C., “.38 S&W American Bulldog (Belgium),” 1973; 5(5):8.

Stengel, R.F., “Thoughts on Bullet Comparisons and No Gun Cases,” 1987; 19(3):306-
307.

Striupaitis, P.P., “New 25 Caliber Pistol,” 1982; 14(4):8.

---. “New Over and Under: Rifle/Shotgun,” 1983; 15(2):9.

Templin,R.H., “Jennings, Model J-22 Semiautomatic Pistol Information,” 1987; 19(1):18.

Thompson, E., “Intratec Tec 22 Scorpion Pistol,” 1990; 22(1):51-54.

Page 83 of 168
Thompson, E.J., “National Cartridge Rifled Sub Caliber Adapters,” 1988; 20(4):463-464.

Thornton, J.I., “Origin of the Term Land,” 1983; 15(4):8.

Trumble, C., “Ortgies Pocket Pistols,” 1997; 29(1):87-92.

---. “Raven Arms Company’s Gift to Crime Laboratories,” 1997; 29(1):93-97.

Uchiyama, T., and Nagai, M., “Rifle Markings of Titan 25 Caliber Semiautomatic Pistols,”
1986; 18(2):3.

---. “Rifle Markings of Titan 25 Caliber Semiautomatic Pistols,” 1989; 21(2):387-402.

Vaughan, R.T., and Gilman, P.L., “Information of the Rogak LES P18 Pistol,” 1985;
17(2):72.

Walch, W.N., and Wilhelm, R.M., “Uniform Bullet Classification System,” 1977; 9(2):26.

Walsh, J.F., “Accuracy Speed and Convenience in Rifling Measurements,” 1977; 9(1):50.

Warehime, L.E., “Remington Ammunition with Manufactured Lands & Grooves,” 1989;
21(1):76.

Warner, E.N., “Erma EP 25 Auto Pistol,” 1971; 3(2):28.

Whitmarsh, J.W., “Jennings Model J 22 Semiautomatic Pistol Information,” 1987;

19(1):18.

Williams, D.L., “In Reply to Land and Groove Count from Bullet Cores,” 1978; 10(3):31.

Zahn, M.S., “RPB Industries M10 Autoloading Pistol: New Rifling Observed,” 1981;
13(2):32.

---. “Smith & Wesson 9mm Autoloading Pistol Are Now Rifled 5R,” 1978; 10(1):6.

---. “Taurus Revolver Rifling Change,” 1979; 11(2):45.

Comparison Techniques

Barbetta, S., “Bullet Holding Adhesive,” 1987; 19(3):301.

Belveal, D.N., “Firearms Identification Based Upon Bullet Comparisons: Expertise or

Guess-work?,” 1979; 11(2):9.

Conrad, W.E., “Comparisons of Nyclad Ammunition,” 1979; 11(4):116.

Janelli, R., and Geyer, G., “Smoking a Bullet,” 1977; 9(2):128.

Kennington, R.H., “Solution for Inconclusives,” 1997; 29(2):197-203.

McBrayer, W.S., “Effect of MAG-NA-PORT on Bullet Comparisons,” 1982; 14(1):34.

Molnar, S., “Firearms Tick Tack Toe: A Methodical Searching Technique,” 1972; 4(3):18.

Page 84 of 168
Robinson, M.K., “Stikki-Wax,” 1982; 14(2):4.

Shem, R.J., “Modifying Mushroomed Bullet Jackets to Facilitate Comparisons,” 1993;

25(2):149-150.

Stengel, R.F., “Thoughts on Bullet Comparisons and No Gun Cases,” 1987; 19(3):306-
307.

Thompson, E., and Caine, C., “AO Fiber Optic Light Diffusors,” 1987; 19(3):321.

Vander Werff, K., “Effect Changing and Altering Firearms Parts Has on Bullet and
Cartridge Case Comparisons,” 1987; 19(3):316-317.

Wagoner, A.T., “Determination of a Possible Ammunition and Weapon Using a Multi

Faceted Approach,” 1989; 21(4):629-632.

Ward, D., and Sibert, R., “Use of Vacuum Evaporation of Metals for Surface Feature
Enhancement,” 1986; 18(4):76.

Automated Systems

Blackwell, R.J., and Framan, E.P., “Automated Firearms Identification System (AFIDS)
Phase I,” 1980; 12(4):11.

Dillon, J.H., and Sibert, R.W., “FBI Laboratory’s DRUGFIRE Program,” 1990; 22(2): 216.

Gardner, G.Y., “Computer Identification of Bullets,” 1979; 11(2):26.

Masson, J.J., “Confidence Level Variations in Firearms: Identifications through

Computerized Technology,” 1997; 29(1):42-44.

Moran, B., “Manual and Automated Bullet and Cartridge Case Comparison Systems: A
Commentary,” 1997; 29(1):55-57.

Shutt, J., “CLIS: Ballistics Database Rifles Fast Reply on Gun Makes,” 1981; 13(1):43.

Thompson, R.M., Desrosiers, M., and Hester, S., “Computerized Image Analysis for
Firearms Identification: The Integrated Ballistic Identification System: IBIS,” 1996;
28(3):194-203.

Uchiyama, T., “Automated Landmark Identification System,” 1993; 25(3):172-196.

Shotshell Components -General

Silliman, J.R., “Crime Scene Search: Evidence at the Scene of a Shotgun Shooting,”
1977; 9(2):111.

Watkins, R.L., and Haag, L.C., “Shotgun Evidence,” 1978; 10(3):10.

Page 85 of 168
 Shot Pellets

MacPhee, H.M., “Determination of Shot Content In Fired Shot Shells,” 1978; 10(2):24.

Mann, M.J., Espinza, E.O., Ralston, R.M., Stroud, R.K, Scanlan, M.D., and Strauss, S.J.,
“Shot Pellets: An Overview,” 1994; 26(3):223-241.

Mann, M.J., Ferguson, W., Henderson, C., and Stroud, R., “Analysis of Unusual Home
Made Shot Pellets From Louisiana,” 1994; 26(3):242-250.

Shotshell Slugs

Arrowood, M.C., and Bullock, J.J., “Identification of a 12 Gauge Slug,” 1983; 15(2):58.

Ernest, R.N., “Exploring the Possibility of Matching Fired Shotgun Ammunition

Components to Unaltered Shotguns,” 1992; 24(1):28-36.

Freels, R.H., “Comparison of a Shotshell Shot Collar to a Cut Barrel,” 1983; 15(3):21.

Galan, J.I., “Identification of a Rifled Slug Through Front Sight Defect,” 1986; 18(4):62.

Hueske, E.E., “Class Characteristics of Mossberg C-Lect-Choke Barrels with Factory

Porting,” 1990; 22(4):401-407.

Royse, D., “Identification Made on a Fired 00 Buckshot Pellet,” 1996; 28(4):252-253.

Thompson, J., “Identification of a Rifled Slug,” 1994; 26(2):136-138.

Townshend, D.G., “Identification of Rifled Slugs,” 1970; 2(1):21.

Shotshell Wadding

Christansen, R.P., “Tricky Wads,” 1978; 10(1):27.

Edmondson, R., “Shotgun Sports,” 1990; 22(1):91.

---. “Shotgun Sports,” 1990; 22(1):90.

---. “Shotgun Sports,” 1990; 22(2):230.

---. “Shotgun Sports,” 1990; 22(2):230-231.

Franovich, J., “20 Gauge Filler Wads Used in 12 Gauge Shotgun Shells,” 1996; 28(2):92-
94.

McJunkins, S.P., “Identification of Plastic Shotgun Waddings,” 1970; 2(4):24.

Page 86 of 168
 Buffer Material

Freels, R.H., and Wheeler, B.P., “Forensic Analysis of Shot Buffering Materials,” 1983;
15(2):31.

Hueske, E.E., “Forensic Aspects of Shotshell Buffers,” 1983; 15(2):26.

---. “Forensic Aspects of Shotshell Buffers,” 1989; 21(2):326-330.

Thornton, J.I., and Guarino, K., “Polyethylene Shotshell Buffer & Determination of
Trajectory,” 1984; 16(3):132.

Manufacturing Marks

Crum, R.A., “Manufacturing Toolmark Identification on the Base of Jacketed Bullets,”

1987; 19(4):447-450.

Hamman, J.E., “Loading Machine Marks on Federal Shotshell Wads,” 1980; 12(1):36.

Kellet, P.M., “The Identification of a Tool Mark on the Interior of a Semi-Jacketed Bullet,”
1984; 16(3):22.

---. “The Comparison and Identification of Toolmarks on the Base of Remington Semi-
Jacketed Bullets,” 1984; 16(3):81-83.

---. “The Comparison of Mold Marks on Cast Bullets and Punch Marks in Copper Gas
Checks,” 1984; 16(3):104-106.

Kreiser, M.J., “Identification of Cast Bullets and Their Molds,” 1985; 17(3):88.

Nagai, M., and Uchiyama, T., “Identification of a Tool Mark on the Jacket of a
Bullet,"“1989; 21(1):80.

Skolrood, R.W., “Do Not Disregard Mould Markings,” 1975; 7(1):73-74.

Page 87 of 168
 I. CARTRIDGE/CARTRIDGE CASE EXAMINATIONS AND COMPARISONS

1. Describe "class characteristics" as the phrase applies to markings on a cartridge or a

fired cartridge case. Determine the types of marks that may be left on a cartridge
case/cartridge during loading/extracting and firing. Review videotape regarding the slow
motion of firing sequences using semiautomatic firearms.

(Use Training Assignment #47 to complete this objective.)

________________ ________
Training Officer Date

2. Test fire each of the following firearms at least twice. Using the test fired cartridge cases,
visually relate the markings imparted to the fired cartridge case with the part on the
firearm which produced these markings. Also load and extract at least two cartridges
from each of the following firearms and visually relate the markings imparted to the
unfired cartridges with the part on the firearm that will produced these markings.

a. 9mm SWD Inc., M11/Nine, submachine gun

b. 9mm Glock pistol
c. .45 Auto caliber U.S. Pistol, Model 1911A1
d. 9mm H&K, P7, pistol
e. .22 Long Rifle caliber Ruger, MKII, pistol
f. .22 Long Rifle caliber Ruger, 10/22, rifle

(Use Training Assignment #48 to complete this objective.)

________________ ________
Training Officer Date

3. Using the test cartridge cases and cartridges from paragraph 2, above, microscopically
examine all of the markings with each other. Include the following types of markings in
your microscopic comparisons: firing pin impression, breechface marks, chamber marks,
anvil marks, extractor marks, ejector marks, ramp marks, and slide drag marks, slide
scuff marks, ejection port scuffmarks and magazine lip marks. Photograph the results of
your comparisons.

(Use Training Assignment #48 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 88 of 168
4. Test fire the following firearms using comparable CCI, Remington, Federal, and
Winchester ammunition of the appropriate caliber type for each firearm. Select
ammunition with both nickel and brass primers. Test fire each firearm at least twice using
each brand of ammunition. Microscopically examine and photograph the markings as in
paragraph 3, above.

a. .38 Special caliber Smith & Wesson, Model 10, revolver

b. .357 Magnum caliber Smith & Wesson, Model 19, revolver
c. 9mm Smith & Wesson, Model 669, pistol
d. .22 Long Rifle caliber Colt, Woodsman, pistol

(Use Training Assignment #49 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

5. Test fire a .22 Long Rifle caliber Smith and Wesson revolver, fire six .22 Long Rifle
caliber cartridges, six .22 Long caliber cartridges, and six .22 Short caliber cartridges of
the same manufacturer. Mark each cartridge to note the chamber in which it is fired.
Examine and photograph the markings imparted to the fired cartridge cases.

(Use Training Assignment #50 to complete this exercise.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

6. Discuss the possibility of comparing and identifying reloading-type marks on

cartridges/cartridge cases. Identify the various types of marks that may be indicative of
reloaded ammunition. Become familiar with the reloading equipment in the Section and
the procedures used in reloading cartridges. Reload several cartridges and compare
reloading-type marks on these cartridges with each other.

(Use Training Assignment #51 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

7. Discuss the feasibility of comparing and identifying manufacturing toolmarks on a fired

cartridge case from the scene of a crime with cartridges that can be associated with the
suspect. Identify the various types of manufacturing toolmarks that may be present on
cartridges or cartridge cases.

(Use Training Assignment #51 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 89 of 168
8. Test fire a .30 Carbine caliber U.S. Carbine and compare the test cartridge cases with
each other. Compare all of the marks imparted to the fired cartridge cases. Load and
extract cartridges from this same firearm. Note and compare all of the marks imparted to
the test cartridges.

(Use Training Assignment #52 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

9. Read the following two articles in the October 1989 issue of the AFTE journal and
discuss them with your Training Officer.
a. "Firing Pin Impressions - Their Measurement and
Significance"
b. "Firing Pin Impressions - Their Relation to Hammer
Fall Conditions"

(Use Training Assignment #47 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

10. Obtain a copy of and be familiar with the Firearm Section protocol for the examination of
cartridges and cartridge cases.

(Use Training Assignment #47 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

11. Compare test firings from various firearms before the breech and bore are cleaned and
after the breech and bore are cleaned.

(Use Training Assignment #53 to complete this objective.)

________________ _________
Training Officer Date

12. Use a series of examinations that incorporates bullets, cartridge cases, firearms and the
comparison microscope during an “on going investigation.”

(Use Practical Exercises #18 and #19 to complete this objective.)

________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 90 of 168
REFERENCE MATERIALS
CARTRIDGE AND CARTRIDGE CASE EXAMINATIONS AND COMPARISONS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in a given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

General

Burrard, G., The Identification of Firearms and Forensic Ballistics,

1st edition, Charles Scribner Sons, NY, 1934, revised edition, A.S. Barnes & Co., NY,
1964.

Datig, F.A., Cartridges for Collectors, Volumes I-III, Borden Publishing Co., 1956.

Davis, J.E., An Introduction to Tool Marks, Firearms and the Striagraph, Charles C.
Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1958.

Gunther, J.D., and Gunther, C.O., The Identification of Firearms, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York, 1935.

Hatcher, J.S., Hatcher’s Notebook, Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, PA,
1947.

Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J., and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and
Evidence, 2nd edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1957.

Heard, B.E., Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic
Evidence, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.

Horn, W.R., Headstamps and Cartridge Identification Data, Horn Co., 1962.

James, C.R., “Fluted and Annular-Grooved Chamber Markings,” paper delivered at the
AFTE annual training seminar, Tampa, 1998.

Kennington, R.H., The Matrix: 9mm Parabellum An Empirical Study of Type

Determination, 1992.

Krcma, V., “Fluted and Annular Grooved Barrel Chambers in Firearms,” Journal of
Forensic Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 3, May 1966, pp. 407-417.

Mathews, J.H., Firearms Identification, Volumes I-III, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL,
1962.

McClean, D.B., Small Arms Ammunition Identification Guide, Normount Technical

Publications, 1971.

Page 91 of 168
 NRA Firearms Fact Book, 3rd edition, National Rifle Association, Fairfax, VA, 1989.
White, H.P., and Munhall, B.D., Cartridge Headstamp Guide, H.P. White Laboratory,
1963.

---. Pistol and Revolver Cartridges, H.P. White Laboratory, 1963.

AFTE Journal

Case Notes

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(1):559-578.

Examination Protocols and Procedures

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):703-715.

Worksheets

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):714.

Jordan, T.D., “Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Firearms Laboratory: A Pictorial

Display,” 1979; 11(4):47.

“Laboratory Work Sheets,” Newsletter #2, Aug. 1969, p. 15.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #3, Oct. 1969, pp. 19-20.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #4, Dec. 1969, p. 25.

Reporting of Conclusions

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):719-726.

Jordan, T.D., “Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Firearms Laboratory: A Pictorial

Display,” 1979; 11(4):50.

General

Bouley, B., “Determination of Firing Sequence by Cartridge Case Markings,” 1995;

27(3):237-241.

Byrd, S.C., “Misleading Cartridge Case Markings,” 1989; 21(3):522-523.

Davis, J.E., “Test Toolmarks from Weapon Parts May Facilitate Comparisons,” 1972;
4(3A):28.
Hart, R.P., “Information on Weapons Frequently Encountered,” 1981; 13(4):51.

Heard, B.J., “Case of Interest,” 1978; 10(2):21.

Hurst, F.M., “Unusual Brand of Pistol,” 1973; 5(6):29.

Page 92 of 168
Kennington, R.H., and Galan, J.I., “Ejector Type Marks on Unfired Cartridges,” 1987;
19(4):452.

Lapierre, J.A.G., “Additional Identifying Features Dealing with Revolvers,” 1978; 10(3):36.
McGuire, D.L., “Potentially Incorrect Weapon Identification,” 1972; 4(3):30.

McKay, S.A., “Class Characteristics of Shotguns from Shell Markings,” 1971; 3(3):34.

Nennstiel, R., “Computer Supported Method of Firearm Type Determination,” 1986;

18(4):4.

Rathman, G.A., “Unusual Cartridge Case Identification,” 1976; 8(4):29.

Stengel, R.F., “Which Cartridge Was Fired First?,” 1987; 19(3):325-326.

Walsh, K.A., and Buckleton, J.S., “Firing Sequence Involving Two 303 British Cartridges,”
1991; 23(3):816-819.

Welch, N.E., “Matching a Bullet to a Cartridge Case,” 1981; 13(4):79.

Headstamps

Al Khalifa, A.K., “Headstamps With Arabic Markings,” 1983; 15(2):64.

Anderson, E.J., “Headstamps of 5.56mm and 7.62mm Cartridges, Reportedly

Manufactured in Singapore,” 1974; 6(1):21.

Barabash, T., “New Cartridge,” 1978; 10(3):46.

Bates, J.S., “Another Ammunition Oddity,” 1973; 5(4):22.

Berg, S.O., “Could You Have Identified It?,” 1970; 2(10):32.

---. “Interesting Headstamp,” 1970; 2(7):22.

---. “Interesting Headstamp,” 1971; 3(4):14.

Bridgemon, R.R., “Aguila Cartridges,” 1985; 17(2):116.

Clanet, C., “French Small Firearm Cartridge Headstamps,” 1972; 4(2):26.

Canning, D.R., “Headstamps for Stud Guns,” 1976; 8(1):53.

Cassidy, F.H., “What Caused the Unusual Headstamp Mark?,” 1989; 21(4):655.

Dougherty, P.M., “Eldorado Cartridge Corporation Headstamps,” 1990; 22(4):443.

Edwards, R.L., “Circumferential Fractures,” 1991; 23(3):806-807.

---. “New Type of Ammunition by MFS (Matravideki Femmuvek),” 1993; 25(4):254-258.

Ernest, R.N., and Fite, K., “Remington Cartridge Made By Winchester,” 1989; 21(3):520.

Garland, P.V., “Color Code Identification of Small Arms Cartridges,” 1974; 6(2):27.

---. “Headstamp Designator +P,” 1974; 6(2):10.

Page 93 of 168
Gieszl, R., “New Ammunition,” 1982; 14(1):40.

Green, K., “Remington Announces a New Headstamp for Rimfire,” 1983; 15(3):18.
Haag, L.C., “Korean Ammunition Available in North America,” 1981; 13(1):7.

---. “Stirling .22 Rimfire Ammunition,” 1977; 9(2):226.

Hall, J.M., “American Ballistics Grand Slam Cartridge,” 1991; 23(2):679-681.

Hamby, J.E., “Information on Delay Cartridges,” 1974; 6(1):5.

---. “Japanese Ammunition Information,” 1976; 8(2):19.

---. “New Headstamp on KTW Metal Piercing Cartridges,” 1971; 3(5):16.

---. “Tests on the Squibman .22 Caliber Cartridge,” 1971; 3(2):29.

---. “Two New Cartridges,” 1978; 10(3):47.

Hampton, H.L., “Letter From SAAMI: Headstamp Explanation,” 1974; 6(2):14.

Harden, L.R., “Geco Headstamp Information,” 1973; 5(3):10.

---. “Hi-Jacker Cartridge,” 1977; 9(1):39.

Heard, B.J., “Ammunition Information,” 1983; 15(1):65.

---. “New CBC Ammunition,” 1983; 15(2):16.

“Headstamps,” 1991; 23(3):874-875.

Heflin, T.F., “9MM Steyr Cartridge Conversions,” 1987; 19(3):262-265.

---.” Information on Various Cartridges,” 1985; 17(2):85.

Interpol, “Cartridge Identification,” 1976; 8(4):72.

---. “Cartridge Identification,” 1977; 9(1):69.

---. “Interpol: Cartridge Information,” 1976; 8(2):112.

Johnson, T.D., “Imported Ammunition,” 1979; 11(1):36.

Johnson, T.D., and Matty, W.G., “Starline Brass,” 1984; 16(4):60.

Kass, G.A., “Ammunition Information: Manufacturer & Headstamp,” 1983; 15(2):9.

---. “Headstamps,” 1990; 22(3):346-347.

---. “Headstamps,” 1991; 23(2):659.

Kellett, P.M., “Egyptian Headstamp,” 1990; 22(2):226.

---. “Toolmarks on the Case of Remington Semi-Jacketed Bullets,” 1984; 16(3):81.

Page 94 of 168
Lambert, R.R., “Ammunition Headstamps,” 1972; 4(3):36.

Lomoro, V.J., “.22 Short, .22 Long Rifle and Now the .22 In-Between,” 1975; 7(2):33.

Lorsbach, L.A., “Dots Make a Difference,” 1976; 8(2):15.

Lutz, M.C., “Explosive Projectiles for Small Arms,” 1973; 5(1):12.

---. “Special .380 Submachine Gun Cartridge for MAC (Ingram) SMG,” 1972; 4(3A):35.

---. “Winchester & Hirtenberg Ammunition Sold by Sears Roebuck & Federal Cartridge
Co.,” 1974; 6(4):14.

Matthews, J.W., “9X19 SP Headstamp,” 1980; 12(1):40.

Matty, W., “Wahib Arms Ammunition Information,” 1983; 15(1):68.

Moline, K., and Lansing, J., “Ammunition Information,” 1993; 25(3):204-205.

Molnar, S., “Observation While Firing HP Ammunition,” 1971; 3(5):6.

Nennstiel, R., “Collection of Headstamps and Projectiles,” 1985; 17(4):7.

Nicholson, T., “Headstamp Oddity,” 1970; 2(3):31.

Nielsen, F.I., “Unusual Head Stamps,” 1973; 5(5):27.

Poust, W.R., “Headstamp Impressions in Oily Residue,” 1987; 19(3):300.

---. “Observation of Different Headstamps in Same Box of Ammunition,” 1982; 14(2):12.

“Smith & Wesson Information,” 1979; 11(1):22.

Smith, A.G., “Cartridges Offered by Centennial Arms Corporation,” 1974; 6(3):16.

Smith, O.C., “Headstamps from Desert Storm,” 1993; 25(2):110-111.

Smith, R.J., “Star Ammunition,” 1975; 7(3):57.

Steidler, R.A., “Caliber .22 Ammunition With B Headstamp,” 1973; 5(1):27.

Stubits, F., “New Cartridge: The 22 Caliber Devastator,” 1981; 13(3):15.

Tokano, K., “Double Marked WW Headstamp,” 1989; 21(4):583.

Tulleners, F.A., “New Headstamp Cascade Cartridge International,” 1979; 11(2):87.

Waite, M.D., “Identification of Browning Arms Co Ammunition,” 1973; 5(3):26.

Woodin, W.H., “Military and Police Ammunition Research Identification,” 1981; 13(4):102.

Page 95 of 168
 Specific Models and Mechanism Marks

Carr, J.C., “AMT Automag II Identification by Dots,” 1990; 22(2):163-166.

---. “Lorcin L25 A Barrel With Class,” 1992; 24(1):17-21.

Celovsky, J.R., “Heckler & Koch, Model HK4 Pistol, Additional Outstanding Class
Characteristics,” 1973; 5(5):23.

Celovsky, J.R., and Lemmer, J.T., “Heckler & Koch Pistol, Model VP702 9mm
Parabellum,” 1984; 16(3):108.

Dujanovich, M.B., “Heckler & Koch 9x19mm Firearms,” 1995;

27(4):297-302.

---. “Navy Arms Model TU90 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1994; 26(2):121-126.

Fournier, R.J., and Lemmer, J.T., “Type Sugiura: Oriental 32 ACP Pistol,” 1985; 17(2):38.

Garland, P.V., “SATA Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1970; 2(7):23.

Gieszl, R., “Bersa 380 Semiautomatic Pistols,” 1991; 23(3):862-866.

Kennington, R.H., “380 Auto Arcology: The Firing Pin Ejector Models,” 1996; 28(2):82-91.

---. “Ordinance Manufacturing Corporation Model Back-Up,” 1977; 9(1):42.

Kreiser, M.J., “Unusual Cartridge Marking by a Model 39 Smith & Wesson,” 1983;
15(4):13.

Lutz, M.C., “Central Kentucky Arms Semiautomatic Rifle,” 1983; 15(4):40.

Maciejewski, K., “Possible Identification Feature: .22 Caliber Smith & Wesson Model 61
Pistol,” 1970; 2(5):38.

Molnar, S., “Characteristics of the Erma .22 Caliber Luger Pistol,” 1970; 2(4):26.

Nichols, R.G., “Glock Versus Smith and Wesson Model SW40F: Comparison of Markings
on Fired Cartridge Cases,” 1995; 27(2):133-139.

Reynolds, T.W., “Phoenix Arms (Model HP22),” 1995; 27(4):314.

Shem, R.J., and Striupaitis, P.P., “Fired Bullets & Cartridge Cases from Raven Pistol,”
1983; 15(3):109.

Sojat, J.G., and Hart, R.P., “Heckler & Koch Model HK-4 Pistol,” 1973; 5(2):19.

Stauffer, J.C., “Caliber .25 Sterling Auto Pistol,” 1972; 4(5):30.

Thompson, E., “Intratec Tec 22 Scorpion Pistol,” 1990; 22(1):51-54.

Page 96 of 168
 Firing Pin Impressions

Cochrane, D.W., “Firing Pin or Ejector?,” 1981; 13(4):106.

Fraser, D.A., “Rimfire Firing Pin Impressions,” 1983; 15(3):85.

Frazier, R.A., “Firing Pin Impressions: Their Relationship To Hammer Fall Conditions,”
1989; 21(2):589-92.

Haag, L.C., “Firing Pin Protrusion and Impression Depth Measurement,” 1990; 22(3):295-
298.

Matty, W., and Johnson, T., “Comparison of Manufacturing Marks on Smith & Wesson
Firing Pins,” 1984; 16(3):51.
McBrayer, W.S., “Unique Firing Pin Impression,” 1981; 13(4):116.

Miller, J., “Pressure Effects on Firing Pin Impression Depth,” 1995; 27(3):242-245.

Nielsen, F.I., “Ruger 10/22 Firing Pin Modification,” 1988; 20(3):325.

Ojena, S.M., and Murdock, J.E., “Evaluation of an Alibi: Relative Firing Pin Impression
Depths,” 1981; 13(3):79.

Stephenson, J.S., McPhillips, E.T., and Jachimowicz, E., “Use of a Duplex Nail as a
Firing Pin in the Intratec Tec-9 Pistol,” 1996; 28(1):15-18.

Verbeke, D.J., and Stauffer, J.C., “Unique Firing Pin Identification,” 1975; 7(1):59.

Anvil Marks

Dutton, G., “Anvil Bounce,” 1996; 28(4):243-246.

Ernest, R.N., “Anvil Marks in Centerfire Cartridge Cases,” 1992; 24(4):367-370.

Gieszl, R., “Don’t Forget 22 Rimfire Anvil Marks,” 1991; 23(4):997-999.

Tuira, Y.J., and Ziegler, P.A., “Anvil Bounce,” 1995; 27(4):318-319.

Manufacturing Marks

Dutton, G., “Manufacturing Marks on 12 Gauge Cartridges,” 1997; 29(2):170-172.

Klees, G., “Aberrant Manufacturing Marks on Federal Ammunition,” 1997; 29(1):21-23.

LaVoy, T.A., and Willmer, J.H., “Toolmarkings From a Reloading Die,” 1979; 11(2):37.

Matty, W., “Persistence of Toolmarks in the Cartridge Case Head Forming Process,”
1983; 15(1):108.

Quirk, T.W., “Toolmarks on Primers of Rio’ Brand Ammunition,” 1987; 19(3):309-310.

Robinson, M.K., “Another Manufactured Toolmark,” 1996; 28(3):164-165.

Swim, J.D., “Firearms Examiners Beware,” 1979; 11(1):33-34.

Page 97 of 168
 Breech Face Marks

Cook, C.W., “Breech Face Markings from a Non Operable Weapon,” 1983; 15(4):53.

Esposito, A.J., “Apparent Mirror Image Breech Face Marking in the Stevens Model 311
Side by Side Shotgun,” 1995; 27(3):200-201.

Matty, W., “Raven 25 Automatic Pistol Breech Face Toolmarks,” 1984; 16(3):57.

Molnar, S., “False Breech Face ID’s,” 1996; 28(2):95-96.

---. “Marks of Spanner Wrench Holes in Firing Pin Escutcheons,” 1970; 2(7):34.

---. “Notes on Breech Face Marks and Fouling,” 1977; 9(1):21.

Thompson, E., “Davis Derringer Breech Face Markings,” 1996;
28(3):177-178.

Uchiyama, T., “Similarity Among Breech Face Marks Fired from Guns with Close Serial
Numbers,” 1986; 18(3):15.

Wilson, R.J., “Mikrosil Breech Face Comparison,” 1983; 15(4):24.

Chamber Marks

Della Penna, A., “Chamber Markings?,” 1974; 6(2):22.

Dickinson, J.A.H., “Identification of Firearms by Chamber Marks on the Expended

Cartridge Case,” 1976; 8(1):25.

Hamby, J.E., “Adapter Cartridges & Insert Barrels,” 1979; 11(4):23.

---. “Cartridge Adapters,” 1975; 7(3):16.

Hofmeister, A.G., “Revolver Chamber Markings,” 1979; 11(2):42.

Miller, J., “Chamber Marks from Dry-Fire Damage,” 1992; 24(2):162-164.

Shem, R.J., “Fireformed Chamber Striations on Rimfire Cartridge Cases,” 1987;

19(3):282-283.

Thompson, E., “Odd Chamber Markings in a 9mm Armi Tanfoglio Pistol,” 1992; 24(1):61-
62.

Bunter Marks

Dodson, R.V., and Masson, J.J., “Bunter Marks: What Do They Mean,” 1997; 29(1):33-
36.

Johnson, T.D., and Matty, W.G., “Starline Brass,” 1984; 16(4):60.

Matty, W., “Persistence of Toolmarks in the Cartridge Case Head Forming Process,”
1983; 15(1):108.

Zahn, M.S., “Unique Markings on a Shotshell Head Due to a Worn or Chipped Bunter
Tool,” 1984; 16(3):8.

Page 98 of 168
Basic References:

Ackley, P.O., Handbook for Shooters & Reloaders

Hodgon Powder Co., Hodgdon's Reloading Data Manual

Hornaday Staff, Hornaday Handbook of Cartridge Reloading

NRA Staff, The NRA Handloader's Guide

Rumage, Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook

Sharpe, Complete Guide to Hand Loading

Shooter’s Bible, Reloader's Guide

Sierra Staff, Sierra Bullets Reloading Manual

Speer Staff, Speer Reloading Manual

Page 99 of 168
 J. SHOTSHELL AND SHOTSHELL COMPONENT EXAMINATIONS AND COMPARISONS

1. Determine what type of examinations may be conducted and what conclusions can be
reached from an examination of the following components. Discuss this with your
Training Officer.

a. Shot, deformed and undamaged

b. Fired card or fiber wads
c. Fired plastic wads
d. Fired shotshell casings
e. Unfired shotshells
f. Shot buffer material
g. Shot collar and shot cup

(Use Training Assignment #55 and Practical Exercise #17 to complete this
objective.)

_____________ ________
Training Officer Date

2. Familiarize yourself with the use of the SAF in regard to the determination of gauge and
manufacturer of fired shotshell components. Know the limitations in regard to making
such determinations. Demonstrate your proficiency in using the SAF to conduct this type
of search to your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #54 to complete this objective.)

_____________ ________
Training Officer Date

3. Using a shotgun, saw off a portion of the barrel. Test fire this shotgun using a Remington
shotshell with a power piston wad. Recover the test shotshell wads and make
microscopic comparisons of marks imparted to the test wads.

(Use Training Assignment #58 to complete this objective.)

_____________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 100 of 168

4. Test fire the following shotguns using at least two test shotshell casings from each
shotgun and microscopically compare the marks imparted to these shotshell casings.
Include in your comparisons the following types of marks: firing pin impression,
breechface marks (primer, battery cup, and head), extractor marks, ejector marks,
chamber marks, and any other mechanism marks. Photograph these marks and discuss
the significance of identifying any of these types of marks.

a. Marlin, Model 55, bolt action shotgun

b. 12-gauge Remington, Model 1100, shotgun
c. 12-gauge Mossberg, Model 500, shotgun
d. J.C. Higgins, Model 1011, top-break single shot shotgun
e. 12-gauge Beretta, Silver Snipe, shotgun
f. Stevens, Model 311, side by side double barrel shotgun

(Use Training Assignment #56 to complete this objective.)

______________ ________
Training Officer Date

5. Using a 12-gauge Remington, Model 1100, shotgun, obtain at least two test shotshell
casings with each of the following types of ammunition. Also, recover a representative
number of the fired pellets and fired wadding from each test firing. Compare markings on
these test shotshell casings with each other. Examine the fired components that are
recovered and compare them to unfired components of the same type. Discuss the
significance of your findings.

a. 12-gauge Remington, 2 3/4" Magnum, 00 Buck

b. 12-gauge Remington, 2 3/4" Shur-Shot, #8 shot
c. 12-gauge Federal, 2 3/4" Magnum, 00 Buck
d. 12-gauge Federal, 2 3/4" Field load, #9 shot
e. 12-gauge Activ, 2 3/4" Field load, #7 shot
f. 12-gauge Activ, 2 3/4" Magnum, BB shot
g. 12-gauge Winchester, 2 3/4" Xpert, #6 shot
h. 12-gauge Winchester, 2 3/4" Super-X, #7 shot

(Use Training Assignment #57 to complete this exercise.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

6. Discuss in detail the procedures used in reloading shotshells and familiarize yourself with
the shotshell reloading equipment in the Firearm Section. Know how to recognize
reloaded shotshells from an examination of the shotshell casing and/or its components.
Reload shotshells using the shotshell reloading equipment in the section and examine
the reloaded shotshells for reloading-type marks.

(Use Training Assignment #59 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 101 of 168

7. Research the current U.S. shot sizes and weights and obtain a chart reflecting the data.
Familiarize yourself with the variations worldwide in shot size and composition. Learn the
significance of the “Rule of 17" as it applies to shot size.

(Use Training Assignment #54 to complete this objective.)

________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 102 of 168

REFERENCE MATERIALS
SHOTSHELL AND FIRED SHOTSHELL EXAMINATIONS AND COMPARISONS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in a given topic.

 to provide reference materials for you’re future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

General

Burrard, G., The Identification of Firearms and Forensic Ballistics,

1st edition, Charles Scribner Sons, NY, 1934, revised edition, A.S. Barnes & Co., NY,
1964.

Datig, F.A., Cartridges for Collectors, Volumes I-III, Borden Publishing Co., 1956.

Davis, J.E., An Introduction to Tool Marks, Firearms and the Striagraph, Charles C.
Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1958.

Gunther, J.D., and Gunther, C.O., The Identification of Firearms, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York, 1935.

Hatcher, J.S., Hatcher’s Notebook, Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, PA,
1947.

Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J., and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and
Evidence, 2nd edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1957.

Heard, B.E., Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic
Evidence, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.

Horn, W.R., Headstamps and Cartridge Identification Data, Horn Co., 1962.

James, C.R., “Fluted and Annular-Grooved Chamber Markings,” paper delivered at the
AFTE annual training seminar, Tampa, 1998.

Kennington, R.H., The Matrix: 9mm Parabellum An Empirical Study of Type

Determination, 1992.

Krcma, V., “Fluted and Annular Grooved Barrel Chambers in Firearms,” Journal of
Forensic Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 3, May 1966, pp. 407-417.

Mathews, J.H., Firearms Identification, Volumes I-III, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL,
1962.

Page 103 of 168

 McClean, D.B., Small Arms Ammunition Identification Guide, Normount Technical
Publications, 1971.

Remage, Lyman Shotshell Hand Book, Third Edition.

NRA Firearms Fact Book, 3rd edition, National Rifle Association, Fairfax, VA, 1989.

White, H.P., and Munhall, B.D., Cartridge Headstamp Guide, H.P. White Laboratory,
1963.

---. Pistol and Revolver Cartridges, H.P. White Laboratory, 1963.

AFTE Journal
Case Notes

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(1):559-578.

Examination Protocols and Procedures

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):703-715.

Worksheets

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):714.

Jordan, T.D., “Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Firearms Laboratory: A Pictorial

Display,” 1979; 11(4):47.

“Laboratory Work Sheets,” Newsletter #2, Aug. 1969, p. 15.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #3, Oct. 1969, pp. 19-20.

Untitled insert, Newsletter #4, Dec. 1969, p. 25.

Reporting of Conclusions

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):719-726.

Jordan, T.D., “Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Firearms Laboratory: A Pictorial

Display,” 1979; 11(4):50.

Plastic Shotshells

Gallant, J.J., “Will Plastic Shotshells Hinder Firearms Identification?,” 1987; 19(1):17.

Mason, J.J., “Unusual Identification of All-Plastic Shotshell Cases,” 1989; 21(4):635.

Page 104 of 168

 General

Bouley, B., “Determination of Firing Sequence by Cartridge Case Markings,” 1995;

27(3):237-241.

Byrd, S.C., “Misleading Cartridge Case Markings,” 1989; 21(3):522-523.

Davis, J.E., “Test Toolmarks from Weapon Parts May Facilitate Comparisons,” 1972;
4(3A):28.

Hart, R.P., “Information on Weapons Frequently Encountered,” 1981; 13(4):51.

Heard, B.J., “Case of Interest,” 1978; 10(2):21.

Hurst, F.M., “Unusual Brand of Pistol,” 1973; 5(6):29.

Kennington, R.H., and Galan, J.I., “Ejector Type Marks on Unfired Cartridges,” 1987;
19(4):452.

Lapierre, J.A.G., “Additional Identifying Features Dealing with Revolvers,” 1978; 10(3):36.

McGuire, D.L., “Potentially Incorrect Weapon Identification,” 1972; 4(3):30.

McKay, S.A., “Class Characteristics of Shotguns from Shell Markings,” 1971; 3(3):34.

Nennstiel, R., “Computer Supported Method of Firearm Type Determination,” 1986;

18(4):4.

Rathman, G.A., “Unusual Cartridge Case Identification,” 1976; 8(4):29.

Stengel, R.F., “Which Cartridge Was Fired First?,” 1987; 19(3):325-326.

Walsh, K.A., and Buckleton, J.S., “Firing Sequence Involving Two 303 British Cartridges,”
1991; 23(3):816-819.

Welch, N.E., “Matching a Bullet to a Cartridge Case,” 1981; 13(4):79.

Headstamps

Al Khalifa, A.K., “Headstamps With Arabic Markings,” 1983; 15(2):64.

Anderson, E.J., “Headstamps of 5.56mm and 7.62mm Cartridges, Reportedly

Manufactured in Singapore,” 1974; 6(1):21.

Barabash, T., “New Cartridge,” 1978; 10(3):46.

Bates, J.S., “Another Ammunition Oddity,” 1973; 5(4):22.

Berg, S.O., “Could You Have Identified It?,” 1970; 2(10):32.

---. “Interesting Headstamp,” 1970; 2(7):22.

Page 105 of 168

---. “Interesting Headstamp,” 1971; 3(4):14.

Bridgemon, R.R., “Aguila Cartridges,” 1985; 17(2):116.

Clanet, C., “French Small Firearm Cartridge Headstamps,” 1972; 4(2):26.

Canning, D.R., “Headstamps for Stud Guns,” 1976; 8(1):53.

Cassidy, F.H., “What Caused the Unusual Headstamp Mark?,” 1989; 21(4):655.

Dougherty, P.M., “Eldorado Cartridge Corporation Headstamps,” 1990; 22(4):443.

Edwards, R.L., “Circumferential Fractures,” 1991; 23(3):806-807.

---. “New Type of Ammunition by MFS (Matravideki Femmuvek),” 1993; 25(4):254-258.

Ernest, R.N., and Fite, K., “Remington Cartridge Made By Winchester,” 1989; 21(3):520.

Garland, P.V., “Color Code Identification of Small Arms Cartridges,” 1974; 6(2):27.

---. “Headstamp Designator +P,” 1974; 6(2):10.

Gieszl, R., “New Ammunition,” 1982; 14(1):40.

Green, K., “Remington Announces a New Headstamp for Rimfire,” 1983; 15(3):18.

Haag, L.C., “Korean Ammunition Available in North America,” 1981; 13(1):7.

---. “Stirling .22 Rimfire Ammunition,” 1977; 9(2):226.

Hall, J.M., “American Ballistics Grand Slam Cartridge,” 1991; 23(2):679-681.

Hamby, J.E., “Information on Delay Cartridges,” 1974; 6(1):5.

---. “Japanese Ammunition Information,” 1976; 8(2):19.

---. “New Headstamp on KTW Metal Piercing Cartridges,” 1971; 3(5):16.

---. “Tests on the Squibman .22 Caliber Cartridge,” 1971; 3(2):29.

---. “Two New Cartridges,” 1978; 10(3):47.

Hampton, H.L., “Letter From SAAMI: Headstamp Explanation,” 1974; 6(2):14.

Harden, L.R., “Geco Headstamp Information,” 1973; 5(3):10.

---. “Hi-Jacker Cartridge,” 1977; 9(1):39.

Heard, B.J., “Ammunition Information,” 1983; 15(1):65.

---. “New CBC Ammunition,” 1983; 15(2):16.

“Headstamps,” 1991; 23(3):874-875.

Heflin, T.F., “9MM Steyr Cartridge Conversions,” 1987; 19(3):262-265.

Page 106 of 168

---.” Information on Various Cartridges,” 1985; 17(2):85.

Interpol, “Cartridge Identification,” 1976; 8(4):72.

---. “Cartridge Identification,” 1977; 9(1):69.

---. “Interpol: Cartridge Information,” 1976; 8(2):112.

Johnson, T.D., “Imported Ammunition,” 1979; 11(1):36.

Johnson, T.D., and Matty, W.G., “Starline Brass,” 1984; 16(4):60.

Kass, G.A., “Ammunition Information: Manufacturer & Headstamp,” 1983; 15(2):9.

---. “Headstamps,” 1990; 22(3):346-347.

---. “Headstamps,” 1991; 23(2):659.

Kellett, P.M., “Egyptian Headstamp,” 1990; 22(2):226.

---. “Toolmarks on the Case of Remington Semi-Jacketed Bullets,” 1984; 16(3):81.

Lambert, R.R., “Ammunition Headstamps,” 1972; 4(3):36.

Lomoro, V.J., “.22 Short, .22 Long Rifle and Now the .22 In-Between,” 1975; 7(2):33.

Lorsbach, L.A., “Dots Make a Difference,” 1976; 8(2):15.

Lutz, M.C., “Explosive Projectiles for Small Arms,” 1973; 5(1):12.

---. “Special .380 Submachine Gun Cartridge for MAC (Ingram) SMG,” 1972; 4(3A):35.

---. “Winchester & Hirtenberg Ammunition Sold by Sears Roebuck & Federal Cartridge
Co.,” 1974; 6(4):14.

Matthews, J.W., “9X19 SP Headstamp,” 1980; 12(1):40.

Matty, W., “Wahib Arms Ammunition Information,” 1983; 15(1):68.

Moline, K., and Lansing, J., “Ammunition Information,” 1993; 25(3):204-205.

Molnar, S., “Observation While Firing HP Ammunition,” 1971; 3(5):6.

Nennstiel, R., “Collection of Headstamps and Projectiles,” 1985; 17(4):7.

Nicholson, T., “Headstamp Oddity,” 1970; 2(3):31.

Nielsen, F.I., “Unusual Head Stamps,” 1973; 5(5):27.

Poust, W.R., “Headstamp Impressions in Oily Residue,” 1987; 19(3):300.

---. “Observation of Different Headstamps in Same Box of Ammunition,” 1982; 14(2):12.

“Smith & Wesson Information,” 1979; 11(1):22.

Page 107 of 168

Smith, A.G., “Cartridges Offered by Centennial Arms Corporation,” 1974; 6(3):16.

Smith, O.C., “Headstamps from Desert Storm,” 1993; 25(2):110-111.

Smith, R.J., “Star Ammunition,” 1975; 7(3):57.

Steidler, R.A., “Caliber .22 Ammunition With B Headstamp,” 1973; 5(1):27.

Stubits, F., “New Cartridge: The 22 Caliber Devastator,” 1981; 13(3):15.

Tokano, K., “Double Marked WW Headstamp,” 1989; 21(4):583.

Tulleners, F.A., “New Headstamp Cascade Cartridge International,” 1979; 11(2):87.

Waite, M.D., “Identification of Browning Arms Co Ammunition,” 1973; 5(3):26.

Woodin, W.H., “Military and Police Ammunition Research Identification,” 1981; 13(4):102.

Specific Models and Mechanism Marks

Carr, J.C., “AMT Automag II Identification by Dots,” 1990; 22(2):163-166.

---. “Lorcin L25 A Barrel With Class,” 1992; 24(1):17-21.

Celovsky, J.R., “Heckler & Koch, Model HK4 Pistol, Additional Outstanding Class
Characteristics,” 1973; 5(5):23.

Celovsky, J.R., and Lemmer, J.T., “Heckler & Koch Pistol, Model VP702 9mm
Parabellum,” 1984; 16(3):108.

Dujanovich, M.B., “Heckler & Koch 9x19mm Firearms,” 1995; 27(4):297-302.

---. “Navy Arms Model TU90 Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1994; 26(2):121-126.

Fournier, R.J., and Lemmer, J.T., “Type Sugiura: Oriental 32 ACP Pistol,” 1985; 17(2):38.

Garland, P.V., “SATA Semiautomatic Pistol,” 1970; 2(7):23.

Gieszl, R., “Bersa 380 Semiautomatic Pistols,” 1991; 23(3):862-866.

Kennington, R.H., “380 Auto Arcology: The Firing Pin Ejector Models,” 1996; 28(2):82-91.

---. “Ordinance Manufacturing Corporation Model Back-Up,” 1977; 9(1):42.

Kreiser, M.J., “Unusual Cartridge Marking by a Model 39 Smith & Wesson,” 1983;
15(4):13.

Lutz, M.C., “Central Kentucky Arms Semiautomatic Rifle,” 1983; 15(4):40.

Maciejewski, K., “Possible Identification Feature: .22 Caliber Smith & Wesson Model 61
Pistol,” 1970; 2(5):38.

Molnar, S., “Characteristics of the Erma .22 Caliber Luger Pistol,” 1970; 2(4):26.

Page 108 of 168

Nichols, R.G., “Glock Versus Smith and Wesson Model SW40F: Comparison of Markings
on Fired Cartridge Cases,” 1995; 27(2):133-139.

Reynolds, T.W., “Phoenix Arms (Model HP22),” 1995; 27(4):314.

Shem, R.J., and Striupaitis, P.P., “Fired Bullets & Cartridge Cases from Raven Pistol,”
1983; 15(3):109.

Sojat, J.G., and Hart, R.P., “Heckler & Koch Model HK-4 Pistol,” 1973; 5(2):19.

Stauffer, J.C., “Caliber .25 Sterling Auto Pistol,” 1972; 4(5):30.

Thompson, E., “Intratec Tec 22 Scorpion Pistol,” 1990; 22(1):51-54.

Firing Pin Impressions

Cochrane, D.W., “Firing Pin or Ejector?,” 1981; 13(4):106.

Fraser, D.A., “Rimfire Firing Pin Impressions,” 1983; 15(3):85.

Frazier, R.A., “Firing Pin Impressions: Their Relationship To Hammer Fall Conditions,”
1989; 21(2):589-92.

Haag, L.C., “Firing Pin Protrusion and Impression Depth Measurement,” 1990; 22(3):295-
298.

Matty, W., and Johnson, T., “Comparison of Manufacturing Marks on Smith & Wesson
Firing Pins,” 1984; 16(3):51.

McBrayer, W.S., “Unique Firing Pin Impression,” 1981; 13(4):116.

Miller, J., “Pressure Effects on Firing Pin Impression Depth,” 1995; 27(3):242-245.

Nielsen, F.I., “Ruger 10/22 Firing Pin Modification,” 1988; 20(3): 325.

Ojena, S.M., and Murdock, J.E., “Evaluation of an Alibi: Relative Firing Pin Impression
Depths,” 1981; 13(3):79.

Stephenson, J.S., McPhillips, E.T., and Jachimowicz, E., “Use of a Duplex Nail as a
Firing Pin in the Intratec Tec-9 Pistol,” 1996; 28(1):15-18.

Verbeke, D.J., and Stauffer, J.C., “Unique Firing Pin Identification,” 1975; 7(1):59.

Anvil Marks

Dutton, G., “Anvil Bounce,” 1996; 28(4):243-246.

Ernest, R.N., “Anvil Marks in Centerfire Cartridge Cases,” 1992; 24(4):367-370.

Gieszl, R., “Don’t Forget 22 Rimfire Anvil Marks,” 1991; 23(4):997-999.

Tuira, Y.J., and Ziegler, P.A., “Anvil Bounce,” 1995; 27(4):318-319.

Page 109 of 168

 Manufacturing Marks

Dutton, G., “Manufacturing Marks on 12 Gauge Cartridges,” 1997; 29(2):170-172.

Klees, G., “Aberrant Manufacturing Marks on Federal Ammunition,” 1997; 29(1):21-23.

LaVoy, T.A., and Willmer, J.H., “Toolmarkings From a Reloading Die,” 1979; 11(2):37.

Matty, W., “Persistence of Toolmarks in the Cartridge Case Head Forming Process,”
1983; 15(1):108.

Quirk, T.W., “Toolmarks on Primers of Rio’ Brand Ammunition,” 1987; 19(3):309-310.

Robinson, M.K., “Another Manufactured Toolmark,” 1996; 28(3):164-165.

Swim, J.D., “Firearms Examiners Beware,” 1979; 11(1):33-34.

Breech Face Marks

Cook, C.W., “Breech Face Markings from a Non Operable Weapon,” 1983; 15(4):53.

Esposito, A.J., “Apparent Mirror Image Breech Face Marking in the Stevens Model 311
Side by Side Shotgun,” 1995; 27(3):200-201.

Matty, W., “Raven 25 Automatic Pistol Breech Face Toolmarks,” 1984; 16(3):57.

Molnar, S., “False Breech Face ID’s,” 1996; 28(2):95-96.

---. “Marks of Spanner Wrench Holes in Firing Pin Escutcheons,” 1970; 2(7):34.

---. “Notes on Breech Face Marks and Fouling,” 1977; 9(1):21.

Thompson, E., “Davis Derringer Breech Face Markings,” 1996; 28(3):177-178.

Uchiyama, T., “Similarity Among Breech Face Marks Fired from Guns with Close Serial
Numbers,” 1986; 18(3):15.

Wilson, R.J., “Mikrosil Breech Face Comparison,” 1983; 15(4):24.

Chamber Marks

Della Penna, A., “Chamber Markings?,” 1974; 6(2):22.

Dickinson, J.A.H., “Identification of Firearms by Chamber Marks on the Expended

Cartridge Case,” 1976; 8(1):25.

Hamby, J.E., “Adapter Cartridges & Insert Barrels,” 1979; 11(4):23.

---. “Cartridge Adapters,” 1975; 7(3):16.

Hofmeister, A.G., “Revolver Chamber Markings,” 1979; 11(2):42.

Miller, J., “Chamber Marks from Dry-Fire Damage,” 1992; 24(2):162-164.

Page 110 of 168

Shem, R.J., “Fireformed Chamber Striations on Rimfire Cartridge Cases,” 1987;
19(3):282-283.

Thompson, E., “Odd Chamber Markings in a 9mm Armi Tanfoglio Pistol,” 1992; 24(1):61-
62.

Bunter Marks

Dodson, R.V., and Masson, J.J., “Bunter Marks: What Do They Mean,” 1997; 29(1):33-
36.

Johnson, T.D., and Matty, W.G., “Starline Brass,” 1984; 16(4):60.

Matty, W., “Persistence of Toolmarks in the Cartridge Case Head Forming Process,”
1983; 15(1):108.

Zahn, M.S., “Unique Markings on a Shotshell Head Due to a Worn or Chipped Bunter
Tool,” 1984; 16(3):8.

Page 111 of 168

 K. GUNSHOT RESIDUE EXAMINATIONS AND DISTANCE DETERMINATIONS

1. Successfully complete the Gunpowder and Primer Residues Course at the FBI Academy,
Quantico, Virginia, or equivalent course. Coordinate this with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #41 to complete this objective.)

____________ ________
Instructor Date

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

2. Demonstrate your proficiency in preparing the chemicals and the test papers used in the
modified Griess test and the Sodium Rhodizonate test, including the test media and the
photographic paper.

(Use Training Assignment #60 to complete this objective.)

________________ ________
Training Officer Date

3. Describe in detail the chemical reactions that take place in the burning of smokeless
powder, the modified Griess test and the Sodium Rhodizonate test.

(Use Training Assignment #60 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

4. Demonstrate your proficiency in conducting the following techniques, using the

techniques set out in the Firearm Section protocol manual:

a. conventional Modified Griess test

b. reverse Griess test
c. sodium rhodizonate test
d. Bashinsky transfer
e. blotting transfer

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

5. Using specimens provided to you by your Training Officer, demonstrate your proficiency
in conducting "muzzle-to-garment" distance tests in cases involving the deposition of
gunshot residues. Your examination should include note taking, microscopic and
chemical examinations, test firing to produce test patterns and accurately determining
"muzzle-to-garment" distance.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 112 of 168

6. Using specimens provided to you by your Training Officer, demonstrate your proficiency
in conducting "muzzle-to-garment" distance tests in cases involving shot patterns. Your
examination should include note taking; microscopic; and chemical examinations; test
firing of shot patterns; gunshot residue patterns; and accurately determining "muzzle-to-
garment" distance; orientation of the firearm; sources and patterns of gunshot residues
(e.g., muzzle orthogonal vs. muzzle oblique; GSR patterns from flash suppressors;
sound suppressors; and revolver cylinder gap); and geometric aspects of powder and
GSR patterns.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

7. Read the article entitled "Graphical Analysis of the Shotgun/Shotshell Performance

Envelope in the Distance Determination Cases" in the AFTE Journal, October 1989,
issue. Discuss this article with your Training Officer.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

8. Attend an autopsy of a shooting victim at the Medical Examiner's facilities. Document

any indications of gunshot residue deposits photographically. Also, document the
physical effects of the projectile on the body. Prepare a report on your observations and
include any information obtained by medical examiner personnel concerning their
opinions on distance determination and bullet effects, cause of death, direction of bullet
travel and other information pertinent to firearm identification.

_________________ _________
Medical Examiner Date

________________ _________
Training Officer Date

9. Visit the facilities of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP if feasible or any other
such facility in your area). Become familiar with their mission, capabilities, casework and
research efforts. Generate a report on your visit emphasizing your understanding of their
capabilities concerning gunshot wound analysis.

_________________ _________
Agency Representative Date

_________________ _________
Training Officer Date

Page 113 of 168

REFERENCE MATERIALS
TERMINAL BALLISTICS: GUNSHOT RESIDUES, SHOT TERMINAL BALLISTICS: GUNSHOT
RESIDUES, SHOT PATTERNS, DISTANCE DETERMINATIONS, BULLET PATH ANALYSES
AND WOUND EFFECTS ANALYSES AND WOUND EFFECTS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in a given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

Books

Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Standardization Committee, Glossary of

the Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners, 3rd Edition, Available Business
Printing, Inc., Chicago, 1994.

Davis, T. L., The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives, reprinted by Angriff Press, Las
Vegas, NV (Originally printed in two separate volumes in 1941 and 1943; also reprinted
by John Wiley and Sons. New York 1950.) pp. 244-330, pp. 400-458.

Di Maio, V.J., Gunshot Wounds - Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic
Techniques, 2nd edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998.

Fiegl, F., “Spot Tests in Organic Analysis,” 7th edition, Elsevier Publishing Co., New
York, 1966.

Fiegl, F., and Anger, V., “Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis,” 6th edition, Elsevier
Publishing Co., New York, 1972.

Fisher, R.S., “Shotgun Wounds” in W.U. Spitz and R.S. Fisher, eds., Medicolegal
Investigation of Death,” Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1980, pp. 275-294.

Kirk, Crime Investigation

Spitz, W.U., “Gunshot Wounds” in W.U. Spitz and R.S. Fisher, eds., Medicolegal
Investigation of Death,” Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1980, pp. 216-274.

Wilson, Homicide Investigation Techniques

AFTE Journal

Gunshot Residues

Allen, D.E., “Effects of Blood on Gunshot and Gunpowder Residue,” 1983; 15(2):102.

Bashinski, J.S., Davis, J.E., and Young, C., “Detection of Lead in Gunshot Residues on
Targets Using the Sodium Rhodizonate Test,” 1974; 6(4):5.

Page 114 of 168

Bonfanti, M., and Gallusser, A., “Problems Encountered in the Detection of
Gunshot Residues,” 1995; 27(2):105-122.

Branch, D.M., “Possible Griess Test Contamination,” 1982; 14(3):l 1.

Brown, C.G., “Detection of Nitrites and Lead in Gunpowder Residue Patterns,” 1985;
17(2):118.

Bydal, B.A., “Percussion Primer Mixes,” 1990; 22(l):1-26.

Campbell, P.A., “Antazoline Hydrochloride vs The Griess Test,” 1982; 14(2):87.

Carr, J.C., “Alternative Device for Distance Measurement in Range Determination Tests,”
1992; 24(l):76-78.

Cayton, J.C., “Blackpowder Firearms, Powder Residue & Ball Penetration,” 1984;
16(4):80.

Cochrane, D.W., “Test Pattern Cloth Range Determination Examination,” 1981; 13(2):55.

Cole, M.D., Ross N., and Thorpe, J.W., “Gunshot Residue and Bullet Wipe Detection
Using a Single Lift Technique,” 1992; 24(3):254-259.

Cook, C.W., “Test Pattern Target Material for Proximity Testing,” 1979; 11(4):25.

---. “Halo Effect,” 1978:10(2):17.

Davis, J.E., “Some Notes on Bullet Holes and Powder Residues,” 1972; 4(4):17.

---. “Some Notes on Bullet Holes and Powder Residues,” 1989; 21(2):152-155.

---. “Target Materials for Powder Patterns,” 1977; 9(l):59.

Denio, D.J., “Forms To Document Procedure in Case Notes: Chemical Tests for Gunshot
Residues,” 1997; 29(l):61-65.

Deobald, G., “Spiral Pattern,” 1995; 27(3):247.

Dillon, J.H., “Manufacture of Conventional Smokeless Powder,” 1991; 23(2):682-688.

---. “Modified Griess Test: A Chemically Specific Chromophoric Test for Nitrite
Compounds in Gunshot Residues,” 1990; 22(3):243-250.

---. “Protocol for Gunshot Residue Examinations in Muzzle-to-Target Distance

Determinations,” 1990; 22(3):257-274.

---. “Sodium Rhodizonate Test: A Chemically Specific Chromophoric Test for Lead in
Gunshot Residues,” 1990; 22(3):251-256.

Dodson, R.V., and Stengel, R.F. “Recognizing Vaporized Lead from Gunshot Residue,”
1995; 27(l):43-44.

Doyle, J.S., “Griess Test Modification,” 1987; 19(2):165-168.

Page 115 of 168

Dragan, P., and Brand, R., “Lead Deposits on Window Screen,” 1979; 11(2):43.

Gamboe, T.E., “Peculiar Feature in Near Contact Gunshot Residue Pattern,” 1993;
25(4):292-293.

Ghabbour, F.B., Walsh, M.I., and Abo-Namous, S.A., “Detection of Lead in Gunshot
Residue: A Case Study,” 1990; 22(2):149-153.

Haag, L., “Gunshot Residue Testing of Bloody Garments,” 1994; 26(2):155-156.

Haag, L.C., “American Lead Free 9mm Parabellum Cartridges,” 1995; 27(2):142-149.

---. “Method for Improving the Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate Tests for GSR Patterns
on Bloody Garments,” 1991; 23(3):808-815.

---. “Phenyltrihydroxyfluorone: A New Reagent for Use in Gunshot Residue Testing,”

1996; 28(l):25-31.

---. “Powder in a Most Peculiar Place,” 1990; 22(2):110-114.

---. “Propellant Type from the Examination of Fired Bullets,” 1980; 12(2):26.

---. “Microchemical Test for Copper Containing Bullet Wiping,” 1989; 13(3):22.

---. “Microchemical Test for Copper Containing Bullet Wiping,” 1989; 21(2): 298-303.

Haag, M.G., “2-Nitroso-1-Naphthol versus Dithiooxamide in Trace Copper Detection at

Bullet Impact Sites,” 1997; 29(2):204-209.

Harden, L.R., “Gunpowder,” 1975; 7(l):63.

Harris, C.E., “Sherlock Holmes Would Be Impressed,” 1985; 17(l):16.

Horvath, M.A., “Gunshot Residue Patterns Using Infrared Microscopy,” 1981; 13(l):21.

Howe, W.J. “References Pertaining to Firearms Discharge Residues and Related Subject
Matters,” 1972; 4(3A):26.

Hueske, E.E., “Gunshot Residue Testing of Blood Stained Garments,” 1994; 26(l):26-33.

Kreiser, M.J., “Lighting as a Consideration During Range Determinations on Skin,” 1983;

15(3):27.

---. “Potential False Reaction With the Griess Test,” 1984; 16(3):9.

Lambert, R.R., “Demonstrative Evidence,” 1970; 2(5):37.

---. “Powder Residue and Metallic Traces,” 1971; 3(3):30.

Lansing, J.F., and Powers, D.C., “Barrel Length vs Shot Powder Dispersion,” 1982;
14(l):29.

Page 116 of 168

Lindman, D.A., “Weathering Time Factor in GSR Proximity Determinations,” 1989;
21(3):500-502.

Lindman, D.A., and Papke, R.E., “Range Determination by a Different Method,” 1991;
23(3):856-858.
Lutz, M.C., “Gunshot Residue Problems,” 1978; 10(l):4.

---. “Problems with Sodium Rhodizonate,” 1987; 19(l):15.

Lutz, M.C., and Templin, R.H., “Some Disinfectants Cause Positive Reaction to Griess
Test,” 1983; 15(4):35.

Matty, W., “Primer Composition and Gunshot Residue,” 1987; 19(l):8-13.

---. “Unusual Source of Gunshot Residue Particles,” 1991; 23(l):535-537.

Molnar, S., “Bullet Bears Unusual Indications of Distance of Shot,” 1979; 11(4):21.

---. “ Powder Residues Can Give Valuable Clues to Examiner,” 1969; 1(4):37.

---. “Powder Residues Sometimes Reveal Barrel Length,” 1969; 1(4):39.

Murdock, J.E., “Collection of Gunshot Discharge Residues,” 1984; 16(3):136.

Nielsen, F.I., and Simpson, R., “Unusual Firearms Discharge Residues,” 1979; 11 (2):44.

Owens, M., and George, W., “Gunshot Residue Examinations: Modification in the
Application of the Sequence of Chemical Tests,” 1991; 23(4):940-942.

Poole, R.A., “Nitrite Detection Kit,” 1978; 10(3):26.

---. “Revolver Cylinder Smoke Rings,” 1979; 11(2):61.

Rathman, G.A., “Gunpowder Gunshot Residue Deposition: Barrel Length vs Powder

Type,” 1990; 22(3):318-327.

Shem, R.J., “Bleeding as a Source of Lead Particulates on Clothing,” 1994; 26(4):269-

275.

---. “Vaporization of Bullet Lead by Impact,” 1993; 25(2):75-78.

Stone, I.C., “Evidence of Firearms Discharge Residues,” 1982; 14(4):25.

---. “Investigation into Examination and Analysis of Gunshot Residues,” 1984; 16(3):63.

Stone, I.C., and DiMaio, V.J.M., “Metallic Residues in Gunshot Wounds,” 1977, 9(2):31.

Stone, I.C. and Fletcher, L., “Primer Residue Study,” 1986; 18(2):49.

Stone, I.C., Fletcher, L., Jones, J., and Huang, G., “Investigation into Examinations and
Analysis of Gunshot Residues,” 1989; 21(2):345-354.

Templin, R.H., “Unusual Powder Pattern Results,” 1988; 20(1):61-63.

Page 117 of 168

Thompson, E., “Square Gunshot Residue Pattern,” 1997; 29(1):30-32.

Thompson, R.C., “Effects of Wind Velocity on Gunshot Powder and Residue,” 1997;
9(2):139.

Vandiver, J.V., “Toolmarks on Smokeless Powder: A Preliminary Inquiry,” 1976; 8(1):19.

Vaughan, R.T., and Gilman, P.L., “Barrel Length from Examination of a

Contact Powder Pattern,” 1984; 16(3):16.
Veitch, G.M., “Examination of the Variables Encountered in Gun Shot Residue Patterns,”
1981; 13(2):35.

Watson, D.J., “Gunshot Residue vs. Fingerprint Powder,” 1984; 16(3):134.

“Nitrites Examination in Propellant Powder Residue,” 1979; 11(1):32.

Shot Patterning

Besant, P.E., Thompson, E.J., Hamby, J.E., Wolberg E., Haag, L., Martini, L.T.,
Loznycky, B., and Gailistel, T., “Rifled Shotgun Barrel Effect,” 1992; 24(3):246-253.

Boehm, A.P., “Bullet Holes/Shotgun Patterns in Metal Screens,” 1977; 9(2):181.

Dillon, J.H., “Graphical Analysis of the Shotgun/Shotshell Performance Envelope in

Distance Determination Cases,” 1989; 21(4):593-594.

---. “Protocol for Shot Pattern Examinations in Muzzle-to-Target Distance

Determinations,” 1991; 23(1):511-521.

Dunbar, D.A., “Identification of a Fired Sabot and a Distance Determination Involving a

Shotshell Cartridge,” 1997; 29(1):26-29.

Garrison, D.H., “Field Recording and Reconstruction of Angled Shot Pellet Patterns,”
1995; 27(3):204-208.

Kamaka, S.K., “Sawed Off Shotgun and Shot Pattern,” 1970; 2(7):26.

Kapelsohn, E., “Shotgun Patterns, Chokes and Performances,” 1988; 20(4):421-434.

Kley, E.P., and Rowe, W.F., “Trajectories of 00 Buckshot,” 1989; 21(2):457-460.

---. “Trajectories of 00 Buckshot,” 1988; 20(4):404-407.

Lutz, M.C., “Pellet Counting Device & Shot Measuring Device,” 1983; 15(3):24.

Mann, M.J., Espinza, E.O., Ralston, R.M., Stroud, R.K., Scanlan, M.D., and Strauss, S.J.,
“Shot Pellets: An Overview,” 1994; 26(3):223-241.

Mann, M.J., Ferguson, W., Henderson, C., and Stroud, R., “Analysis of Unusual Home
Made Shot Pellets From Louisiana,” 1994; 26(3):242-250.

Matunas, E., “All About Shot,” 1988; 20(3):280-289.

Page 118 of 168

Molnar, S., and Nicholson, T.V., “Shot Pattern With 00-Buck,” 1977; 9(2):132.

Omilion, P.M., “Effects of Window Glass on Shotgun Pellets Pattern,” 1979; 11(4):54.

Silliman, J.R., “Crime Scene Search: Evidence at the Scene of a Shotgun Shooting,”
1977; 9(2):111.
Thornton, J.I., and Guarino, K., “Polyethylene Shotshell Buffer & Determination of
Trajectory,” 1984; 16(3):132.

Vincie, P., and Thornton, J.,”Quality Assurance in Shotshell Manufacture Implications for
Determination of Discharge Distance,” 1985; 17(3):70.

Watkins, R.L., and Haag, L.C., “Shotgun Evidence,” 1978; 10(3):10.

Wound Effects

“International Wound Ballistics Association and the Wound Ballistics Review,” 1991;
23(2):654.

“Terminal Ballistics Results,” 1975; 7(2):110.

Bell, E.A., “Wound Characteristics,” 1975; 7(3):74.

Di Maio, V.J.M., “Wound Ballistics,” 1972;4(5):27.

Dougherty, P.J., “Early Investigations into the Mechanisms of Wounding,” 1984; 16(4):46.

Fackler, M.L., “Bullet Penetration: Modeling the Dynamics and Incapacitation Resulting
from Wound Trauma, by Duncan MacPherson,” 1995; 27(2):150-151.

---. “Handgun Bullet Performance,” 1988; 20(4):446-448.

---. “Ordinance Gelatin Ballistic Studies,” 1987; 19(4):403-405.

---. “Tissue Disruption Pattern Used to Determine the Direction of Fire in an Unusual
Bullet Wound,” 1995; 27(3):250-253.

---. “Wound Ballistics,” 1989: 21(1):25.

---. “Wounding Patterns of Military Rifle Bullets,” 1989; 21(4):643-649.

Jason, A., Fackler, M., Dougherty, P., and Malinowski, J., “Omnishock Bullets,” 1989;
21(1):32.

Gag, J., “Survey of Handgun Cartridges for Law Enforcement Applications,” 1982;
14(2):110.

Gerns, J.S., “Wounding Effects of Unconventional Ammunition,” 1984; 16(2):103.

Haag, L.C., “Ballistic Gelatin: Controlling Variances in Preparation and a Suggested

Method for the Calibration of Gelatin Blocks,” 1989; 21(3):483-489.

Hall, J.M., “Unusual Bullet Wound,” 1992; 24(1):55-57.

Page 119 of 168

Hanson, S.R., “Physical Evidence Collection for Medical Personnel,” 1985; 17(1):69.

Jones, J.A., “Evaluation of Police Ammunition: .38 Special, .45 ACP and 9mm
Parabellum,” 1974;6(1):11.

Lattig, K.N., “Sizing Shotgun Slug Entrance Wounds,” 1987; 19(4):433-437.

---. “Sizing Shotgun Slug Entrance Wounds,” 1989; 21(2):429-433.

Minnigerode, S.C., “Missile Wounds: Entrance and Exit Gunshot Wounds,” 1977;
9(2):157.

Poole, R.A., Cooper, R.E., Emanuel, L.G., Fletcher, L.A., and Stone, I.C., “Angle Effect
on Hollow Point Bullets Fired into Gelatin,” 1994; 26(3):193-198.

Reich, J.E., “Cooperation Between the Firearms Examiner and Medical Examiner,” 1983;
15(1):30.

---. “Five Gunshot Wounds Caused by a Single Shot,” 1979; 11(2):34.

Robert, G.K. and Bullian, M.E., “Comparison of the Wound Ballistic Potential of 9mm vs
5.56(.223) Cartridges for Law Enforcement Entry Applications,” 1993; 25(2):142-148.

Roberts, G.K., and Wolberg, E.J., “Book Review: Handgun Stopping Power: The
Definitive Study,” 1992; 24(4):383-387.

Smith, W.C., “Notes on Terminal Ballistic Effects, Using Caliber.30 Military Ammunition,”
1970; 2(5):20.

Thorpe, J.C., “Penetration Tests of Two 38 Special +P Ammunitions,” 1985; 17(2):83.

---. “Penetration Tests of Societe Francaise Munitions (SFM) T.H.V. 9mm & 357
Magnum,” 1987; 19(2):151-164.

Tuira, Y.J., “Classic Contact Wound,” 1981; 13(2):21.

Voorhees, R.S., “One Bullet Wound Two Bullets,” 1979; 11(3):60.

Wecht, C.H., and Perper, J.A., “Forensic Examination of Gunshot Wound Fatalities,”
1980; 12(1):11.

Wilson, R.J., “Identification of an Unknown Firearm from Contact Wound Characteristics,”

1996; 28(3):154-163.

---. “Technique for Recording Gunshot Wounds: Plastic Overlay,” 1984; 16(3):74.

Shooting Reconstruction

Cook, C.W., “Ballistics and the Firearm Examiner,” 1978; 10(2):49.

---. “Bullet Hole Size Determination,” 1983; 15(4):38.

Courtney, M., and Hueske, E.E., “Use of Hand Held Laser Pointers in the Reconstruction
of Events at Crime Scene,” 1994; 26(3):170-172.

Davis, W.C., “Baltecl Computer Program Update,” 1990; 22(1):40-50.

Page 120 of 168

French, M.L., “Impact Angle Determination through Plastic Windows,” 1997; 29(l):73-79.

French, M.L., and Thompson, E.J., “Scene Reconstruction Using a Ballistic Alignment
Laser,” 1997; 29(3):372-374.

Garrison, D.H., “Effective Use of Bullet Hole Probes in Crime Scene Reconstruction,”
1996; 28(1):57-63.

---. “ Examining Auto Body Penetration in the Reconstruction of Vehicle Shootings,” 1995;
27(3):209-212.

---. “Reconstructing Bullet Paths With Unfixed Intermediate Targets,” 1995; 27(1):45-48.

---. “Reconstructing Drive-By Shootings from Ejected Cartridge Case Location,” 1993;
25(1):15.

---. “Recording Bullet Defects at Crime Scenes,” 1996; 28(3):168-172.

---. “Shooting Reconstruction vs Shooting Reenactment,” 1993; 25(2):125-127.

Haag, L.C., “Bullet Impact Spalls in Frangible Surfaces,” 1980; 12(4):71.

---. “Bullet Ricochet: An Empirical Study and a Device for Measuring Ricochet Angle,”
1975; 7(3):44.

---. “Bullet Ricochet: An Empirical Study and a Device for Measuring Ricochet Angle,”
1989; 21(2):182-188.

---. “Bullet Ricochet From Water,” 1979; 11(3):27.

---. “Construction of an Inexpensive Portable Laser For Use in Shooting Reconstructions,”

1987; 19(2):175-177.

---. “Forensic Use of Exterior Ballistic Calculations,” 1979; 11(1):13.

---. “Hornady Vector Ammunition: A New Tool in Studying Selected Exterior and Terminal
Ballistic Events of Forensic Interest,” 1996; 28(1):32-40.

---. “Measurement of Bullet Deflection by Intervening Objects and the Study of Bullet
Behavior After Impact,” 1987; 19(4):382-387.

---. “Portable Laser Theodolite System for Use in Shooting Scene Reconstruction,” 1991;
23(1):538-542.

---. “Use of Ballistic Calculations in the Solution of a Crime,” 1976; 8(4):45.

---. “Use of Ballistic Calculations in the Solution of a Crime,” 1989; 21(2):190-195.

---. “Vertical Ballistics,” 1990; 22(1):27-33.

Houde, J., and Cassidy, F.H., “Short-Range Bullet Trajectory Computer Program for MS-
DOS Computers,” 1991; 23(3):784-791.

Page 121 of 168

Hueske, E.E., “Calculation of Trajectory Angles Using an Inexpensive Angle Gauge,”
1993; 25(3):231-233.

Lattig, K.N., “Determination of the Point of Origin of Shots Fired into a Moving Vehicle,”
1991; 23(1):524-534.

Laskowski, G.E., “Use of the LaserMax Gunsight as a Ballistics Alignment Tool,” 1997;
29(3):369-371, 329.

Molnar, S., “Bullets, Bullet Holes, Strings, Line of Sight,” 1969; 1(4):6.

---. “Use of Scale Drawings to Establish Facts in Shooting Cases,” 1970;

2(2):2-14.

Nennstiel, R., “Accuracy in Determining Long-Range Position of Gunman,” 1985;

17(1):47.

---. “Determination of the Line of Sight Angle Through Firing Experiments,” 1991;
23(4):919-924.

---. “E.B. Version 4.0 Now Available,” 1995; 27(1):35-37.

---. “E.B. Version 2.0 Upgrade Now Available,” 1991; 23(1):505.

---. “Exterior Ballistics (EB), The Computer Program Revised,” 1990; 22(3):341-342.

---. “Forensic Aspects of Bullet Penetration of Thin Metal Sheets,” 1986; 18(2):18.

---. “How do Bullets Fly?” 1996; 28(2):104-143.

---. “Software Review,” 1990; 22(2):217-219.

---. “Study of Bullet Ricochet on a Water Surface,” 1984; 16(3):88.

Nicolosi, F.M., “Ballistics Alignment Laser,” 1992; 24(1):65-68.

Patty, J.R., “Associating Recovered Bullets with Ricochet Sites,” 1975; 7(2):28.

Prendergast, J.M., “Determination of Bullet Impact Postion From the Examination of

Fractured Automobile Safety Glass,” 1994; 26(2):107-118.

Rathman, G.A., “Bullet Impact Damage and Trajectory Through Auto Glass,” 1993;
25(2):79-86.

---. “Bullet Ricochet and Associated Phenomena,” 1987; 19(4):374-381.

Roberts, J.L., and Hamby, J.E., “Reconstruction of a Shooting to Prove/Disprove a

Trajectory,” 1985; 17(2):53.

Stone, R.S., “Calculation of Trajectory Angles Using a Line Level,” 1993; 25(1):21.

Thornton, J.I., “Effect of Tempered Glass on Bullet Trajectory,” 1983; 15(3):29

Trahin, J.L., “Bullet Trajectory Analysis,” 1987; 19(2):124-150.

Page 122 of 168

 Vaughan, R.T. and Dunklau, P., “Bullet Penetration Through Plastic,” 1992; 24(4):356-
357.

Warren, G., “Simple Measurement of Angles of Elevation,” 1991; 23(3):869.

Zeldes, I., “Laser Beam: A New Tool for Firearm Examiner,” 1981; 13(4):21.

Journals

“Ball Powder” (with four page flow chart), Chemical Engineering,Dec. 1946, pp. 136-139.

Barnes, F.C., and Helson, R.A., “An Empirical Study of Gunpowder Residue Patterns,”
Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 19, 1974, pp. 448-462.

Breitenecker, R., and Senior, W., “Shotgun Patterns I - An Experimental Study on the
Influence of Intermediate Targets,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 12,1967, pp. 193-
204.

Fann, C.H., Ritter, W.A., Watts, R.H., and Rowe, W.F., “Regression Analysis Applied to
Shotgun Range-of-Fire Estimates: Results of a Blind Study,” Journal of Forensic
Sciences, Vol. 31, 1986, pp. 840-854.

Jauhari, M., Chatterjea, S.M., and Ghosh, P.K., “Statistical Treatment of Pellet Dispersion
Data for Estimating Range of Firing,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 17,1972.
pp.141-149.

Moreau, T.S., Nickels, M.L., Wray, J.L., Bottemiller, K.W., and Rowe, W.F., “Pellet
Patterns Fired by Sawed-Off Shotguns,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 30,1985, pp.
137-149.

Rowe, W.F., and Hanson, S.R., “Range of Fire Estimates from Regression Analysis
Applied to the Spreads of Shotgun Pellet Patterns: Results of the Blind Study,” Forensic
Science lnt., Vol. 28,1985, pp. 239-250.

Walker, J.T., “Bullet Holes and Chemical Residues in Shooting Cases,” Journal of
American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 31, 1940, pp. 497-521.

Wray, J.L., McNeil, J.E., and Rowe, W.F., “Comparison of Methods for Estimating Range
of Fire Based on the Spread of Buckshot Patterns,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol.
28, 1983, pp. 846-857.

Zeichner, A., and Glattstien, B., “Improved Reagents for Firing Distance Determination,
“Journal of Energetic Materials, Vol. 4, 1986, pp. 187-197.

Periodicals

Brown, P., “What is This Ball Powder?” (with charts), The American Rifleman, Dec. 1952,
p. 17.

“Computerized Ballistics,” Gun Tests, Feb. 1994.

“Computerized Ballistics II, More High-Tech Data,” Gun Tests, Feb. 1996.

"Gunpowder and Gunshot Residue" FBI Manual

Page 123 of 168

 “Winchester Super Unleaded Ammo,” Law Enforcement Technology, Jul. 1995, pp. 56
and 58-60.

Wooters, J., “Winchester-Western’s New Ball Powder Line,” The Handloader Magazine,
Sep.-Oct. 1973, p. 36.

Papers

Ballou, S., “Reconstruction of Trajectory Paths Through the Use of Basic Trigonometric
Functions,” paper presented at the FBI Laboratory Crime Scene Processing and
Reconstruction Seminar, September 4-6, 1996, Quantico, VA.

Bashinski, J.S., Davis, J.E., and Young, C., “Detection of Gunshot Residues - the Sodium
Rhodizonate Test.” Presented at the 1974 spring meeting of the California Association of
Criminalists, Long Beach, CA.

Bashinski, J.S., “The Evaluation of Gunshot Residues - the Sodium Rhodizonate Test.”
Presented at the 1974 fall meeting of the California Association of Criminalists, Berkeley,
CA.

Ernest, R., “A Study of Shooting Scene Dynamics,” paper presented at the FBI
Laboratory Crime Scene Processing and Reconstruction Seminar, September 4-6, 1996,
Quantico, VA.

Taormina, S., “Reconstructive Placement of a Victim Within the Kill Site of a Homicidal
Shotgun Discharge, paper presented at the FBI Laboratory Crime Scene Processing and
Reconstruction Seminar, September 4-6, 1996, Quantico, VA.

Page 124 of 168

 L. TOOLMARK EXAMINATIONS AND COMPARISONS

1. Review your notes in reference to the section entitled "Manufacture of Modern Firearms.”
Those machining methods are the basis for toolmark identification as they were for
firearm identification. However, it should be noted that in the broad definition of
toolmarks identification, certain other related types of examinations are also performed.
Discuss your review with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #64 to complete this objective.)

________________ ________
Training Officer Date

2. Define the word "tool" and “toolmarks identification” in the narrow sense of the
expression. Also define toolmark identification in its broadest sense, and determine the
kinds of conclusions that may be reached in toolmark identification. Set these out in
detail and discuss these with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #64 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

3. Discuss the significance of examining submitted tools first for trace evidence and itemize
several types of such deposits.

(Use Training Assignment #64 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

4. In a case involving a toolmark examination wherein no tool is submitted, determine the

types of conclusions which can be reached. Consider such things as the type of tool,
size of the tool, action employed by tool, value of toolmark for comparison purposes, and
unusual tool features. Discuss the "no tool" case with your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #64 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 125 of 168

5. Define the following terms as they relate to toolmark identification and give three
examples of tools or methods that could produce each category:

a. Shearing
b. Pinching
c. Fracture
d. Scrape mark
e. Impression
f. Slicing

(Use Training Assignment #65 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

6. Define the term "class characteristics" as it applies to toolmark identification. Using the
tools or methods selected as examples in the above, describe their respective class
characteristics in detail.

Select at least two tools representative of each category listed in paragraph 5, above.
Produce toolmarks with each tool and observe the class characteristics of the toolmark.
Vary the angle and force with which each tool is used.

(Use Training Assignment #65 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

7. Using soft copper wire of approximately 1/4-inch diameter, make cuts through it with the
tools that employ a shearing, pinching and slicing action. Make test cuts in lead using the
same tools. Attempt to identify the cuts in the copper wire as having been made by the
same tool as that which cut the test lead. Support your results with photographs and note
any lighting considerations made necessary by the color difference between copper and
lead.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

8. Select a flat-bladed tool such as a screwdriver, and a pry bar and make marks in a piece
of copper or brass sheeting. Make the same type of marks in lead with both tools.
Microscopically compare those in the brass or copper sheeting with the test marks in the
lead. Attempt to identify the appropriate marks with the appropriate tool. Photograph
your results and comment on the difference in the quality of marks made by each tool.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 126 of 168

9. Using a drive pin punch, produce an impression in a piece of brass sheeting. Produce a
set of test marks in lead and examine these two marks. Attempt to identify these as
having been made by the same tool. Support your results by photographs.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

10. Using a junked doorknob and a serrated-jawed tool, have your Training Officer produce
impressions and scrape marks like those produced by an attempt at an entry. Devise a
method of obtaining test marks in lead like those produced by the serrated-jawed tool on
the doorknob. Microscopically examine the marks on the doorknob with those on the test
material. Identify the tool with the marks on the doorknob and reproduce the tool-
doorknob orientation and relate each mark to its respective serration on the tool.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

11. Learn the technique of reverse lighting. Obtain a piece of brittle material such as
Plexiglass or pot metal and fracture it into two fragments. Attempt to identify the two
fragments as having once been a single object. Take notes and support your results by
photographs.

_______________ _______
Training Officer Date

12. Obtain an ax blade that contains numerous defects. Cut a piece of seasoned wood such
as dowel rod with the ax blade and attempt to identify the blade with the cut. Insure that
your test cuts are consistent with your "unknown" with respect to the orientation of the ax
to the wood and the direction of the grain. Support your results with sketches and
photographs.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

13. Obtain a section of large-diameter telephone cable and cut it with the ax used above and
study the effects of a slicing action on a multi-stranded cable. Note the quality and extent
of microscopic marks of each strand and comment on the problems involved in
identifications of this sort. Photograph the sliced end of the cable.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

14. Discuss the fact that generally saws, files and abrasive tools are not identifiable with the
marks they produce. Cite any exceptions to this rule.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 127 of 168

15. Obtain a used tire and make cuts and stabs into the sidewall with a fixed blade knife.
Attempt to make comparisons of the toolmarks produced by the knife. Support your
results with photographs and notes. Discuss how the results of your examinations might
be altered if the knife had been sharpened after making the questioned cuts, or if the
knife had been used for an extended period of time after making the initial questioned
cuts.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

16. Investigate pressure/contact examinations in regard to objects that may have been in
contact with each other for an extended time. Research several cases of this type and
set these out in your notes.

(Use Training Assignment #64 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

17. Discuss and demonstrate the making of casts of toolmarks. Also, discuss the potential of
such casts and of photographs alone in making toolmarks identifications.

(Use Training Assignment #64 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 128 of 168

REFERENCE MATERIALS
TOOLMARK EXAMINATIONS, COMPARISONS AND IDENTIFICATIONS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in a given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

Criteria for the Identification of Toolmarks

(Including Those Found on Fired Ammunition Components)

AFTE Peer Group on Certification, “Firearms and Tool Mark Identification: A Forensic
Science Discipline,” AFTE Journal, 1980; 12(3):12-15.

Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners, “Theory of Identification,” AFTE

Glossary, Revision Section, Toolmarks Section, Appendix E (Knives), and Appendix H
(Machining Terms).

Belveal, D.N., “Firearms Identification Based Upon Bullet Comparisons: Expertise or

Guesswork,” California Attorneys for Criminal Justice Forum, Vol. 4, No. 2, Mar.-Apr.
1977, p. 17.

Biasotti, A.A., “Bullet Comparisons A Study of Fired Bullets Statistically Analyzed,”

unpublished Master’s thesis, School of Criminology, University of California, Berkeley,
1955, 97 pages.

---. “A Statistical Study of the Individual Characteristics of Fired Bullets,” Journal of

Forensic Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan. 1959, pp. 34-50.

---. “The Principles of Evidence Evaluation as Applied to Firearms and Tool Mark
Identification,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 4, Oct. 1964, pp. 428-433.

---. “Firearms and Toolmark Identification: A Forensic Science Discipline, AFTE Journal,
1980; 12(3):12.

---. “Characteristics in Firearms and Toolmark Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1980;

12(4):81.

---. “Rifling Methods - A Review and Assessment of the Individual Characteristics

Produced, “ AFTE Journal, 1981; 13(3):34.

---. “Methods Applied to the Comparison of Class and Individual Characteristics in

Firearms and Toolmark Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1989; 21(2):260-263.

Biasotti, A.A., and Murdock, J.E., “Criteria for Identification or State of the Art of Firearms
and Toolmark Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(4):16-22.

Page 129 of 168

---. “Firearms and Toolmark Identification,” Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and
Science of Expert Testimony, Vol. 2, West Publishing, St. Paul, MN, 1997, pp. 124-155.

Blackwell, R., and Framan, E., “Automated Firearms Identification System (AFIDS):
Phase I, AFTE Journal, 1980; 12(4):11-37.

Bonfanti, M., and DeKinder, J., “The Influence of Manufacturing Processes on the
Identification of Bullets and Cartridge Cases A Review of the Literature,” Science and
Justice, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1999, pp. 3-10.

Boyd, K.T., “Use of Probability Theory in Making Identifications Through Common

Characteristics,” paper presented at AFTE meeting in Washington, D.C., Feb. 1974.

Brackett, J., “A Study of Idealized Striated Marks and Their Comparison Using Models,”
Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1970, pp. 27-56.

Brown, C., and Bryant, W., “Consecutively Rifled Gun Barrels Present in Most Crime
Labs,” AFTE Journal, 1995, 27(3):254-258.

Brundage, D.J., “The Identification of Consecutively Rifled Gun Barrels,” AFTE Journal,
1998; 30(3):438.

Burd, D.Q., and Gilmore, A., “Individual and Class Characteristics of Tools,” Journal of
Forensic Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 3, Jul. 1968, pp. 390-396.

Burd, D.Q., and Greene, R.S., “Tool Mark Comparisons in Criminal Investigations,”
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, Vol. 39, 1948, pp. 379-391.

---. “Tool Mark Examination Techniques,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 2, 1957, pp.
297-310.

Burd, D.Q., and Kirk, P.L., “Toolmarks: Factors Involved in Their Comparison and Use as
Evidence,” Journal of Police Science, Vol. 32, No. 6, 1942, pp. 679-686.

Butcher, S., and Pugh, D., “A Study of Marks Made by Bolt Cutters,” Journal of the
Forensic Science Society, Vol. 15, No. 2, Apr. 1975, pp. 115-126.

Cassidy, F.H., “Examination of Toolmarks from Sequentially Manufactured Tongue and

Groove Pliers,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 4, Oct. 1980, pp. 796-809.

Churchman, J., “The Reproduction of Characteristics in Signatures of Cooey Rifles,”

RCMP Gazette, Vol. 11, No. 5, May 1949, pp. 133-140.

Collins, J., “The Language of Toolmarks,” AFTE Journal, 1998; 30(1):82.

---. “Wire Nails and Their Forensic Significance,” AFTE Journal, 1998; 30(4):614.

Conrad, E.C., “The Expert and Legal Certainty,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 9, No.
4, Oct. 1964, pp. 445-455.

DeKinder, J., Prevot, P., Perlot, M., and Nys, B., “Surface Topology of Bullet Striations:
An Innovative Technique,” AFTE Journal, 1998; 30(2):294.

Page 130 of 168

Deschenes, M., et al., “Statistics and Toolmark Comparisons,” AFTE Journal, 1995;
27(2):140-141.

Deinet, W., “Studies of Models of Striated Marks Generated by Random Processes,”

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 1, Jan. 1981, pp. 35-50.

Dougherty, P.M., “Report on Two Early United States Firearms Identification Cases,”
Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 4, Oct. 1969, pp. 453-459.

Flynn, E.M., “Toolmark Identification,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 2, Jan. 1957,
pp. 95-106.

Fox, R.J., “The Myth of Bullet Matching,” Forensic Science, Civil and Criminal
Symposium conducted in Eugene, Oregon, November 1987.

Freeman, R., “Consecutively Rifled Polygon Barrels,” AFTE Journal, 1978; 10(2):40-42.

Goddard, C.H., “Scientific Identification of Firearms and Bullets,” AFTE Journal, 1979;
11(4):97.

Greene, R.S., and Burd, D.Q., “Special Techniques Useful in Tool Mark Comparisons,”
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, Vol. 41, 1950, pp. 523-527.

Grzybowski, R.A., Summary of Proficiency Testing Results in the Firearms and Toolmark
Field extracted from Peterson, J.L., and Markham, P.N., “Crime Laboratory Proficiency
Testing Results, 1970-1991, II: Resolving Questions of Common Origin,” Journal of
Forensic Sciences, Vol. 40, No. 6, Nov. 1995, pp. 1009-1029.

Gunther, C.O., “Markings on Bullets and Shells Fired from Small Arms,” Mechanical
Engineering, May 1932, pp. 341-345.

Hall, E., “Bullet Markings from Consecutively Rifled Shilen DGA Barrels,” AFTE Journal,
1983; 15(1):33-47.

Hall, J., “Consecutive Cuts by Bolt Cutters and Their Effect on Identification,” AFTE
Journal, 1992; 24(3):260-272.

Hornsby, B., “MCC Bolt Cutters,” AFTE Journal, 1989; 21(3):508.

Kingston, C.R. “The Law of Probabilities and the Credibility of Witnesses and Evidence,”
Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan. 1970, pp. 18-27.

Kirby, S.J., “Comparison of 900 Consecutively Fired Bullets and Cartridge Cases from a
455 Caliber S&W Revolver,” AFTE Journal, 1983; 15(3):113-126.

Kirk, P.L., and Kingston, C.R., “Evidence Evaluation and Problems in General
Criminalistics,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 4, Oct. 1964, pp. 434-444.

Kockel, R., “About the Appearance of Clues or Marks from Knife Blades,” AFTE Journal,
1980; 12(3):16.

Page 131 of 168

Kreiser, J., “Identification of Cast Bullets and Their Molds,” AFTE Journal, 1985; 17(3):88-
90.

Lardizibal, P., “Cartridge Case Study of the Heckler and Koch USP,” AFTE Journal, 1995;
27(1):49-51.

Lopez, L., “Striae Matching and Angle of Incident,” AFTE Journal, 1998; 30(2):271.

Lutz, M.C., “Consecutive Revolver Barrels,” AFTE Newsletter, Aug. 1970, pp. 24-28.

Masson, J.J., “Confidence Level Variations in Firearms: Identifications Through

Computerized Technology,” AFTE Journal, 1997; 29(1):42-44.

Matty, W., “Comparison of Three Individual Barrels Produced from One Button Rifled
Barrel Blank” AFTE Journal, 1985; 17(3):64-69.

---. “Raven 25 Automatic Pistol Breech Face Toolmarks,” AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(3):57.

Matty, W., and Johnson, T., “Comparison of Manufacturing Marks on Smith & Wesson
Firing Pins,” AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(3):51.

May, L.S., “The Identification of Knives, Tools and Instruments, A Positive Science,”
American Journal of Police Science, Vol. 24, No. 6, 1936, p. 246.

Meyers, C.R., “Objective vs. Subjective Boondoggle,” AFTE Journal, 1987; 19(1):24-30.

Miller, J., “Cut Nail Manufacturing and Tool Mark Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1998;
30(3):492.

---. “Reproducibility of Impressed and Striated Toolmarks: 4d Cut Flooring Nails,” AFTE
Journal, 1998; 30(4):631.

Miller, J., and McLean, M., “Criteria for Identification of Toolmarks,” AFTE Journal, 1998;
30(1):15-61.

Murdock, J.E., “Effect of Crowning on Gun Barrel Individuality,” AFTE Journal, 1970;
2(3):12.

---. “Individuality of Toolmarks Produced by Desk Staplers,” AFTE Journal, 1974; 6(5-
6):23.

---. “A General Discussion of Gun Barrel Individuality and an Empirical Assessment of the
Individuality of Consecutively Button Rifled .22 Caliber Rifle Barrels,” AFTE Journal,
1981; 13(3):84-111.

---. “Some Suggested Court Questions to Test Criteria for Identification Qualifications,”
AFTE Journal, 1992; 24(1):69-75.

Nichols, R.G., “Firearm and Toolmark Identification Criteria: A Review of the Literature,”
Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 3, 1997, pp. 466-474.

Ogihara, Y., Kubota, M., Sanada, M., Fukuda, K., Uchiyama, T., and Hamby, J.E.,
“Comparison of 5000 Consecutively Fired Bullets and Cartridge Cases from a 45 Caliber
M1911A1 Pistol,” AFTE Journal, 1983; 15(3):127-140.

Page 132 of 168

Reitz, J., “An Unusual Toolmark Identification Case,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(3):40-43.

Rowe, W.F., “Statistics in Forensic Ballistics,” The Use of Statistics in Forensic Science,
C.G.G. Aitken and D.A. Stoney, Elllis Hammond, 1991.

Serhant, J.E., “The Admissibility of Ballistics in Evidence,” American Journal of Police

Science, May-Jun. 1930.

Skolrood, R., “Comparison of Bullets Fired from Consecutively Rifled Cooey Rifles,”
Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1975, pp. 49-52.

Springer, E., “Toolmark Examinations A Review of Its Development in the Literature,”

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 40, No. 6, Nov. 1955, pp. 964-968.

Stoney, D.A., “What Ever Made Us Think We Could Individualize Using Statistics,”
Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1991, pp. 197-199.
Taroni, F., Champod, C., and Margot, P., “Statistics, A Future in Toolmarks
Comparisons?,” AFTE Journal, 1996:28(4):222-232.

Page 133 of 168

“Theory of Identification, Range of Striae Comparison Reports and Modified Glossary
Definitions - An AFTE Criteria for Identification Committee Report,” AFTE Journal, 1992,
24(3):336-340.

Thomas, F., “Comments on the Discovery of Striation Matching and on Early

Contributions to Forensic Firearms Identification,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 12,
No. 1, Jan. 1967, pp. 1-7.

Thompson, E., “Individual Characteristics Criteria,” AFTE Journal, 1998; 30(2):276.

---. “Phoenix Arms (Raven) Breech Face Toolmarks,” AFTE Journal, 1994; 26(2):134-
135.

---. “False Breech Face ID’s,” AFTE Journal, 1996; 28(2):95-96.

Thornton, J.I., “The General Assumptions and Rationale of Forensic Identification,”

Chapter 20, Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony,
(D.L. Faigman, D.H. Kaye, M.J. Saks and J. Sanders, eds., 1997), Vol. 2, pp. 1-49.

---. “The Validity of Firearms Evidence,” California Attorneys for Criminal Justice Forum,
Vol. 5, No. 4, Aug. 1978, p. 15.

---. “The Validity of Firearms Evidence,” AFTE Journal, 1979, 11(2):16.

Tuira, Y.J., “Tire Stabbing with Consecutively Manufactured Knives,” AFTE Journal,
1982; 14(1):50-52.

Tulleners, F., Hamiel, J., and Giusto, M., “Striae Reproducibility on Sectional Cuts of
Thompson Contender Barrel,” paper presented at the 28th AFTE Training Seminar,
Annapolis, MD, July 1997.

Uchiyama, T., “Similiarity Among Breech Face Marks Fired from Guns with Close Serial
Numbers,” AFTE Journal, 1986; 18(3):15.

---. “Change of Rifling Marks of the Bullets Fired from a Revolver,” AFTE Journal, 1986;
18(4):40.

---. “A Criterion for Land Mark Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1988; 20(3):236-251.

---. “A Criterion for Land Mark Identification Using Rare Marks,” AFTE Journal, 1988;
20(3):260-268.

---. “Probability of Corresponding Striae in Toolmarks,” AFTE Journal, 1992; 24(3):273-

290.

Uchiyama, T., Igarashi, N., and Nagai, M., “Frequency of Occurrence of Individual
Characteristics of Firearms on Fired Bullets,” AFTE Journal, 1988; 20(4):376-390.

Uchiyama, T., and Nota, O., “Non-Firing Markings on Primer of Remington Cartridges,”
AFTE Journal, 1986; 18(4):78.

Uchiyama, T., and Tokano, K., “Non-Firing Markings on Shotshell Cases and Primers,”
AFTE Journal, 1988; 20(1):46.

Vandiver, J., “New Screwdrivers Production and Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1976;
8(1):29-52.

Page 134 of 168

 Watson, D., “The Identification of Toolmarks Produced from Consecutively Manufactured
Knife Blades in Soft Plastics,” AFTE Journal, 1978; 10(3):43-45.

The Daubert Decision and Toolmarks/Firearms Identification

Andersen, G.R., “Round Pegs in Square Holes: The Aftermath of Daubert,” South
Carolina Trial Lawyers Association Bulletin, Fall, 1996, pp. 9-12.

Biasotti, A.A., and Murdock, J.E, “Firearms and Toolmark Identification: Scientific Status,”
Chapter 23, Section 23-210. Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert
Testimony (D.L. Faigman, D.H. Kaye, M.J. Saks, and J. Sanders eds., West Publishing
Co., 1997), Vol. 2, pp. 131-151.

Bohan, T.L., and Heels, E.J., “The Case Against Daubert: The New Scientific Standard’
and the Standards of the Several States,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 40, No. 6,
Nov. 1995, pp. 1030-1044.

Faigman, D.L., Kaye, D.H., Saks, M.J., and Sanders, J., Modern Scientific Evidence:
Firearms and Toolmark Identification: Legal Issues, Section 23-1.0, West Publishing Co.,
1997, Vol. 2, pp. 124-131.

Glossary of the Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE) AFTE
Standardization Committee, published by Available Business Group, Chicago, IL, 3 rd
edition, 1994, Revision Section, June 6, 1994.

Grzybowski, R.A., and Murdock, J.E., “Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Meeting the
Daubert Challenge,” AFTE Journal, 1998; 30(1):3-14.

Melson, G.R., “Qualifying as An Expert in State Court: The Impact of Daubert,” paper
presented at the Fourth Annual Conference for Medical and Forensic Experts, Dec. 6-7,
1997, Newport Beach, CA.

Peterson, J.L., and Markham, P., “Crime Laboratory Proficiency Testing Results 1978-
1991, II: Resolving Questions of Common Origin,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 40,
No. 6, Nov. 1995, pp. 1009-1029.

Relman, A.S., and Angell, M., “How Good is Peer Review?”, (an editorial), The New
England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 321, No. 12,
September 21, 1989, pp. 827-829.

Ruchlis, H., Discovering Scientific Method, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1963.

Saks, M.J., “Implications of the Daubert Test for Forensic Identification Science,”
Shepard’s Expert and Scientific Evidence, Vol. 1, No. 3, Winter, 1994, pp. 427-434.

Thornton, J.I., “Courts of Law v. Courts of Science: A Forensic Scientist’s Reaction to

Daubert,” Shepard’s Expert and Scientific Evidence, Vol. 1, No. 3, Winter, 1994, pp. 475-
485.

Page 135 of 168

Technical Protocols, Case Work Notes and Reports

California Department of Justice Firearms/Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism, AFTE Journal, 1991; 23(2):716-718 (toolmark examination protocol).

---. AFTE Journal, 1991; 23(1):559-567 (case notes).

---. AFTE Journal, 1991; 23(2):719-726 (report writing)

Technical Examination Subtopics

Ammunition Manufacturing Processes

Crum, R.A., “Manufacturing Tool Mark Identification on the Base of Jacketed Bullets,”
Crime Laboratory Digest, Vol. 12, No. 2, Apr. 1985, pp. 29-31.

Kellet, P.M., “The Identification of a Tool Mark on the Interior of a Semi-Jacketed Bullet,”
AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(3):22.

---. “The Comparison and Identification of Toolmarks on the Base of Remington Semi-
Jacketed Bullets,” AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(3):81-83.

---. “The Comparison of Mold Marks on Cast Bullets and Punch Marks in Copper Gas
Checks,” AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(3):104-106.

Matty, W., “The Formation and Persistence of Toolmarks in the Cartridge Case Head
Forming Process,” AFTE Journal, 1983; 15(1):108-113.

Nagai, M., and Uchiyama, T., “Identification of a Tool Mark on the Jacket of a Bullet,"
AFTE Journal, 1989; 21(1):80.

Quirk, T.W., “Toolmarks on Primers of Rio’ Brand Ammunition,” AFTE Journal, 1987;
19(3):309-310.

Skolrood, R.W., “Do Not Disregard Mould Markings,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(1):73-74.

Swim, J.D., “Firearms Examiners Beware,” AFTE Journal, 1979; 11(1):33-34.

Automotive Ignitions

Arrowood, M.C., “Identification of a Metal Screw and Auto Ignition Cylinder,” AFTE
Journal, 1983; 15(2):97.

Garland, P., “Identification of Dent Puller,” AFTE Journal, 1978; 10(3):38-40.

Paholke, A.R., “New Tool for Pulling Ignition Locks,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(3):17-20.

---. “Automobile Ignition Lock Puller,” AFTE Newsletter, Aug. 1969, p. 5.

Townshend, D.G., “Identification of Fracture Marks,” AFTE Journal, 1976; 8(2):74-75.

Page 136 of 168

 Beverage Tabs/Tops

Bridgemon, R.R., “The Individualization of Beverage Can Pull-Tabs,” AFTE Journal,

1984; 16(3):99-101.

Tenorio, F., “Identification of a Pop-Top’ Tab and Beer Can,” AFTE Journal, 1983;
15(2):56-57.

White, R., “An Unusual Tool Mark Case,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(1):19.

Boltcutters

Butcher, S.J., and Pugh, P.D., “A Study of Marks Made by Bolt Cutters,” Journal of the
Forensic Science Society, Vol. 15, No. 2, Apr. 1975, pp. 115-126.

Cassidy, F., “An Unusual Tool Mark from a Bolt Cutter,” AFTE Journal, 1994; 26(1):21-
22.

Hall, J., “Consecutive Cuts by Bolt Cutters and Their Effect on Identification,” AFTE
Journal, 1992; 24(3):260-272.

Komar, S.M., and Scala, G.E., “Examiner Beware New Bolt Cutter Blades Class or
Individual,” AFTE Journal, 1993; 25(4):298-300.

Bone and Cartilage

Bonte, W., “Toolmarks in Bone and Cartilage, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 20, No.
2, Apr. 1975, pp. 315-325.

Ernest, R.N., “Toolmarks in Cartilage Revisited,” AFTE Journal, 1991; 23(4):958-959.

Galan, J.I., “Identification of a Knife Wound in Bone,” AFTE Journal, 1986; 18(4):72-75.

Kelty, J.J., “Court Presentation of Toolmarks Identified in Stab Wounds,” AFTE Journal,
1985; 17(2):66.

Mikko, D., and Hornsby, B., “On the Cutting Edge II An Identification Involving a Knife,”
AFTE Journal, 1995; 27(4):293.

Burglary Tools

Molnar, S., “Burglar Tools,” AFTE Newsletter, 1970, p. 42.

Cable and Wire

Biasotti, A.A., “A Comparison of Hatchet Cuts on Wire,” Journal of Criminal Law,

Criminology and Police Science, Vol. 47, 1956, pp. 497-499.

Cilwa, R.B., and Townshend, D.G., “Tool Mark Identification, Knife to Cut Wire,” AFTE
Journal, 1976; 8(4):66-67.

Dillon, D.J., “Comparisons of Extrusion Striae to Individualize Evidence,” AFTE Journal,

1976; 8(2):69-70.

Page 137 of 168

Jordan, T., “Individual Characteristics on Copper Insulated Wire,” AFTE Journal, 1982;
14(1):53-56.

Kenny, R.L., “Identification of Insulating Material Surrounding Wires,” AFTE Journal,

1978; 10(2):64.

Molnar. S., “Identification by Extrusion Marks on Wire,” AFTE Newsletter, Jan. 1970, p.
22.

Ogle, R.R., and Mitosinka, G.T., “The Identification of Cut Multistranded Wires,” Journal
of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 4, Oct. 1974, pp. 865-867.

Schubert, K.D., “Toolmarks Link Bomb Components with Suspects,” AFTE Journal, 1985;
17(2):122-123.

Williams, D.L., “Comparison of Cut Telephone Cables,” AFTE Journal, 1979; 11(2):39-41.

Wilson, C.M., “The Comparison and Identification of Wire in a Coal Mine Bombing Case,”
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, Vol. 2, 1935-1936, pp. 873-
902.

Page 138 of 168

 Casting Materials and Techniques

Barber, D.C., and Cassidy, F.H., “A New Dimension with Mikrosil’ Casting Material,”
AFTE Journal, 1987; 19(3):328-329.

Biasotti, A.A., “Plastic Replicas in Firearms and Tool Mark Identifications,” Journal of
Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, Vol. 47, 1956, pp. 110-117.

Brundage, D., “Dip-Pak Thermo-Plastic,” AFTE Journal, 1994; 26(4):307.

Carlson, C.J., “Use of Coe-Flex for Test Toolmarks,” AFTE Journal, 1983; 15(2):87.

Frazier, R.A., “Toolmark Test Material,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(1):25.

Goldman, G.L., “Coloring Casting Materials An Alternative to Smoking or Dusting Casts

for Improved Visibility,” AFTE Journal, 1981; 13(3):112-115.

Klees, Greg, “Casting Material Update on Toolmark Replication,” AFTE Journal, 1988;
20(4):463.

McGraw, A.C., “Casting, Another Means of Identification,” Journal of Forensic Sciences,

Vol. 29, No. 4, Oct. 1984, pp. 1212-1222.

Molnar, S., “Wax Replicas of Tool Marks,” AFTE Newsletter, Jan. 1970, p. 19.

Murdock, J.E., “Silicone Rubber Replicas of Tool Marks,” AFTE Journal, 1970; 2(3):22-
23.

Ojena, S.M., “A New Silicone Rubber Casting Material Designed for Forensic Science
Application,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan. 1984, pp. 317-321.

Rees, P.O., and Cundy, K.R., “A Method for the Comparison of Tool Marks and Other
Surface Irregularities,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 9, 1969, pp. 153-
155.

Thompson, R.W., “Sulfur Casting,” AFTE Journal, 1980; 12(2):15.

Townshend, D.G., “Examination of Tree Stumps,” AFTE Journal, 1981; 13(4):32-36.

Wilson, R.J., “Reproduced Impressed Markings for Comparison by Casting with Mikrosil,”
AFTE Journal, 1994; 26(3):181-184.

Dies
Van Dijk, T.M., “Steel Marking Stamps Their Individuality at the Time of Manufacture,”
Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 25, No. 4, Jul./Aug. 1985, pp. 243-253.

Watson, D.J., “Manufacturing Process of Crimping Dies and the Examination of Class
versus Individual Characteristics Between Them,” AFTE Journal, 1978; 10(3):19-21.

Drills/Lathes

Cilwa, R.B., and Townshend, D.G., “Identification of Lathe Shavings,” AFTE Journal,
1978; 10(1):23.

McNickle, J., “Sharpening Twist Drills,” AFTE Journal, 1988; 20(1):75-78.

Reitz, J.A., “An Unusual Tool Mark Identification Case,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(3):40-43.

Page 139 of 168

 Firearms Components

Bishop, E.E., “Tool Mark Identification on a Black Powder Revolver,” AFTE Journal,
1995; 27(4):310-313.

Davis, J.E., “Test Tool Marks from Weapon Parts May Facilitate Comparisons,” AFTE
Journal, 1972; 4(3):28.

Dragan, P., “Watch the Nose,” AFTE Journal, 1974; 6(3):13-15.

La Voy, T.A., “Firearm/Tool Mark Identification on a Cap and Ball Revolver,” AFTE
Journal, 1977; 9(1):66-68.

Matty, W., “Raven .25 Auto Pistol Breech Face Tool Marks,” AFTE Journal, 1984;
16(3):57-60.

Matty, W., and Johnson, T., “A Comparison of Manufacturing Marks on Smith and
Wesson Firing Pins,” AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(3):51-56.

Thompson, E., “Phoenix Arms (Raven) Breech Face Toolmarks,” AFTE Journal, 1994;
26(2):134-135.

Verbeke, D.J., “Tool Mark on a Bullet,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(2):86-90.

General Toolmark References

Arrowood, M.C., “Back to Basics,” AFTE Journal, 1993; 25(3):197-198.

Burghardt, H.D., Machine Tool Operation, Vol. I & II, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,
NY, 1936.

Cochrane, D.W., “Class Characteristics of Cutting Tools and Surface Designation,” AFTE
Journal, 1985; 17(3):73-82.

Cook, C.W., A Practical Guide to the Basis of Physical Evidence, Chapter 16, Charles C.
Thomas, IL, 1984.

---. “The Firearms/Tool Mark Investigator: An Excursion into the Realm of the Weird and
Wonderful,” AFTE Journal, 1979; 11(3):35-43.

Davis, J.E., An Introduction to Toolmarks, Firearms and the Striagraph, Charles C.

Thomas, IL, 1958, pp. 3-67.

FBI Laboratory, Handbook of Forensic Science, toolmark identification subsection,

(current edition).

“FBI Makes Tool Mark Examinations,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Sep. 1950, pp. 1-
6.

Gibson, W.M., “AFTE Toolmark Article Index,” AFTE Journal, 1996; 28(4):266-286.

Herb, C.O., Machine Tools at Work, Vol. I-VII, The Industrial Press, NY, 1942.

Kirk, P.L., “Tool Marks,” in Crime Investigation, 2nd edition, J. I. Thornton (ed.), University
of California, Berkeley, CA, 1974.

Page 140 of 168

 Paholke, A.R., “The Identification of Class Characteristics of Tool Marks: The Evidence
Receipt Activity Report,” AFTE Journal, 1978; 10(2):59-62.

---. “A Change in Technique,” AFTE Journal, 1971; 3(5):14.

---. “Tool Mark, Two Words,” AFTE Newsletter, Aug, 1969, p. 18.

Soderman, H., and O’Connell, J.J., “Traces of Tools,” in Modern Criminal Investigation,
5th edition, Funk & Wagnalls, NY, 1962.

Versailles, J., “Tool Marks: Striated Versus Impressed,” AFTE Journal, 1971; 3(5):13.

Impressions

Arrowood, M.C., and Berglund, J., “A Tool Mark Impression in a Unique Shooting Case,”
AFTE Journal, 1976; 8(2):83 (firearm hammer).

Johnson, A.P., “Hammer Spur Impresions, Physical Evidence in Homicides,” FBI Law
Enforcement Bulletin, Sep. 1983, pp. 11-14.

Molnar, S., “Unusual Tool Mark Impression Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1970; 2(3):32-
33.

Sherlock, W.E., “Ear Impression Case,” AFTE Journal, 1991; 23(3):850-852.

Knives

Cilwa, R.B., and Townshend, D.G., “Tool Mark Identification, Knife to Cut Wire,” AFTE
Journal, 1976; 8(4):66-67.

Edwards, R.L., and Kelley, M.I., “The Straight Line (Springer) Knife,” AFTE Journal, 1993;
25(1):7-10.

Fears, J.W., “An Expert’s Guide to Knives, Part II,” Shooting Times, Aug. 1987, pp. 48-
51.

Garcia, C.H., “Are Knife-Prints’ Reliable Evidence: An Analysis of Tool Mark Evidence
and Ramirez v. State,” AFTE Journal, 1993; 25(4):266-280.

Hardings, L.F., “A Glossary of Knife Terminology,” AFTE Journal, 1982; 14(3):34-35.

Hollis, D., “The Knife, Man’s Oldest/Modern Tool,” Guns and Ammo, May 1986, pp. 56-
72.

---. “Pocketknives, An American Tradition,” Guns and Ammo, Aug. 1986, pp. 53-97.

Kockel, R., “About the Appearance of Clues or Marks from Knife Blades,” AFTE Journal,
1980; 12(3):16-28.

Love, E., “Knives and Knife Terminology,” AFTE Journal, 1989; 21(3):490-495.

Purtell, D.J., “The Identification of Paper Cutting Knives and Paper Cutters,” Journal of
Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, Vol. 44, 1953, pp. 262-268.

Page 141 of 168

Watson, D.J., “The Identification of Tool Marks Produced from Consecutively
Manufactured Knife Blades in Soft Plastic,” AFTE Journal, 1978; 10(3):43-45.

Lighting Techniques

Heard, B.J., “A New Approach to the Examination of Stria on Transparent and

Translucent Materials,” AFTE Journal, 1986, 18(1):25-34.

Peterson, J.L., “Utilizing the Laser for Comparing Tool Striations,” Journal of the Forensic
Science Society, Vol. 14, No. 1, Jan. 1974, pp. 57-62.

Winkel, N., “A New Method of Comparative Investigation of Trace Replicas,” Bulletin for
the Forensic Laboratory, No. 2, Mar. 1979, pp. 8-10.

Ziegler, P.A., “Examination Techniques: The Beam Splitter and Reverse Lighting,” AFTE
Journal, 1983; 15(2):37-41.

Locks and Keys

Molnar, S., “Bobby Pins . . . Lock Picking,” AFTE Newsletter, Oct. 1969, p. 28.

Paholke, A.R., “What a Toolmark Examiner Should Know About Locks (A Guide for the
Firearms Examiner),” AFTE Journal, 1989; 21(2):147-150.

---. “Surreptitious Entry,” AFTE Newsletter, Oct. 1969, p. 25.

---. “Lock Picking,” AFTE Newsletter, Dec. 1969, p. 13.

---. “Terminology of Locks,” AFTE Newsletter, Jan. 1970, p. 4.

---. “Notes on Lock Decoder and Picking,” AFTE Newsletter, Oct. 1970, p. 28.

---. “Locksmith Terminology,” AFTE Newsletter, Feb. 1971, p. 30.

---. “Rim Cylinder,” AFTE Newsletter, Feb. 1971, p. 31.

---. “Lock Nomenclature,” AFTE Newsletter, Aug. 1971, p. 16.

---. “Pen . . . A Lock Picking Device,” AFTE Newsletter, Aug. 1971, p. 24.

---. “A Key,” AFTE Newsletter, Feb. 1972, p. 14.

---. “A New Lock with Magnetic Key,” AFTE Newsletter, Aug. 1972, p. 21.

---. “A Twist on Unauthorized Entry,” AFTE Newsletter, Feb. 1973, p. 28.

---. “Pick Proof Locks,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(2):96-97.

Plumtree, W.G., “The Examination of Disc and Pin Tumbler Locks for Tool Marks Made
by Lock Picks,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 4, Oct. 1975, pp. 656-667.

---. “Examination Techniques for Picked Locks,” AFTE Journal, 1982; 14(4):23-24.

Page 142 of 168

Sherlock, W.E., and Paholke, A.R., “Comparison of Microscopic Striae on Keys,” AFTE
Journal, 1982; 14(4):20-21.

Striupaitis, P.P., “Compression Spring Marks on Lock Pins,” AFTE Journal, 1982;
14(4):22.

Townshend, D.G., “The Lock Popper,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(3):61-62.

“Physical Security Devices, Part II,” The Chicago Police Department Training Bulletin,
Vol. 15, No. 11, June 24, 1974.

“Physical Security Devices, Part III,” The Chicago Police Department Training Bulletin,
Vol. 15, No. 12, July 8, 1974.

Miscellaneous Examination Subtopics

Arrowood, M.C., “A Tool Mark Identification with a Pop Rivet Gun,” AFTE Journal, 1987;
19(3):305.

Bailey, T., “What’s to Know About Files,” AFTE Journal, 1986; 18(4):105-110.

Bishop, E.E., “Tool Mark Identification on Nails,” AFTE Journal, 1995; 27(4):306-309.

Boudreau, A.J., “Significant Baling Wire Characteristics,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(2):99-
103.

Good, R.G., “Tool Mark Identification in a Gambling Case: Identification of Illegally

Manufactured Slugs,” AFTE Journal, 1979; 11(3):49-50.

Hamby, J.E., “Matching of Tool Marks Made in Rubber,” AFTE Newsletter, Jun. 1972, p.
18.

Harden, L.R., “Tool Marks on a Rape Case,” AFTE Journal, 1979; 11(1):25.

Lambert, R.R., “A Tool Mark Case,” AFTE Newsletter, Aug. 1970, p. 34 (lock puller).

Lane, P., “Toolmarks on Battery Terminals,” AFTE Journal, 1988; 20(2):151-153.

Larsen, D., “Murder -- Buttons and Toolmarks,” AFTE Newsletter, Dec. 1971, p. 15.

Mason, J.J., and Grose, P., “The Individuality of Toolmarks Produced by a Label Maker
Used to Write Extortion Notes,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 1, Jan. 1987,
pp. 137-147.

Meyers, C., “Tool Marks on Paper Matches,” AFTE Journal, 1977; 9(2):131.

Molnar, S., “Cutting Torch Marks,” AFTE Newsletter, Aug. 1970, p. 32.

Piper, A.G., “The Matching of Secateurs to a Harvested Marijuana Crop A Case

Report,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 25, No. 4, Jul./Aug. 1985, pp. 281-
283.

Roberts, J.L., “Razor Blade Manufacturing Information,” AFTE Journal, 1976; 8(1):80-84.

Page 143 of 168

Seestrom, J.L., and Lansing, J.F., “A Spot Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(2):66-
67.

Serpa, J., “Identification of Manufacturing Marks on Nylon Cable Ties,” AFTE Journal,
1994; 26(3):187-192.

Vaughan, R.T., and Gilman, P.L., “An Identification With a Puncture Type Tool,” AFTE
Journal, 1981; 13(4):78.

Versailles, J., “Toolmarks on Painted Metal,” AFTE Journal, 1973; 5(3):22.

Warren, G., “Glass Cutter Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1991; 23(4):925-927.

Page 144 of 168

 Photographic Techniques

Baney, R.E., “An Examination of Consecutive Scratch Marks on Kodak Instant Print
Film,” AFTE Journal, 1981; 13(4):112-113.

Biasotti, A.A., “Photography and Illumination: Some Critical Factors, AFTE Journal,
1979;11(4):60.

Catterick, T., and Taylor, M., “A Photometric Method for the Quantitative Mapping of
Parallel Striated Marks,” Forensic Science International, Vol. 33, 1987, pp. 197-207.

Sanchez, D.W., “Aluminum Oxide Casting, Technique for Comparison and Photography
of Toolmarks,” AFTE Newsletter, August, 1970, p. 20.

Townshend, D., “Photography and Casting Toolmarks,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,
Vol. 45, No. 4, 1976, pp. 9-11.

Ward, D.C., and Sibert, R.W., “The Use of Vacuum Evaporation of Metals for Surface
Feature Enhancement,” AFTE Journal, 1986; 18(4):76-77.

Physical/Fracture Matches

Agron, N., and Schecter, B., “Physical Comparisons and Some Characteristics of
Electrical Tape,” AFTE Journal, 1986; 18(3):53-59.

Brundage, D., “Glue Sticks Rapist in Joint,” AFTE Journal, 1975;

7(1):75-77.

Caine, C., and Thompson, E., “Physical Match of an Automobile Roof to the Body
Section,” AFTE Journal, 1989; 21(4):632-634.

Dixon, T.R., “Trace Evidence in a Toolmarks Case,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(1):70-71.

Funk, H.J., “Comparison of Paper Matches,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 1,
Jan. 1968, pp. 137-143.

Hathaway, R.A., “Physical Match of a Broken Pool Cue Stick,” AFTE Journal, 1994;
26(3):185-186.

Laux, D.L., “Identification of a Rope by Means of a Physical Match Between the Cut
Ends,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 4, Oct. 1994, pp. 1246-1248.

Moran, B., “An Interesting Physical Match,” CAC News, Summer 1995, p. 19.

---. “Physical Match/Tool Mark Identification Involving Rubber Shoe Sole Fragments,”
AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(3):126-128.

Reich, J.E., “A Comparative Photography Case,” AFTE Journal, 1978; 10(3):23.

Striupaitis, P., “Physical Fit Public Utility Cable,” AFTE Journal, 1981; 13(4):48-49.

Townshend, D.G., “Identification of Fracture Marks,” AFTE Journal, 1976; 8(2):74-75.

Verbeke, D.J., “An Indirect Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(1):18-19.

Page 145 of 168

White, R., and Arrowood, M., “Ultraviolet Fluorescence and a Physical Match,” AFTE
Journal, 1975; 7(2):105-106.

Plastic Bags and Sheet Materials

Castle, D.A., Gibbins, B., and Hamer, P.S., “Physical Methods for Examining and
Comparing Transparent Plastic Bags and Cling Films,” Journal of the Forensic Science
Society, Vol. 34, 1994, pp. 61-68.

Ford, K.N., “The Physical Comparison of Polythene Film,” Journal of the Forensic
Science Society, Vol. 15, No. 2, Apr. 1975, pp. 107-113.

Kopec, R.J., and Meyers, C.R., “Comparative Analysis of Trash Bags A Case History,”
AFTE Journal, 1980; 12(1):23-26.

Meyers, C.R., “Toolmarks on a Plastic Bag,” AFTE Journal, 1988; 20(1):55-56.

Stone, R.S., “The Examination and Comparison of Plastic Bags Used in Home Heat
Sealers,” AFTE Journal, 1986; 18(1):21-23.

Pliers

Cassidy, F.H., “Examination of Toolmarks from Sequentially Manufactured Tongue-and-

Groove Pliers,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 4, Oct. 1980, pp. 796-809.

Reloading

LaVoy, T.A., and Wilmer, J.H., “Tool Markings from a Reloading Die,” AFTE Journal,
1979; 11(2):37-38.

Safes

Dixon, T.R., “Trace Evidence in a Toolmarks Case,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(1):70-71.

Murdock, J.E., “Positive Association Through Tool Marks of a Safe Door Hinge Pin with a
Damaged Safe,” AFTE Journal, 1981; 13(3):72-78.

Sherlock, W.E., Fournier, R.J., and McCown, R., “Examination of a Drilled’ Safe,” AFTE
Journal, 1988; 20(4):441-442.

Templin, R.H., “A Safe Tool Mark,” AFTE Journal, 1980; 12(2):20.

“Physical Security Devices, Part V,” The Chicago Police Department Training Bulletin,
Vol. 16, No. 2, Jun. 23, 1975.

“Physical Security Devices, Part IV,” The Chicago Police Department Training Bulletin,
Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan. 13, 1975.
Saws

Andahl, R.O., “The Examination of Saw Marks,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society,
Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan. 1978, pp. 31-46.

Page 146 of 168

Cayton, J.C., “Hacksaw Blade, Shotgun Barrel, Toolmark Case,” AFTE Journal, 1973;
5(3):7.

Cook, C.W., A Practical Guide to the Basics of Physical Evidence, Charles C. Thomas,
IL, 1984, p. 213.

Molnar, S., “Saw Cuts and Log Ends,” AFTE Newsletter, Apr. 1970, p. 30.

Paholke, A.R., “Rotary Saw,” AFTE Newsletter, Feb. 1971, p. 27.

Scanning Election Microscopy

Castro, S.M., Galbreath, N.W., Pecko, J.L., Hellman, F.N., and Rowl, W.F., “Use of the
Scanning Electron Microscope to Examine Film Impressions on Typewriter Correction
Tape,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 40, 1995, pp. 291-295.

Matricardi, V.R., Clark, M.S., and DeRonja, F.S., “The Comparison of Broken Surfaces: A
Scanning Electron Microscope Study,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 20, 1975, pp.
507-523.

Ward, D., and Sibert, R.W., “The Use of Vacuum Evaporation of Metals for Surface
Feature Enhancement,” AFTE Journal, 1986; 18(4):76-77.

Screwdrivers

Burd, D.Q., and Gilmore, A.E., “Individual and Class Characteristics of Tools,” Journal of
Forensic Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 3, Jul. 1968, pp. 390-396.

Cook, C., A Practical Guide to the Basics of Physical Evidence, Charles C. Thomas, IL,
1984, p. 221.

Newquist, A.M., “Screwdriver Identified to Bullet Base,” AFTE Journal, 1978; 10(2):68.

Reich, J.E., “A Comparative Photography Case,” AFTE Journal, 1978; 10(3):23.

Vandiver, J.V., “New Screwdrivers, Production and Identification,” AFTE Journal, 1976;
8(1):29-52.

Speedometers

Stoner, D., and Zeldes, I., “An Aid in Accident Investigation,” FBI Law Enforcement
Bulletin, Mar. 1980, p. 11.

Staplers/Staples

Hamby, J.E., “The Comparison of Staples,” AFTE Journal, 1974; 6(5&6):16-17.

Hofmeister, A.G., “Examination of Stapler Toolmarks,” AFTE Journal, 1981; 13(4):76.

Murdock, J.E., “The Individuality of Tool Marks Produced by Desk Staplers,” 1974;
6(5&6):23-39.

Page 147 of 168

 Test/Known Toolmark Production Techniques

Davis, J.E., “Indium Metal for Toolmarks, AFTE Journal, 1973; 5(4):29.

McGuire, D.L., and Kennington, R., “Comparative Micrography Techniques,” AFTE

Journal, 1977; 9(1):7-14.

McGuire, D.L., and Brodie, T.G., “Standard Toolmark Production Device,” AFTE Journal,
1975; 7(1):33-37.

Molnar, S., “Techniques for Making Test Tool Marks Involving a Vise and C-Clamp,”
AFTE Newsletter, 1970; 2(6):26-30.

Tires

Bridgemon, R.R., “The Examination of Cut Tires,” AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(3):102-103.

Rathman, G.A., “Tires and Toolmarks,” AFTE Journal, 1992; 24(2):146-159.

Tuira, Y.J., “Tire Stabbing with Consecutively Manufactured Knives,” AFTE Journal,
1982; 14(1):50-52.

Tool Orientation Effects

Deinet, W., “Studies of Models of Striated Marks Generated by Random Processes,”

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 1, Jan. 1983, pp. 35-50.

Maheshwari, H.S., “Influence of Vertical Angle of a Tool on Its Tool Mark,” Forensic
Science International, Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan. 1981, pp. 5-12.

Trace Evidence Concerns

Dixon, T.R., “Trace Evidence in a Toolmarks Case,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(1):70-71.

Murdock, J.E., “Associative Evidence,” AFTE Journal, 1984; 16(2):5.

Versailles, J., “Metal Residue Build-Up on Tool Blades,” AFTE Journal, 1974; 6(4):7.

Vehicles

Arrowood, M.C., and Berglund, J.S., “Examination of Toolmarks from a Vehicle Involved
in a Hit and Run,” AFTE Journal, 1983; 15(2):100-101.

Brinkman, R.W., “An Unusual Tool Mark Comparison from a Hit and Run Case,” AFTE
Journal, 1978; 10(1):33.

Lapierre, J., “Two Interesting and Unusual Tool Mark Cases,” AFTE Journal, 1978;
10(2):57-58.

Smith, R.M., “Another Hit and Run Toolmark Case,” AFTE Newsletter, Dec. 1972, p. 31.

Townshend, D.G., “Identification of Hub and Wheel,” AFTE Journal, 1975; 7(1):56-58.

Page 148 of 168

Wilson, R., “Examination of Toolmarks from a Vehicle Involved in a Burglary,” AFTE
Journal, 1983; 15(2):98-99.

Wood

Hathaway, R.A., “Physical Match of a Broken Pool Cue Stick,” AFTE Journal, 1994;
26(3):185-186.

Jordan, T., “A Stumped’ Case,” AFTE Journal, 1981; 13(1):15-20.

Lapierre, J., “Two Interesting and Unusual Tool Mark Cases,” AFTE Journal, 1978;
10(2):57-58.

Mezger, O., Hasslacher, F., and Frankle, P., “Identification of Marks Made on Trees,”
American Journal of Police Science, 1930, pp. 358.

Molnar, S., “Saw Cuts and Log Ends,” AFTE Newsletter, Apr. 1970, p. 70.

Robinson, M.K., “Comparison of Growth Rings in Wood to Identify Clock Parts,” AFTE
Journal, 1976; 8(1):88-91.

---. “Comparison of Gunstock Parts to Barreled Action,” AFTE Journal, 1976; 8(1):65-69.

Townshend, D.G., “Examination of Tree Stumps,” AFTE Journal, 1981; 13(4):32-36.

Versailles, J., “Tool Markings on Balsam Branches,” AFTE Journal, 1974, 6(1):10.

“Wood as Evidence,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Oct. 1975, pp. 5-7.

Page 149 of 168

 M. SERIAL NUMBER RESTORATION

1. Read the Handbook of Methods for the Restoration of Obliterated Serial Numbers, by
Tretow. Be prepared to discuss the theory of number restoration.

(Use Training Assignment #61 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

2. Sketch the entire stressed area above and below the indentation of a stamped item and
depict what remains when the indented area is removed.

(Use Training Assignment #61 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

3. Make a list of the various methods used to mark items by private industry. This list
should include but not be restricted to: casting, stamping, embossing, debossing,
coining, vibratory pencil, laser and electrical discharge machining.

a. Discuss with the Training Officer the effect each of these marking
techniques has on the subsurface of the marked area.
b. Discuss with the Training Officer the marking methods used that can
directly affect the ability of the examiner to restore any obliterated
markings and why.

(Use Training Assignment #61 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

4. Define in your notebook the term "plastic deformation" of metal.

(Use Training Assignment #61 to complete this objective.)

____________________ ________
Training Officer Date

5. Briefly discuss in your notebook and with your Training Officer the difference between
cold rolled steel and cast iron metal.

(Use Training Assignment #61 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 150 of 168

6. Discuss with your Training Officer the effect that the following types of alterations will
have on the subsurface of the marked item and how it will impact on the results of the
examiner.
a. grinding
b. over stamping
c. pinging
d. gouging
e. heating
f. puddling
g. welding
h. removal
i. combinations of the above

(Use Training Assignment #61 to complete this objective.)

_______________ ________
Training Officer Date

7. Determine the telltale signs that can be left by the various alteration methods. Discuss
how these signs will determine your specific approach to the restoration attempt.

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

8. Discuss with your Training Officer the different types of lighting (e.g., incandescent,
infrared, UV, and fluorescent) and how they can improve or enhance the restoration
results. Be prepared to explain how the angle of incidence of these lighting techniques
might vary the results.

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

9. Discuss the various methods of surface preparation such as sanding and polishing and
how they will affect the results in the restoration attempt.

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

10. Determine the chemical reaction that takes place when etching is conducted and
document in your notebook the appropriate chemical formulations for the general
reactions of acid with steel and aluminum.

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 151 of 168

11. Determine whether the reaction rate for the stressed area is faster or slower than the
etching rate of the rest of the surface and why.

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

12. Determine the specialized equipment that might be used in number restoration and
discuss these your Training Officer.

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

13. Discuss with your Training Officer the appropriate photography techniques and
procedures to be used before, during, and after restoring obliterated serial numbers.

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

14. Determine the various types of film utilized for number restoration photography. Be
prepared to discuss with your Training Officer under what circumstances each would be
used.

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

15. Research the various kinds of magnifying and enhancing equipment used for number
restoration and explain when and why each would be used.

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 152 of 168

16. Become familiar with the following chemicals:

a. CuNH4Cl2
b. CuCl2
c. NaOH
d. HCl
e. HNO3
f. KCN
g. K2SO4
h. Aqua Regia
i. H2SO4
j. FeCl3
k. H2O2
l. Tartaric acid
m. Ammonium Persulfate

(Use Training Assignment #62 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

17. Obtain the proper safety equipment (e.g., eyewear, masks, gloves, and lab coats)
before attempting any chemical restorations. Review the chemical hygiene policies to
insure proper safety precautions are used.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

18. Define and place in your notebook these common chemical terms:

a. Fryes Reagent
b. Arais Reagent
c. Hydrofluoric acid
d. Turner's Reagent
e. Davis' Reagent

(Use Training Assignment #63 to complete this objective.)

__________________ ________
Training Officer Date

19. Become knowledgeable of the numbering systems and methods used by various firearm
manufacturers including but not limited to Colt, Ruger, Smith & Wesson, US Repeating
Arms (Winchester) and Remington.

(Use Training Assignment #63 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 153 of 168

20. Determine the best chemicals and techniques to use in number restoration of the
following firearms:

a. Colt pistol
b. Smith & Wesson revolver
c. RG Industries revolver
d. Ruger stainless steel revolver
e. chrome/nickel 25 caliber autoloading pistol
f. shotgun alloy receiver
g. shotgun casehardened receiver
h. Winchester rifle

(Use Training Assignment #63 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

21. Obtain several firearms from your Training Officer, alter the serial numbers using different
methods and then attempt to restore them. Prepare notes and photographs to
substantiate your conclusions and results.

(Use Training Assignment #63 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

22. Be prepared to discuss with your Training Officer the methods used and lessons learned
during the restoration process.

(Use Training Assignment #63 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

23. Obtain several pieces of aluminum that have had stamped numbers removed. Attempt to
restore these numbers using various techniques. Prepare notes and photographs to
substantiate your conclusions and results.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

24. Discuss with your Training Officer how the combination of brief application of CuNH 4Cl2
followed by normal NaOH application can shorten the processing time on aluminum.

(Use Training Assignment #63 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 154 of 168

25. Discuss with your Training Officer why alternating HNO3 and HCl can work so well on
chrome or nickel plated firearms.

(Use Training Assignment #63 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

26. Research the effect of D. C. electricity (Include the proper polarity and voltage for
enhance etching/development of obliterated numbers and letters) on the reaction time of
the different chemical techniques you have learned. Conduct restorations using this
method.

(Use Training Assignment #63 to complete this objective.)

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 155 of 168

REFERENCE MATERIALS
RESTORATION OF OBLITERATED MARKINGS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in a given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

Books

Brandt, D., Metallurgy Fundamentals, Goodheart-Wilcox Co., Inc., 1992.

Cook, C.W., “A Practical Guide to the Basics of Physical Evidence” Colorado Bureau of
Investigation, April 1975.

Cook, C.W., “Chemical Etching Reagents for Serial Number Restoration” Colorado
Bureau of Investigation, April 1975.

Doane, F.B., Principles of Magnaflux Inspection, Photopress Publishing, Inc., 1940.

Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J., and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and
Evidence, 2nd edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1977.

Hein, Morris, et al., Foundations of College Chemistry, Dickenson Publishing Co., 1977.

Kegser, C.A., Basic Engineering Metallurgy - Theories, Principles and Applications, 6th
edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1957.

Kehl, G.L., The Principles of Metallographic Laboratory Practice, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1949.

Kotz and Purcell, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Saunders College Publishing,
1991.

Krcma, V., The Identification and Registration of Firearms, Charles C. Thomas,

Springfield, IL, 1971.

Mathews, J.H., Firearms Identification, Volume I, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL,

1962, pp. 77-80.

Polk, D.E., and Giessen, B.C., Metallurgical Aspects of Serial Number Recovery, Institute
of Chemical Analysis-Northeastern University, Boston, MA (undated).

Treptow, R.S., Handbook of Methods for the Restoration of Obliterated Serial Numbers,
NASA, 1978.

Vander Voort, G.F., Metallography, Principles and Practice, McGraw-Hill, 1984.

Van Klock, L.H., Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, Addison-Wesley

Publishing Company, 1985.

Page 156 of 168

Professional Journals

Katterwe, H., “Modern Approaches For the Examination of Toolmarks and Other Surface
Marks,” Forensic Science Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, Jun. 1996, pp. 46-71.

---. “The Recovery of Erased Numbers in Polymers,” Journal of Forensic Science Society,
Vol. 34, 1994, pp. 11-16.

Krcma, V., “The Identification of Pistols by Serial Numbers and Other Markings,” Journal
of Forensic Sciences, 1961.

“Metallurgy vs. Crime,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Vol. 19, No. 11, Nov. 1950, p. 8.

“Restoring Altered and Obliterated Markings on Metal,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,
Vol. 25, No. 7, Jul. 1956, p. 13.

Thorton, J.I., and Cashman, P.J., “The Mechanism of the Restoration of Obliterated
Serial Numbers by Acid Etching,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 16, No.
69, 1976.

Turley, D.M., “Restoration of Stamp Marks on Steel Components by Etching and

Magnetic Techniques,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 3, May 1987.

Young, S.G., “The Restoration of Obliterated Markings by Ultrasonically Induced

Cavitation in Water,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1974, p. 820.

AFTE Journal

Barabash, T., and Fahey, R.T., “Non-Destructive Methods of Restoring Defaced Serial
Numbers,” 1977; 9(1):23.

Brundage, D.J., “Surface Preparation for Serial Number Restoration,” 1982; 14(4):9.

Cantor, A., “Serial Number Restoration with Image Enhancement on the FBI Drugfire
Computer,” 1997; 29(2):223-230.

Cook, C.W., “Chemical Etching Reagents for Serial Number Restoration,” 1975; 7(2):80.

---. “Obliterated Serial Numbers,” 1975; 7(1):27.

---. “Obliterated Serial Numbers,” 1989; 21(2):166-167.

Deats, B., “Serial Number Restoration Information,” 1980; 12(3):82.

Dragan, P., “Abrasive Wheels for Serial Number Restoration Preparation,” 1996;
28(1):21.

Garland, P.V., “Training the Firearms Examiner,” 1971; 3(1):32.

Harden, L.R., “Reader Reporter,” 1988; 20(2):171-173.

Heflin, T.M., “Examination of Serial Number Over-Stamp,” 1984; 16(3):12.

Hueske, E.E., “Browning Firearms Serial Numbering System,” 1988; 20(1):59-60.

Page 157 of 168

Keisler, M.A., “Smith and Wesson Model SW9F and the Hidden Serial Number,” 1997;
29(2):186-187.

Knowles, M., “Instant Recovery of Obliterated Serial Numbers,” 1985; 17(3):63.

Lee, F.R., “Helpful Hint,” 1977; 9(2):37.

Lutz, M.C., “Evaluation of New Fiber Optics System,” 1986; 18(1):12.

Massiah, E.E., “Compilation of Techniques and Chemical Formulae Used in the

Restoration of Obliterated Markings,” 1976; 8(2):26.

Miller, J., “Book Review: The Law and Forensic Ballistics by T.A. Warlow,” 1997;
29(2):239, 173.

Miller, K.E., “Current Assist for Die Stamp Impression Restoration,” 1972; 4(3A):38.

Montgomery, J.L., “New Process Restores Filed Serial Numbers,” 1975; 7(3):80.

Nielson, B.C., “Restoration of Die Stamped Impressions on Metal,” 1972; 4(3):32.

O’Reilly, W.E., “Magnetic Restoration of Serial Number,” 1970; 2(3):26.

Paholke, A.R., “Restoration of Serial Numbers,” 1969; 1(4):38.

Polk, D.E., and Giessen, B.C., “Metallurgical Aspects of Serial Number Recovery,” 1975;
7(2):38.

---. “Metallurgical Aspects of Serial Number Recovery,” 1989; 21(2):174-181.

Roberts, V., “Restoration of Serial Numbers in Plastic,” 1981; 13(4):40.

Schaefer, J.R., “Serial Number Restoration Observation,” 1987; 19(3):276-278.

Sherlock, W.E., and Keating, D.M., “Obliterated Serial Number Tracking Program,” 1995;
27(4):264-280.

Taulbee, D., “3x5 Card File of Die Stamped Impressions on Metal,” 1973; 5(3):18.

Thompson, R.W., “Second Serial Number on Tarus Model 80 Revolvers,” 1980; 12(2):18.

Vaughan, R.T., “Serial Number Restoration on a Radar Warning Device,” 1987;

19(3):304.

---. “Technique for Restoring Obliterated Serial Numbers on Plastic Cards,” 1981;
13(2):30.

Page 158 of 168

 N. RESEARCH PROJECT, REPORT WRITING, EXPERT TESTIMONY
AND EXTERNAL LABORATORY REVIEW AND TOURS

1. Formulate a method of taking notes in your cases, that is, how to note essential data on
which you base your conclusions, to document chain of custody, to identify a case with a
particular contributor and with a particular file. Develop a system for the administration of
your cases. Discuss the above areas with your Training Officer.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

2. Read through copies of reports generated by at least two examiners for the purpose of
familiarization with report format and phraseology. Compile a reference file which reflects
correct phraseology divided into appropriate categories, i.e., bullet examination, bullet "no
conclusion,” bullet identification, cartridge case identification, firearms function, accidental
discharge, gunshot residues, etc. Discuss this with your Training Officer.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

3. Attend moot courts of other trainees during your training period and evaluate the
demeanor and professionalism of the trainee. Discuss this with your Training Officer.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

4. Review several transcripts of at least two examiners regarding their "expert" testimony in
the field of firearms/toolmark identification. Discuss these transcripts with each examiner.

_________________ ________
Examiner Date

_________________ ________
Examiner Date

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

5. Discuss the meaning and/or definition of the following terms or phrases, as they apply to
testimony in the field of firearms/toolmark identification, with your Training Officer.

a. expert witness
b. reasonable degree of scientific certainty
c. hearsay
d. opinion
e. voir dire

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 159 of 168

6. Prepare a list of "qualification questions" which can be used by the prosecutor in court to
qualify you as an expert witness. Include in this questions which can be used as a guide
for the introduction in court of evidence which you have examined. Discuss this with your
Training Officer.

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

7. Observe at least two examiners testifying as an "expert witness.” Discuss their

testimonies with each examiner. Coordinate this with your Training Officer.

_________________ ________
Examiner Date

_________________ ________
Examiner Date
_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

8. Confer with other examiners regarding personal hints and recommendations in regard to
courtroom testimony. This discussion should be lengthy and cover all aspects of the
topic.

_________________ ________
Examiner Date

_________________ ________
Examiner Date

_________________ ________
Examiner Date

_________________ ________
Examiner Date

_________________ ________
Training Officer Date

Page 160 of 168

REFERENCE MATERIALS
RESEARCH PROJECT

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in a given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

Research Techniques

Bennis, W., On Becoming a Leader, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989.

Carr, J.J., The Art of Science: A Practical Guide to Experiments, Observations, and
Handling Data, High Text Publications, San Diego, CA, 1992.

Copi, I.M., Introduction to Logic, 7th edition, MacMillan, NY, 1986.

Halpern, D.F., Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking, 2nd edition,
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1989.

Herceg, E.E., Handbook of Measurement and Control, Shawitz Engineering,

Pennsauken, NJ, 1972.

Jaffe, A.J., and Spirer, H.F., Misused Statistics: Straight Talk about Twisted Numbers,
Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, 1987.

Langley, R., Practical Statistics, Dover Publications, NY, 1968,1970.

Paul, R., Critical Thinking: What Every Person Needs to Survive in a Rapidly Changing
World, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park CA, 1980.

Smith, G., Statistical Reasoning, Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA, 1991.

Tukey, J., and Mosteller, F., Data Analysis and Regression, Addison Welsey, Reading,
MA, 1977.

Page 161 of 168

Self-Directed Learning

Cross, P.K., Adults as Learners, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1981.

Drumheller, S.J., Handbook of Curriculum Design for Individualized Instruction: a

Systems Approach, Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1971.

Dunn, R., and Dunn, K., Practical Approaches to Individualizing Instruction, Parker
Publishing Co., West Nyack, NY, 1972.

Knowles, M.S., The Modern Practice of Adult Education, Follet Publishing, Chicago,
1980.

Knowles, M.S., and Associates, Andragogy in Action: Applying Modern Principles of Adult
Learning, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1984.

Knowles, M.S., Self-Directed Learning: A Guide for Learners and Teachers, Association
Press, New York, 1975.

Knowles, M.S., The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston,
TX, 1973.

Messick, S., and Associates, Individualization in Learning, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco,

1976.

Page 162 of 168

REFERENCE MATERIALS
ORAL PRESENTATIONS AND COURT TESTIMONY

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in agiven topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

General

Andersen, G.R., “Round Pegs in Square Holes: The Aftermath of Daubert,” South
Carolina Trial Lawyers Association Bulletin, Fall, 1996, pp. 9-12.

Babitsky, S., and Mangravati, J.J., How to Excel During Cross-Examination; Techniques
for Experts That Work, SEAK, Inc., Falmouth, MA.

Bailey, F.L., and Rothblatt, H.B., Investigation and Preparation of Criminal Cases,
Federal and State, The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company, Rochester, NY, and
the Bancroft-Whitney Company, San Francisco, CA, 1970.

---. Crimes of Violence: Homicide and Assault, The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing
Company, Rochester, NY, and the Bancroft-Whitney Company, San Francisco, CA,
1973.

Biasotti, A.A., and Murdock, J.E., “Firearms and Toolmark Identification: Legal Issues and
Scientific Status,” Chapter 23, Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of
Expert Testimony, (Faigman, D.L., Kaye, D.H., Saks, M.J., and Sanders, J., eds., West
Publishing Co., 1997), Vol. 2, pp. 124-151.

Bohan, T.L., and Heels, E.J., “The Case Against Daubert: The New Scientific Standard’
and the Standards of the Several States,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 40, No. 6,
Nov. 1995, pp. 1030-1044.

Bradley, M.D., The Scientist and Engineer in Court, American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC, 1983.
Bronstein, D.A., Law for the Expert Witness, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998.

Burke, J.J., “Testifying in Court,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Sep. 1975.

Hatcher, J.S., Jury, F.J., and Weller, J., Firearms Investigation, Identification and
Evidence, 2nd edition, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, 1957, pp. 445-460.

Matson, J.V., Effective Expert Witnessing, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.

Melson, G.R., “Qualifying as An Expert in State Court: The Impact of Daubert,” paper
presented at the Fourth Annual Conference for Medical and Forensic Experts, Dec. 6-7,
1997, Newport Beach, CA.

Page 163 of 168

 Meyer, C.B., Expert Witnesses Explaining and Understanding Science, CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL, 1998.

Moenssens, A.A., Moses, R.E., and Inbau, F.E., Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases,
The Foundation Press, Mineola, NY, 1973.

Molloy, J.T., New Women’s Dress for Success, Warner Books, 1996.

---. John T. Molloy’s New Dress for Success, Warner Books, 1988.

Moses, R.E., Scientific Proof in Criminal Cases A Texas Lawyers Guide, The Lakeland
Press, 1969.

Neal, M.W., “From the Hot Seat: Tips for Effective Courtroom Testimony,” Forensic
Focus The Journal of The West Virginia State Police Forensic Laboratory, Vol. 1, No.
2, Jul.-Dec. 1995, pp. 1, 11-13.

Saks, M.J., “Implications of the Daubert Test for Forensic Identification Science,”
Shepard’s Expert and Scientific Evidence, Vol. 1, No. 3, Winter, 1994, pp. 427-434.

Sibert, R.W., “Laboratory Examinations Conducted Within the Field of Firearms

Identification: A Tracing of the Acceptance by the Courts of Their Use in Expert
Testimony,” paper submitted to the George Washington University Department of
Forensic Sciences, 1973.

Thornton, J.I., “Courts of Law v. Courts of Science: A Forensic Scientist’s Reaction to

Daubert,” Shepard’s Expert and Scientific Evidence, Vol. 1, No. 3, Winter, 1994, pp. 475-
485.

AFTE Journal

Adler, M., “How to Refute the Experts Told Members at Lawyers’ Club Meeting,” 1972;
4(3):26.

Bell, V.P., “Admissibility of Evidence of Experiments,” 1980; 12(3):51.

Bisbing, R.E., and Wilmer, J.H., “Admissibility of Fingernail Identification Undecided in

Michigan,” 1985; 17(2):96.

Boyle, P.J., “Role of the Expert Witness,” 1989; 21(4):639.

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(1):554-558 (court appearances).

“California Department of Justice Firearms Toolmark Identification Training Syllabus:

Professionalism,” 1991; 23(2):727-738 (demonstrative evidence and expert testimony).

Chicago Tribune, “False Testimony,” 1980; 12(3):84.

Crossman, E.B., “Qualifications of a Ballistics Expert,” 1985; 17(3):119.

District Court of Oklahoma, “Transcript of Bullet Examination Testimony,” 1986; 18(1):71.

“Effective Expert Testimony,” 1972; 4(4):8.

Page 164 of 168

Garrison, D.H., “Intent Behind the Bullet,” 1993; 25(4):294-296.

---. “Little Gunmen: Shooting Reconstruction Miniatures,” 1991; 23(3):836-848.

Grzybowski, R.A., and Murdock, J.E., “Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Meeting the
Daubert Challenge,” 1998; 30(1):3-14.

Hathaway, R.A., “Inadmissibility of Photographs,” 1979; 11(2):52.

Hodge, E.E., and Blackburn, B.D., “Courtroom Demeanor Information,” 1984; 16(4):35.

---. “Firearms/Toolmark Examiner in Court,” 1979; 11(4):70.

---. “Firearms/Toolmark Examiner in Court,” 1989; 21(2):232-242.

Hodge, S.A. and Blackburn, S.A., "The Firearms-Toolmark Examiner in Court", October
1979.

Joling, R.J., and Stern, W.W., “An Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for
Attorneys, II: Applicable Law of Recent Origin,” 1981; 13(4):134-139.

---. “An Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for Attorneys, III: Qualifying and
Using the Firearms Examiner as a Witness,” 1981; 13(4):140-144.

---. “An Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for Attorneys, IV: Practice and
Procedures When Using the Firearms Examiner and Demonstrative Evidence,” 1981;
13(4):145-148.

Keefe, J.F., “Forensic Sciences: Criminal Justice System Viewed by the Defense,” 1980;
12(2):59.

Mann, M., Henson, G., Stone, R., and Guerra, S., “Visual Aides for Firearm Training and
Courtroom Testimony,” 1994; 26(4):309-310.

“Maryland State Court of Appeals. Appeals Case: (Olen J. Kelly et. al. vs. R.G. Industries,
Inc., et. al.),” 1986; 18(2):77.

Miller, K.E., “Proof of Opinion,” 1973; 5(2):8.

Molnar, S., “Some Comments on Testifying in Court,” 1971; 3(3):46.

Moses, R.E., “Scientific Proof in Criminal Cases: A Texas Lawyer’s Guide,” 1989;
21(2):123-128.

Munhall, B.D., “Tools for the Firearm Examiner in Tort Matters,” 1972; 4(3):11.

Murdock, J.E., “Some Suggested Court Questions to Test Criteria for Identification
Qualifications,” 1992; 24(1):69-75.

“Science in Criminal Law Newsletter,” 1980; 12(3):85.

Tanton, R.L., “Jury Preconceptions and Their Effect on Expert Scientific Testimony,”
1980; 20(2):67.

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Townshend, D.G., “Observation of the Witness,” 1973; 5(4):26.

White, R.H., “Idle Thoughts Concerning Admissibility,” 1976; 8(4):50.

Wilson, C.M., “Evidence in Firearms Cases,” 1983; 15(2):83.

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REFERENCE MATERIALS
EXTERNAL LABORATORY REVIEW AND TOURS

The following reference materials serve several purposes:

 to provide a wider range of additional resources should you have a particular

interest in a given topic.

 to provide reference materials for your future professional use.

 to allow you to gain additional depth in particular subject areas.

Should you encounter other references in this category, you are encouraged to make
additional notes about them at the end of this listing.

Books

Kirk, P.L., and Bradford, L.W., The Crime Laboratory: Organization and Operation,
Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1965.

Osterberg, J.W., The Crime Laboratory, Clark Boardman Company, Ltd., New York, NY,
1982.

Periodicals

Cadman, W.J., “How to Get the Best from Your Laboratory,” The Police Chief, Feb. 1978,
pp. 64-70.

Professional Journals

Fisher, A.J., “Developing a Forensic Science Laboratory,” Journal of Forensic Sciences,

1986, pp. 1177-1184.

AFTE Journal

Bradford, L.W., “Barriers to Quality Achievement in Crime Laboratory Operations,” 1983;

15(2):71.

Fleming, P.J., and Purtell, D., “Scientists or Factory Workers?, “ 1989; 21(2):119-120.

Howe, W.J., “Crime Lab Study Funded By NIJ,” 1980; 12(3):73.

Lucas, D.M., “Laboratory Director’s View of the Firearms Section,” 1989; 21(2):188-190.

Rabren, C.L., “Laboratory Accreditation, “ 1982; 14(3):36.

Serrill, M.S., “Forensic Sciences: Overburdened, Underutilized,” 1980; 12(4):58.

Page 167 of 168

Research Reports

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Utilization of Criminalistics Services by the

Police, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1974.

National Institute of Justice, Forensic Evidence and the Police: The Effects of Scientific
Evidence on Criminal Investigations, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC,
1984.

Manuals

American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, Laboratory Accreditation Board Manual,

current edition.

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