Chemistry: Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Objectives:
7b. Students know chemical processes can either release (exothermic) or absorb
(endothermic) thermal energy.
7c. Students know energy is released when a material condenses or freezes
(exothermic) and is absorbed when a material evaporates or melts (endothermic).
What is Energy? ---> The ability to do work
Energy
Kinetic Potential
energy energy
(EK) (EP)
Energy due to Energy due to
motion position (stored
energy)
Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
E = EK + EP
Kinetic energy & potential energy
are interchangeable
Ball thrown upwards The reverse happens
slows & loses kinetic as it falls back to
energy but gains the ground
potential energy
Law of Conservation of
Energy:
the total energy of the universe is constant and
can neither be created nor destroyed; it can
only be transformed.
Systems & Surroundings
the world is divided into a system and its surroundings
A system is the part of the world we want to study
(e.g. a reaction mixture in a flask)
The surroundings consist of everything else outside
the system
Systems & Surroundings
SYSTEM
OPEN
ISOLATED
CLOSED
OPEN SYSTEM: can exchange both
matter and energy with the
surroundings (e.g. open reaction flask,
rocket engine)
CLOSED SYSTEM: can exchange only
energy with the surroundings (matter
remains fixed) e.g. a sealed reaction
flask
ISOLATED SYSTEM: can exchange
neither matter nor energy with its
surroundings (e.g. a thermos flask)
What is heat?
HEAT is the energy that transfers from one object to
another when the two things are at different
temperatures and in some kind of contact
e.g. kettle heats on a stove
cup of tea cools down (loses energy as heat)
Heat is energy in transit
UNITS OF ENERGY
S.I. unit of energy is the joules (J)
Heat and work ( energy in transit) also measured
in joules
1 kJ (kilojoule) = 103 J
Calorie (cal): 1 cal is the energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1g of water by 1oC
1 cal = 4.184 J
ENTHALPY (H)
Heat content of a substance
H = Hproducts - Hreactants
H difference of heat content of
products and reactants
First Law of Thermodynamics:
*the internal energy of an isolated system
is constant
*energy is always conserved
Signs (+/-) will tell you if energy is
entering or leaving a system
+ indicates energy entering a system
- indicates energy leaving a system
EXOTHERMIC & ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS
Exothermic process: a change (e.g. a
chemical reaction) that releases heat.
Burning fossil
fuels is an
exothermic
reaction
Endothermic process:
a change (a chemical reaction) that requires (or
absorbs) heat.
Photosynthesis is an
endothermic reaction Forming Na+ and Cl-
(requires energy input ions from NaCl is an
from sun) endothermic process
Measuring Heat
Exothermic reaction,
reaction
heat given off & temperature of water
rises
Endothermic reaction,
reaction
heat taken in & temperature of water
drops
All chemical reactions either release or
absorb heat
Exothermic reactions:
Reactants products + heat as energy
e.g. burning fossil fuels
Endothermic reactions:
Reactants + heat as energy products
e.g. boiling water
∆H (‘delta H’) is the symbol
for the ‘change in energy’.
In an exothermic reaction
the products have less
energy than the reactants.
∆H is negative for an
In an endothermic
reaction the products
have more energy than
the reactants.
∆H is positive for an
endothermic reaction.
Concept Check
Look at the chemical reaction below.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Which statement BEST describes the chemical reaction?
A. The reaction absorbs energy
B. The reaction releases energy
C. The reaction neither releases nor absorbs energy
D. The reactants have energy but the products are energy-free
Concept Check
Look at the chemical reaction below.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Which statement BEST describes the chemical reaction?
A. The reaction absorbs energy
B. The reaction releases energy
C. The reaction neither releases nor absorbs energy
D. The reactants have energy but the products are energy-free
Evaporation
Energy has to be supplied to a liquid
to enable it to overcome forces
that hold molecules together
• endothermic process (positive)
Melting
Energy is supplied to a solid to enable it
to vibrate more vigorously until
molecules can move past each other and
flow as a liquid
• endothermic process ( positive)
Freezing
Liquid releases energy and allows
molecules to settle into a lower energy
state and form a solid
• exothermic process ( negative)
(we remove heat from water when
making ice in freezer)
Bond Strengths
• bond breaking requires energy
• bond making releases energy
Concept Check
Which term BEST describes the energy process involved in
forming a chemical bond?
A. Endothermic
B. Exothermic
C. Kinetic
D. Potential
Concept Check
Which term BEST describes the energy process involved in
forming a chemical bond?
A. Endothermic
B. Exothermic
C. Kinetic
D. Potential
Concept Check
Which term BEST describes the energy process involved in
breaking a chemical bond?
A. Endothermic
B. Exothermic
C. Kinetic
D. Potential
Concept Check
Which term BEST describes the energy process involved in
breaking a chemical bond?
A. Endothermic
B. Exothermic
C. Kinetic
D. Potential
Concept Check
Why must heat be absorbed in order for water to
boil?
A. To make more molecules
B. To form the bonds for the gas
C. To break the bonds of the liquid
D. To reduce the motion of molecules
Concept Check
Why must heat be absorbed in order for water to
boil?
A. To make more molecules
B. To form the bonds for the gas
C. To break the bonds of the liquid
D. To reduce the motion of molecules
WHY DO THINGS
•
DISSOLVE?
Substances dissolve because energy and matter tend to
disperse (spread out in disorder)
• If it dissolves and solution heats up : exothermic
•If it dissolves and solution cools down: endothermic
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
*the disorder (or entropy) of a system tends to
increase
*any physical or chemical change must result in an
increase in the entropy of the universe
ENTROPY (S)
•Entropy is a measure of disorder
• Low entropy (S) = low disorder
•High entropy (S) = greater disorder
Total entropy = entropy change + entropy change of
change of system surroundings
Dissolving
disorder of disorder of
solution surroundings
• must be an overall increase in disorder for dissolving to occur
1. If we freeze water, disorder of the water
molecules decreases , entropy decreases
2. If we boil water, disorder of the water molecules
increases , entropy increases (vapor is a highly
disordered state)
