CHAPTER -4 DESIGN CRITERIA
4.1 DESIGN PERIOD
The Pumping main, both existing and proposed, are designed for ultimate water demand of the year
2048 and pump sets are designed for prospective water demand of the year 2033. The prospective
and ultimate waler demand is assessed for the years 2033 and 2048 respectively considering 201ff as
base year.
4.2 POPULATION
The population projections made based census date and the water demand for ach water supply
zone may calculated in accordance with the projected population for the given area as presented in
Chapter 4.
4.3 WATER DEMAND PER CAPITA
Water demand I be estimated based on the unit demand norms along with the projected population
per ULB boundary limits. Unit demand norms planned to be adopted are shown in Table 4-1 below.
Table 6.1: Unit water demand norms
category CPHEEO norms (LPCD) Remarks
Residential 135 CPHEEO manual
Commercial and floating 45 CPHEEO manual and NBC
population manual
4.4 FIRE DEMAND
Water Supply requirements for firefighting will depend on various factors like type of construction,
nature of occupancy, type and quantity of material handled and stored etc. the essential
requirements for any source of water for firefighting shall be
. Read available of supply at all time
. Easily approachable and workable by normal fire appliances
. Water supply pipeline located within workable distance.
The fire town/city seldom uniform throughout and it may vary widely different areas. It may be
lowest in well laid out predominantly residential locality, with small shopping centres and increasing
in thickly populated congested areas, commercial Centres, ware houses and industrial complex
areas. The overall requirements may, therefore, needs to be worked out on population basis.
Hence, Fire demand will be computed as 100/P where p population in thousands.
4.5 Peak Factor
The Peak Factor is the ratio of maximum to average daily flow and is a function of service area
population. This factor is applied to the average dally water flows to account for higher than normal
daily flows. Design peak factors are summarized in Table 4-2 with reference to contributory
Population.
Table 4.2: peak factor consideration
item Contributory Peak factor
population(capita)
1 Up to 20000 3.0
2 20000 to 50000 2.5
3 50000 to 750000 2.25
4 Above 750000 2.00
4.6 Transmission System
Transmission system for both Raw clear water pumping station will be designed with23.5
hours/ day pumping. A minimum residual pressure of 2.0 m will be considered over the full
supply level of the reservoirs. The minimum design velocity of 0.80 m/sand the maximum
velocity of 2.5 m/s will be maintained.
4.7 Excavation Depth
All water supply pipes wit be generally laid below ground with the clear cover of 1m above
the crown of the pipes.
4.8 'C' Value
This will be purely on the basis of the pipe material selected. For DL, MS pipes a value of 140
is considered and for Plastic pipe such as HDPE-145 will be considered.
Table 4-3: ‘c’ value considerations
s.no Pipe materials C value
1 Mild steel and DI pipes with centrifugally line with 140
cement mortar lining
2 Plastic pipes (HDPE) 145
4.9 Frictional Loss Formula
Based on prior experience, is proposed network analysis Hazen William's equation for the
network analysis.
Hazen Willem's Equation: Q= 1.292 x 10^-5xCxD^2.63x (Hf/L)^0.54
Where Q =Flow (cum/hr)
D= Diameter of pipe (mm)
Hf= Head loss (m)
L= length of pipe (m)
C =Hazan William's constant.
4.10 Bedding
Fine sand or quarry dust screened excavation material type of bedding will be provided
depending on the depth of pipe line, backfill pressure & type of pipe. The depth of bedding
will be about 15 for pipe diameters up 400 mm and 20 for pipes greater than 400 mm dia.
Sand encasements all round the pipes up to the pipe crown level will be suggested to avoid
corrosiveness of the soil if any for metallic pipes only
6.11 Valves
For operation and maintenance of transmission distribution system minimum numbers of
valves are necessary, Ideally in a continuous supply system every branch should have a valve
to enable isolation of line in stretches. The transmission and distribution mains will be
provided with the following appurtenances and specials as per the following appurtenances
and specials as per the following criteria.
. The mains will be provided with sluice valves for isolation of different loop networks. The
size of the valve is same as pipe diameter upto300 mm Dia and 2/3" for pipe diameters
greater than 300mm dia.
. Main valves (above 300mm Dia) are enclosed in valve chambers with manhole cover.
. At bends and gaps, suitable specials are provided. The use of specials will be kept to the
minimum possible.
. Pressure reducing valves be provided to reduce the pressure difference between the
locations of the same zones to maximum of 3-5 m.
. valves will be suggested summit location and at every 500 m interval on the rising main
feeder mains/ clear water transmission main.
6.12 Pipe Material
Pipes represent a large proportion of the capital investments of the water supply
network. The pipe materials have to be judiciously selected not from the
point of view of durability, overall installation and maintenance cost of the pipeline
should also be considered to ensure that the function and performance of the pipeline is
assured throughout the design life. Selection of pipe material will be based on the
following considerations, Initial carrying capacity of pipe and its reduction with use i.e.
. Hazan Willam's coefficient C.
. Ability of pipe to resist Internal pressure external loads.
. Life and durability of pipe.
. Ease in transportation, handling and laying.
. Economy and availability of pipes and specials.
. Availability of skilled manpower in construction and commissioning of pipelines.
. Esse in operations and maintenance.
The following pipes be for transmission and distribution network HOPE DI, CI, AC and MS
pipes. Also, the following pipe materials are generally available in the market, widely used in
the water industry and hence analysed separately for transmission and distribution system.
The recommendations for Transmission and distribution system are provided below. The
study and selection of pipe materials based upon the material quality, cost economics, ease
in construction and maintenance activity.
Transmission system: Transmission is generally the pipe network connecting the proposed
Intake to WTP and from WTP to respective service reservoirs. From pipe material
comparison, for transmission main system, HDPE, Dr and M pipes can be used. For pumping
main system where head generated is less than 50 (including surge) HDPE pipe (PE-100-PN
10) can be used for pipe Dia upto250mm and Di-K7/K9 pipes for pipe diameters above
250mm to 600mm. For pipes above 600mm die MS pipes with internal cement mortar lining
and external guiniting can be used. For pressure greater than 50m heed, DI-K pipes will be
used for pipes upto600mm Dia and MS pipes (with internal cement mortar lining and
external guiniting) for Pipes greater than 600mm dia. This study assesses the suitability of
pipes of different materials for gravity pipe line.
The materials covered are:
. High density polyethylene (HDPE)
. Mild Steel (MS) and
. Ductile Iron (DI)
The main parameters which applicable 15 codes, basic been discussed are available sizes
and lengths, economics, weight, flexibility, available working pressure ratings, tensile
strength, impact strength, sese of tapping and repair, general availability in india, availability
of plant and skilled manpower for manufacturing, laying and maintenance, availability of
corrosion control techniques, ease of locating underground pipes, special bedding
requirements, laying speed and performance experience. Other pipe materials such as AC
and Cl are seldom used in water industry presently and hence have not been evaluated
here. Table 4-4 below the parameters of various pipe materials. The summary of the unit
cost estimates for transmission pipes are provided in table 6-5 and that transmission pipes is
provided as table 6-6 respectively the detailed costing for transmission pipe is provided as
table 6-6 respectively.
PIPE MATERIALS
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLINE (HDPE) PIPHIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENES (PE-100)
HOPE pipes are available in sizes up to 630 mm OD but they are commonly used up to 400
mm OD. The material is light, has very good impact strength, flexibility and corrosion
resistance. The jointing can be done by butt welding, insert jointing or by flange jointing and
requires skilled manpower. HDPE pipes are tough and resilient and conform to the
topography of land when laid above ground or in trenches. They can bend to some extent
thus reducing use of specials like bends, elbows etc., and thereby reducing installations
costs. HOPE pipes are easy to carry and install because of their lightness. Metallic tags could
be fixed at regular intervals for ease in locating the pipe with a pipe locator. These pipes
have a very high C-value (140), which does deteriorate much with age. The bedding material
has to be free and sharp edges. Fine sand or screened excavated material is ideal. if the
maximum pressure observed in the pipeline is about 30m, PNG (about twice the working
pressure) pressure rating pipes is recommended for the distribution system and if the
maximum residual pressure observed is about 50m. PN10 (about twice recommended.
working pressure) pressure rating pipes
MILD STEEL (MS) PIPES
This manufactured from mild steel plates for required sizes. The material has high impact
strength fabricated without difficulty. Dus high ductility Specials all kinds be elasticity, MS
pipes adopt themselves to changes in relative ground level without failure and hence are
suitable for laying in ground table to subsidence. Here MS pipe with flexible joints provides
additional safeguard against failure. MS pipes being flexible are best suited for high dynamic
loading. Because of its low resistance to corrosion, MS mains need protection from
corrosion internally and externally. The internal coating would improve the C- value. Skilled
manpower is available for laying and jointing of MS pipes. Tapping and repairs are easy.
When a pipeline has to be laid over waterway or railway. MS pipes are most suitable due to
their flexibility and their lightweight compared to CI/PSC pipes.
DUCTILE IRON, (DI) PIPES
Ductile Iron, also called nodular iron or spheroidal graphite has superior mechanical
characteristics. Ductile iron differs from cast iron by its greater tensile strength and by its
significant proof stress and elongation after yield. For protection from corrosion, inside and
outside linings are provided. Cement mortar lining material is typically applied. A seal coat
of asphalt material can also be applied over the cement mortar Iining. Polyethylene linings
epoxy coatings and linings are also used for special applications. Thus it has the durability of
CI and the ductile strength of MS. However it needs proper bedding and backfilling for sizes
700 mm and above due to its thin wall design. Of has edge over the Ci pipes though they
cost more. They are available with internal mortar lining. As the pipes are internal mortar
lined, they possess higher C-value (130). Therefore they have more hydraulic capacity than
Cl pipes of the same diameter. It has good Impact strength. They are more corrosion
resistant. Laying, jointing, operation and maintenance and ease of connection are similar to
Cl pipes.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE, (PSC) PIPES
Pre-stressed concrete pipe is a unique combination of durability of concrete andhigh
strength of steel combined with economy materials. PSC pipes carter for intermediate
pressure range for which metallic pipes cement concrete pipes would not be possible. These
pipes expensive and ideally suited for water supply mains with a pressure range of 0.6 to 2.0
MPa (6-20kgf/cm2) These pipes economically compete with steel pipes for diameters 600
mm and above.
PSC pipes cut to size to close gaps in the pipe-line. Special closure units are to be
manufactured to the exact length. Even though PSC pipes are very good in strength
manufacturing of these pipes calls for skilled personnel and special machinery. Thus they
cannot be manufactured near work sites, which results in higher transportation costs.
Table 4-4: Characteristics of various pipe materials
s.n parameter Pipe material
o HDPE MS DI
1 Diameter 20-600mm 150-2000 for 80-1000mm
EWS as required
2 Length(m) 6-30m in coils 5-10m for EWS 2.75-6m
as required
3 Applicable I.S codes for 4984,7328,7634 3589,5822 8329
manufacture laying and
jointing, fittings
4 weight light medium medium
5 flexibility maximum medium medium
6 Available working pressure 6.2-10 class-1-5 As required 16-25
range kg/cm2
7 Tensile strength 2.4 40 42
8 Impact strength Very good Very good Very good
9 c-value 130-150 100-130 130-140
10 Corrosion resistance Very good good More
resistance
with internal
lining and
outside
Guniting
11 Jointing method Butt welded Welded joint, Spigot &
flanged joint socket joint
Joint, flanged with rubber
Joint, insert joint ring, flanged
joint
12 Ease of tapping and repair easy Difficult when Difficult when
compared with compared
other plastic with other
material plastic
material
13 General availability Available in India Available in India Available in
India
14 Availability of corrosion N. A Inside mortar Polyethylene
control techniques lining outside sleeve for
guniting corrosive soil
practiced,
cathodic
protection can
be carried out.
15 Easy of location for Not easy easy easy
underground pipe
16 Special bedding Fine sand or Excavated Over 700mm
requirements screened material can be design being
excavated refiled after of a thin wall
material removal of hard special care
sharp edge needed in
material bedding &
backfilling
17 Laying speed fast slow fast
18 Pipe performance Good with Very good No experience
experience reputed corrodes rapidly in India needs
contractors with and fails if not protection
unskilled protected, from
contractor repairs are easy corrosion
leakages at joints
observed. Doses
not deteriorate
with time
19 Basic cost economics as N. S 100 for MS and N. S
compared to MS 1100- 81 to 91 for EWS
2000mm
Table 4-5: Unit cost statement for various pipe -transmission system
s.n Dia(mm) HDPE(PN- DI K-9 MS
o 10) 8mm 10mm
1 63 146
2 75 206
3 90 293
4 100/100 435 941
5 150/160 923 1388
6 200 1440 1852
7 250 2303 2430
8 300/315 3649 3110
9 350/355 4576 3878
10 400 6007 4678
11 500 9256 6513 7764
12 600/630 13513 8590 9265
13 700/710 17164 11116 10818 13379
14 800 21860 13763 12429 14187
15 900 16792 13872 15849
16 1000 19897 15594 17782
17 1200 24700 20208 23608
18 1400 24072 27355
Material/Dia 63 75 90 100/ 150/ 200 250 300/ 350
110 160 315 350
HDPE (PE 100) PN 10 Base pipe 146 206 293 435 923 1440 2303 3649
cost/RM
Laying+ joining+ 5 6 6 44 99 110 163 283
testing&
commissioning
Sand bedding 31.94 32.77 33.81 35.19 38.64 41.4 44.85 49.3
3
Total cost 182.94 244.7 332.8 514.19 1060. 1591 2510. 3981
7 1 . .
64 85
4 33
DI K9 Base pipe 0 0 0 941 1388 1852 2430 3110
cost/RM
Laying+ joining+ 41 50 64 74 81
testing&
commissioning
Corrosion (PE) 54 75 98 124 152
sleeves
Total cost 0 0 0 1036 1513 2014 2628 3343
MS-internal 8mm Base pipe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
cement cost/internal
mortar cement mortar
lining& lining &external
external 30mm cement
mortar short
crating
Laying+ joining+
testing&
commissioning
Total cost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30mm cement 10mm Base pipe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
mortar short cost/internal
crating cement mortar
lining &external
30mm cement
mortar short
crating
Laying+ joining+
testing
&commissionin
g
Total cost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
