BECE204L
MICROPROCESSORS AND
MICROCONTROLLERS
Dr. Padala Surya Teja Naga Srinivas
Assistant Professor
School of Electronics Engineering
Module:3
Microcontroller Architecture: Intel 8051
Microcontroller 8051 -
Organization and Architecture,
RAM-ROM Organization,
Machine Cycle,
Instruction set: Addressing modes,
Data Processing - Stack, Arithmetic, Logical;
Branching - Unconditional and Conditional, Assembly
programming.
Comprehend the architectures and
programming of 8051 microcontroller.
Example 3-1: Looping in the 8051
Write a program to
(a) clear ACC, then
(b) add 3 to the accumulator ten times.
Example 3-1: Looping in the 8051
Write a program to
(a) clear ACC, then
(b) add 3 to the accumulator ten times.
;This program adds value 3 to the ACC ten times
MOV A,#0 ;A=0, clear ACC
MOV R2,#10 ;load counter R2=10
AGAIN: ADD A,#03 ;add 03 to ACC
DJNZ R2,AGAIN ;repeat until R2=0(10 times)
MOV R5,A ;save A in R5
Example 3-1: Looping in the 8051
What is the maximum number of times that the loop in Example 3-1 can be
repeated?
Example 3-1: Looping in the 8051
What is the maximum number of times that the loop in Example 3-1 can be
repeated?
Since R2 holds the count and R2 is an 8-bit register, it can hold a
maximum of FFH (255 decimal); therefore, the loop can be
repeated a maximum of 256 times.
Example : Looping inside loop
Write a program to (a) load the accumulator with the value 55H, and (b)
complement the ACC 700 times.
Example : Looping inside loop
Write a program to (a) load the accumulator with the value 55H, and (b)
complement the ACC 700 times.
Since 700 is larger than 255 (the maximum capacity of any register), we use two
registers to hold the count. The following code shows how to use R2 and R3 for the
count.
MOV A,#55H ;A=55H
MOV R3,#10 ;R3=10, the outer loop count
NEXT: MOV R2,#70 ;R2=70, the inner loop count
AGAIN: CPL A ;complement A register
DJNZ R2,AGAIN ;repeat it 70 times (inner loop)
DJNZ R3,NEXT
In this program, R2 is used to keep the inner loop count. In the instruction “DJNZ
R2,AGAIN”, whenever R2 becomes 0 it falls through and “DJNZ R3,NEXT” is
executed. This instruction forces the CPU to load R2 with the count 70 and the
inner loop starts again. This process will continue until R3 becomes zero and the
outer loop is finished.
Write a program to determine if R5 contains the value 0. If so, put 55H in it.
Write a program to determine if R5 contains the value 0. If so, put 55H in it.
MOV A,R5 ;copy R5 to A
JNZ NEXT ;jump if A is not zero
MOV R5,#55H
NEXT: ...
Find the sum of the values 79H, F5H, and E2H. Put the sum in registers R0 (low
byte) and R5 (high byte).
MOV A,#0 ;clear A(A=0)
MOV R5,A ;clear R5
ADD A,#79H ;A=0+79H=79H
JNC N_1 ;if no carry, add next number
INC R5 ;if CY=1, increment R5
N_1: ADD A,#0F5H ;A=79+F5=6E and CY=1
JNC N_2 ;jump if CY=0
INC R5 ;If CY=1 then increment R5(R5=1)
N_2: ADD A,#0E2H ;A=6E+E2=50 and CY=1
JNC OVER ;jump if CY=0
INC R5 ;if CY=1, increment 5
OVER: MOV R0,A ;Now R0=50H, and R5=02
Find the sum of the values 79H, F5H, and E2H. Put the sum in registers R0 (low
byte) and R5 (high byte).
Example 3-6
Using the following list file, verify the jump forward address calculation.
Line PC Opcode Mnemonic Operand
01 0000 ORG 0000
02 0000 7800 MOV R0,#0
03 0002 7455 MOV A,#55H
04 0004 6003 JZ NEXT
05 0006 08 INC R0
06 0007 04 AGAIN: INC A
07 0008 04 INC A
08 0009 2477 NEXT: ADD A,#77h
09 000B 5005 JNC OVER
10 000D E4 CLR A
11 000E F8 MOV R0,A
12 000F F9 MOV R1,A
13 0010 FA MOV R2,A
14 0011 FB MOV R3,A
15 0012 2B OVER: ADD A,R3
16 0013 50F2 JNC AGAIN
17 0015 80FE HERE: SJMP HERE
18 0017 END
First notice that the JZ and JNC instructions both jump forward. The
target address for a forward jump is calculated by adding the PC of the
following instruction to the second byte of the short jump instruction,
which is called the relative address.
In line 4 the instruction “JZ NEXT” has opcode of 60 and operand of 03
at the addresses of 0004 and 0005. The 03 is the relative address,
relative to the address of the next instruction INC R0, which is 0006. By
adding 0006 to 3, the target address of the label NEXT, which is 0009, is
generated.
In the same way for line 9, the “JNC OVER” instruction has opcode and
operand of 50 and 05 where 50 is the opcode and 05 the relative
address. Therefore, 05 is added to 000D, the address of instruction
“CLR A”, giving 12H, the address of label OVER.
Verify the calculation of backward jumps in Example .
Verify the calculation of backward jumps in Example .
In that program list, “JNC AGAIN” has opcode 50 and relative
address F2H. When the relative address of F2H is added to
15H, the address of the instruction below the jump, we have
15H + F2H = 07 (the carry is dropped).
Notice that 07 is the address of label AGAIN.
Look also at “SJMP HERE”, which has 80 and FE for the
opcode and relative address, respectively. The PC of the
following instruction, 0017H, is added to FEH, the relative
address, to get 0015H, address of the HERE label (17H + FEH =
15H). Notice that FEH is -2 and 17H + (-2) = 15H.
Any Questions?
