MODULE 1
Introduction to
Statistical Concept
Define statistics
Module Enumerate the importance and
limitation of statistics
Objectives Explain the process of statistics
Know the difference between
descriptive and inferential statistics
Distinguish between qualitative and
quantitative variables
Distinguish between discrete and
continuous variables
Determine the level of measurement of
a variable
Application of Statistics
in Daily Life
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUThHJ6E3rY
Statistics is the science of
collecting, organizing,
summarizing, and analyzing
information to draw conclusions or
answer questions.
The information referred to the
definition is the data. According to
the Merriam Webster dictionary, data
are “factual information used as a
basis for reasoning, discussion, or
calculation”.
RELIABILITY VALIDITY
Reliability refers to the consistency of the measure.
High reliability indicates that the measurement
system produces similar results under the same
conditions.
Validity refers to whether the measurements reflect
what they’re supposed to measure. It refers to the
measurement's accuracy.
What is a Statistical Question?
A statistical question is one that can
be answered by collecting data and
for which there will be variability in
that data.
What is a Non-Statistical Question?
A question is not a statistical
question if it has an exact answer.
Ex.
1. What is the favorite menu item for customers
in Tito Renz restaurant?
2. What time do most San Josenos eat their
lunches?
3. Do you like coffee?
4. What do MA and IA students prefer to do
after onsite class?
Limitation of Statistics
Statistics does not study individuals.
Statistical laws are not exact.
Statistics table may be misused.
Statistics is only, one of the
methods of studying a problem.
Statistical results are not always
beyond doubt.
https://ori.hhs.gov/module-3-elements-research-section-3
Lind, D., Marchal, W., & Wathen, S. (2006). Basic Statistics for Business & Economics (5th ed.). Mc Graw Hill.
file:///Users/jonathanmorano/Downloads/Basic%20Statistics%20for%20Business%20&%20Economics%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf
Universe is the set of all entities under study.
A Population is the total or entire group of individuals
or observations from which information is desired by a
researcher.
Examples:
Total number of enrollees at CCSJDM.
Collection of all books in the library.
The whole number of registered nurses.
Sample is a subset or sub collection of elements drawn
from a population. It refers to the proportion of a
population.
Examples:
A city survey uses a sample of 1,500 newly
graduates of Senior High at CCSJDM.
A doctor conducts an interview to 10 dengue
victims from a local Barangay with 100 dengue
cases.
An individual is a person or object
that is a member of the population
being studied.
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/difference-between-parameters-and-statistics-in-studies.html
Types of Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
Descriptive statistics consist of organizing and
summarizing data. Descriptive statistics describe data
through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs.
Inferential statistics uses methods that take a result
from a sample, extend it to the population, and measure
the reliability of the result.
Descriptive statistics
Examples:
The average body temperature from a random
sample of 100 teenagers is 36.78 C
From 1000 sample of senior high teachers in
Central Luzon region, it was found that the
majority of their monthly income is P25,000.00
Inferential statistics
Example:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1249252/philippines-daily-time-spent-on-mobile-internet/
Inferential statistics
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1249252/philippines-daily-time-spent-on-mobile-internet/
Example: Consider the Scenario
You are walking down the street and notice that a
person walking in front of you drops PHP100. Nobody
seems to notice the PHP100 except you. Since you could
keep the money without anyone knowing, would you
keep the money or return it to the owner?
Example: Consider the Scenario
Suppose you wanted to use this scenario as a gauge of
the morality of students at your school by determining
the percent of students who would return the money.
How might you do this?
Population
All the students at CCSJDM
Sample
100 students
Suppose 70 of the 100 students stated that they would
return the money to the owner. We could present this
result by saying that the percent of students in the
survey who would return the money to the owner is 70%.
How about if we extend the results of our sample (100
students) to the population (All the students at CCSJDM)?
Based on a survey, 35% of the students from CCSJDM
would return the money to the owner.
Process of Statistics
01 02 03 04
Collect the
information Organize and Draw
Identify the needed to summarize conclusion
research answer the the from the
objective. questions. information. information.
Population Sample Descriptive Inferential
Formulate Statistics Statistics
Questions
https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/inferential-statistics//
Mr. A wants to open a coffee shop in New York, USA. To
design the appropriate menu, a survey is conducted on
300 residents with the aim of understanding their tastes
and preferences. The survey includes people of different
age groups, gender, and income class. After applying
the tools of inferential statistics, the results are stated
as follows:
70% of women like the caramel macchiato.
50% of the total residents like café mocha.
Almost 100% of the adults like Americano coffee.
25% of teenagers like café latte.
Types of Variables
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Qualitative variables (Categorical) are variable that
yields categorical responses. It is a word or a code that
represents a class or category.
Quantitative variables (Numeric) take on numerical
values representing an amount or quantity.
Gender
Religion
Race
“Yes” or “No” response
Color of the skin
Weights
Heights
Temperature
Scores
Number of enrollees
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Examples: Examples:
Gender Weights
Religion Heights
Race Temperature
Responses such Age
as “Yes” or “No” Number of
Color of the skin enrollees
Classification of Quantitative Variables
DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
A discrete variable is a quantitative variable that either
a finite number of possible values or a countable
number of possible values. If you count to get the value
of a quantitative variable, it is discrete.
A continuous variable is a quantitative variable that has
an infinite number of possible values that are not
countable. If you measure to get the value of a
quantitative variable, it is continuous.
Weight
Height
No. of members in a
household
Speed of train
No. of body temperatures
recorded
Temperature
No. of enrollees
Age
DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
Examples: Examples:
No. of members Weights
in a household Heights
No. of body Speed of train
temperatures Temperature
recorded
No. of enrollees
Age
Levels of Measurement
In statistics, level of measurement is a classification that relates the values that
are assigned to variables with each other. In other words, level of
measurement is used to describe information within the values.
NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO
Nominal scale is a naming scale, where variables are
simply “named” or labeled, with no specific order.
Examples:
1. Gender | 1-Male ; 2-Female
2. Basketball Uniform Numbers | 23-Jordan; 6-Lebron;
33-Kareem
Ordinal scale has all its variables in a specific order,
beyond just naming them.
Examples:
Competition Rank Level of Satisfaction
1 - Champion 1 - Very Satisfied
2 - 1st Place 2 - Satisfied
3 - 2nd Place 3 - Unsatisfied
4 - 3rd Place 4 - Very Unsatisifed
Interval scale offers labels, order, as well as, a specific
interval between each of its variable options. It has no
"true zero".
Examples: Temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius
+20°
+10°
0°
-10°
-20°
Ratio scale bears all the characteristics of an interval
scale. It has a"true zero".
Examples: Weight in Pounds
40 lbs.
30 lbs.
20 lbs.
10 lbs.
0 lb. | no weight or an absence of weight
(true zero point)
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