EPS

Event Three
For Your Information

• You should take notes while listening.

• You can leave at any time.
• Keep in mind the English terms instead of the Chinese ones.
The Art of Public Speaking
Chapter Nine & Ten Speech Preparation: Organizing a Speech

• Organization of the Body

• Organization of the Introduction
• Organization of the Conclusion
• To Deconstruct a Speech
• To Organize a Speech
Pre-Definitions

• Topic - The subject of a speech.

• General Purpose - The broad goal of a speech - To inform or to persuade.
• Speci c Purpose - A single in nitive phrase that states precisely what a
speaker hopes to accomplish in their speech.

• Central Idea - A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the

major ideas of a speech.
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Sample

• Topic - Music therapy

• General Purpose - To inform
• Speci c Purpose - To inform my audience about the bene ts of music
therapy for people with psychological or cognitive disabilities.

• Central Idea - Music therapy developed as a formal mode of treatment

during the 20th century utilizes a number of methods, and is explained by
several theories that account for its success.
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Review of Organizing
Body and Introduction
 • Introduction Second
Review • Get Attention and Interest
• Relate | Emphasize | Startle |
• Body First Arouse Curiosity | Question |
Quotation | Story | Visual Aids
• Main Points
• Reveal the Topic
• Choose | Phrase | Arrange
• Establish Credibility and Goodwill
• Supporting Materials
• Credibility - Quali ed
• Examples | Statistics | Testimony
• Goodwill - Audience’s Interests
• Connectives
• Preview the Body
• Transition | Internal Preview |
Internal Summary | Signpost • Preview Statement
• Give Specialized Information
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 Strategic Order of Main Points
Arrange the Main Points
• Chronological order
• Sequential events, or process instruction
• Spatial order
• Top to bottom, left to right, front to back, inside to outside, east to west and etc.
• Causal order
• The cause of an event, and its e ects - Reversible
• Problem-solution order
• The existence and seriousness of a problem, and a workable solution to it - Irreversible
• Topical order
• Subtopics of an event, or reasons why a speaker believes in a certain point of view
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 Connectives
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and
indicates the relationships among them
• Transition - A word or phrase
• The idea the speaker is leaving, and the idea they are coming up to
• Internal Preview - A statement
• What the speaker is going to discuss next
• Internal Summary - A statement
• Summarize the speaker’s preceding points
• Signpost - A very brief statement
• To indicate where the speaker is in the speech - Numbers, and questions
• To focus attention on key ideas
Sample
and
Commentary
of
the
Introduction
Conclusion
Third
Last Impression
Conclusion

• Signal the End of the Speech

• Reinforce the Central Idea
• Call to Action*

*To make a direct appeal to your audience for action.

*Applies only to a particular type of persuasive speech.

Signal the End of the Speech
Too sudden an ending leaves the audience puzzled and unful lled

• By Words
• In conclusion…
• My purpose has been…
• Let me end by saying…
• By Manner of Delivery
• Crescendo Ending
• Dissolve Ending
Conclusion

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Reinforce the Central Idea
• Summarize Your Speech
• End with a Quotation
• Make a Dramatic Statement
• Refer to the Introduction

Conclusion
Summarize Your Speech
Restate explicitly the central idea and main points

Sample

A persuasive speech about the resurgence of tuberculosis as a worldwide

killer:

In conclusion, we have seen how tuberculosis has recently returned as a

global health crisis. It is infecting and killing on an unprecedented scale.
Especially in third-world countries, TB is decimating those who need the most
help.

Conclusion-Reinforce the Central Idea

End with a Quotation
Sample

A speech on volunteering for Big Brothers Big Sisters of America:

None of us have the extra time that we’d like. But whatever time you can
spare, you’ll be making a world of di erence in the life of an underprivileged
child. In the words of the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “Give what you
have. To someone, it may be better than you dare to think.”

The closing quotation is particularly good because its urgency is exactly suited
to the speech.

Conclusion-Reinforce the Central Idea

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Make a Dramatic Statement
Sample

“Liberty or Death” by Patrick Henry:

Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains

and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take;
but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death.

A speech on suicide prevention:

My friend is back in school, participating in activities she never did before--

and enjoying it. I’m happy and proud to say that she’s still ghting for her life
and even happier that she failed to kill herself. Otherwise, I wouldn’t be here
today trying to help you. You see, I am my “friend,” and I’m more than glad to
say I’ve made it.

Conclusion-Reinforce the Central Idea

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Refer to the Introduction
Reiterate the illustration or quotation in the introduction
or Finish the story in the introduction
Sample

A speech about
carbon monoxide
poisoning

Conclusion-Reinforce the
Central Idea
Reinforce the Central Idea
Used separately or Fused into one
• Summarize Your Speech
• Restate explicitly the central idea and main points
• End with a Quotation
• Make a Dramatic Statement
• Refer to the Introduction
• Reiterate the illustration or quotation in the introduction
• Finish the story in the introduction
• “A dramatic quotation that summarizes the central idea while
referring to the introduction”
Conclusion
Review

• Conclusion Third
• Signal the End of the Speech
• Words | Manner of Delivery
• Reinforce the Central Idea
• Summary | Quotation | Dramatic Statement | Refer to Introduction
Sample and Commentary of the Conclusion
A Complete Organization
• Introduction • Body
• Get Attention and Interest • Main Points
• Conclusion
• Relate | Emphasize • Choose • Signal the End of the
Speech
• Startle | Arouse Curiosity • Phrase
• Question | Quotation • Arrange • Words
• Story | Visual Aids • Supporting Materials • Manner of Delivery
• Reveal the Topic • Examples
• Reinforce the Central
• Establish Credibility and • Statistics Idea
Goodwill
• Testimony • Summary
• Credibility - Quali ed
• Connectives
• Goodwill - Audience’s Interests • Quotation
• Transitions
• Preview the Body • Dramatic Statement
• Internal Previews
• Preview Statement
• Internal Summaries • Refer to Introduction
• Give Specialized Information
• Signposts
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Organizing Proportion
under normal circumstances

• Introduction - 10~20%
• Body - 70~85%
• Conclusion - 5~10%
Deconstruct a Speech
A Glimpse into the Future
Time Distribution
Total - 4min 7s

• Introduction 30.4% - 1min 15s Introduction 10~20%

• Body 53.8% - 2min 13s Body 70~85%

• Body One 35.2% - 1min 27s Conclusion 5~10%

• Body Two 18.6% - 46s

• Conclusion 15.8% - 39s
 Introduction
• Get Attention and Interest
• Question - Do you know people posting sel es every day?
• Illustration - The new watch, West Lake, speech competition.
• Inner-Summary - People are obsessed with taking sel es.
• Reveal the Topic
• Transition - When photography was rst introduced to China, it frightened a generation.
• Illustration - like cannon, dazzling, face on a paper -- witchcraft.
• Inner-Summary - Technological development is always accompanied by fear.
• Inner-Transition - As we want to tell the past generation not to fear photography, I want to
tell the current generation not to fear current technology.

• Preview the Body

• Preview Statement - When technology revolutionizes our lives, humanity frames our actions.
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 Body One - Problem
• Transition - Look at our world now.
• Main Point
• The debate between scientists and humanists never seems to stop.
• Supporting Materials
• 4G & 5G - Scientists think it is good, while humanists worry about privacy leaks.
• AI - Scientists take it as a human’s assistant, while humanists worry about their
awareness of self-consciousness.

• Teleportation - Scientists think it is convenient, while humanists think it destroys

human bodies.

• Inner-Summary - Seeing these debates, humans are worried about technology.

• Transition - But none of this is going to happen, because humanists are not alarmists,
and scientists are not geeks.
 Body Two - Solution
• Transition - But none of this is going to happen, because humanists are not
alarmists, and scientists are not geeks.

• Main Point
• Humanists post ethical issues to correct scientists’ actions, while scientists listen
to them rationally to make adjustments and amendments. We can always
improve technology with humanitarian care.

• Supporting Materials
• 4G & 5G - We can use quantum cryptography to enhance network security.
• AI - We can put restrictions to prevent rogue elements.
• Teleportation - It is risky, but we can improve current tra c with its inspiration.

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 Conclusion
• Signal the End of the Speech
• So…
• Reinforce the Central Idea
• Dramatic Summary - The future is not as horrible as we think. There won’t be AI-
reigned dystopia or desert after a nuclear war. Instead, humans will thrive with the
help of technology.

• Refer to Introduction - Like we mock the past generation who feared

photography, our future generation will wonder why we feared current technology,
while they are enjoying the fruit of it.

• Thank you.
 Organize a Speech
From Zero-Sum Game to Win-Win Situation
Time Distribution
Total - 3min 21s

• Introduction 24.9% - 50s Introduction 10~20%

• Body 58.2% - 1min 57s Body 70~85%

• Body One 33.8% - 1min 8s Conclusion 5~10%

• Body Two 24.4% - 49s

• Conclusion 16.9% - 34s
 Introduction
• Get Attention and Interest
• Question - Ladies and gentlemen, are you an Apple user?
• Illustration - I used to claim that I'll always use Android. However, a few days later, I ordered a new
iPhone. When I received the package, I was shocked to nd there was no power adapter in it.

• Reveal the Topic

• Illustration - In early March this year, Apple introduced its new iPhone SE, and I happened to
watch its livestream. Each time when the speaker mentioned "environment," there would be
pages of mocking comments, like "Whoa, Apple is taking away our power adapters again."

• Inner-Summary - Customers always take environmental protection as a zero-sum game since they
really lose something.

• Inner-Transition - But when iPhone users lose their power adapters, they get more.
• Preview the Body
• Preview Statement - That’s because with high-tech companies caring more about the planet we
live on, we are achieving a win-win situation. fi
 Body One - Problem
• Transition - Look at some comments on the internet.
• Main Point
• Customers are complaining about almost every sustainable method.
• Supporting Materials
• Microsoft - Last year, when Microsoft made a mouse out of recycled plastic waste, customers doubted it,
"What kind of trash is worth two hundred yuan?"

• Apple - When Apple removed some accessories from iPhone packages, people started questioning the
rising price.

• Inside China - And domestically, when Xiaomi announced that they no longer provide power adapters in
their new devices, just like Apple did, netizens laughed at it, "Worse quality than Apple, same ambition as
Apple.”

• Inner-Summary - Seeing these complaints, customers get impatient with high-tech companies' e orts to
save the planet. "They are taking away everything, making products with trash and selling them at a higher
price."

• Transition - But this is not a zero-sum game as they see because high-tech companies are doing more to
achieve a win-win situation.

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 Body Two
• Transition - But this is not a zero-sum game as they see because high-tech
companies are doing more to achieve a win-win situation.

• Main Point
• By showing care for the Earth, high-tech companies gain attention. By supporting
sustainable methods, customers enjoy higher production quality.

• Supporting Materials
• Microsoft - Microsoft is researching to prolong the product life cycle to tackle water
consumption. That means our Microsoft devices can function for a longer time.

• Apple - To cut down the impact of electronic waste, Apple is refurbishing and selling
second-hand machines at a lower price which is a ordable to most people.

• Inside China - Inside China, OnePlus has banned the use of hazardous chemicals
which harm both human bodies and the environment, like arsenic and beryllium.
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 Conclusion
• Signal the End of the Speech
• In conclusion…
• Reinforce the Central Idea
• Summary - High-tech companies are not running a zero-sum game with
customers. Instead, it is a win-win situation. They are making products function
longer and saving customers money. They are also achieving carbon neutrality in
both their own companies and their suppliers.

• Refer to Introduction - So next time we get an iPhone with no power adapter,

don't panic. This phone can function for ve years, after all.

• Thank you.
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Thank you
for your time and attention