DESIG OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE

G.C.BEHERA

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 A: Programme B.Tech

Course Code PCI4I103

Course Name DEISGN OF CONCRETE

STRUCTURE
Semester 5th

Course Type Theory

Contact Hour 40

IA Marks 50

University Exam Marks 100

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 B: Course Prerequisites

Code Course Name Description Semester

PCME4202 Mechanics of Mod-II- Shear 3rd

Solid Force and
Bending Moment
for Simple Beams
PCME4202 Mechanics of Mod-II- 3rd
Solid Deflection of
Beams

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 C: Course Objective

• To state the four objectives of the design of

reinforced concrete structures and name the three
methods of design of concrete structure and
identify the best method of design,
• To state the basis of the analysis of the structure,
• Name the different loads, forces and effects to be
considered in the design,
• State the basis of determining the combination of
different loads acting on the structure.
• To gain basic knowledge to analyze the beams,
slabs, stair cases and Columns .

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 D: Course Syllabus:
• Design of Concrete Structures (3-0-0)
• Module I (10 Classes)
• Properties of concrete and reinforcing steel, philosophy, concept and methods of reinforced
concrete design, introduction to limit state method, limit state of collapse and limit state of
serviceability, application of limit state method to rectangular beams for flexure, shear,
bond and torsion
• Module II (8 Classes)
• Design of doubly reinforced beams, design of T and L beams, design of one way and two
way slabs, design of staircases.
• Module III (8 Classes)
• Design of short and long columns with axial and eccentric loadings, Design of isolated and
combined column footings
• Module IV (8 Classes)
• Retaining walls, various forces acting on retaining wall, stability requirement, design of
cantilever and counterfort retaining walls,
• Module V ( 6 Classes)
• Design of water tanks, design requirements, design of tanks on ground, under ground and
elevated water tanks.

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 BOOKS AND DIGITAL LEARNING
SOURCE
Books:
1. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structue by N. Subramanian, Oxford University
Press
2. Limit State Design by A.K.Jain, Neemchand& Bros
3. Reinforced Concrete Design by S U Pillai & D. Menon, McGraw Hill
4. Design of concrete structures by J.N.Bandyopadhyay, PHI
5. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete -P.C Verghese
6. Reinforced Concrete Design by S.N.Sinha, McGraw Hill
7. RCC Design-B.C.Punmia, A.K.Jain and A.K.Jain-Laxmi Publications
Digital Learning Resources:
Course Name Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 12 weeks
Course Link (https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/105/105105105/)
Course Instructor PROF. NIRJHAR DHANG, ,IIT Kharagpur

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 E: Course Outcome
• Students who successfully complete this course will be
able to

– Identify and compute the main mechanical properties of

concrete and steel.
– Identify and calculate the design loads and distribution.
– Apply the strength method to design R.C. structural
members.
– Analyze and design R.C. beams and slabs for flexure and
shear.
– Analyze and design short and slender R.C. columns and
their footings.
– Analyze and design retaining structures.

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 F: Programme Outcomes Addressed to the students
PO-1 Engineering Knowledge CO-1
PO-2- Problem Analysis CO 4,5&6,
PO-3- Design / development of Solution CO 4,5 & 6,
PO-4- Conduct Analysis on complex analysis CO-2, CO-3
PO-5 Modern Tool Usages
PO-6 Engineer and Society CO-3
PO-7- Environment and Sustainability CO-1
PO-8- Ethics
PO-9- Individual and Team work 2,3,4,5 & 6
PO-10-Communication
PO-11- Project Mang. And Finance
Po-12- Life Long Learning CO-2

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 G. Gaps in the Syllabus (if Any) to meet Industry
Requirement
Gap-1- Complete Design of a structure not included in the
syllabus.
Gap-2-Not more emphasis is given on field calculations.

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 H: Topics beyond Syllabus/ Advanced
Topics
Design of Lintels, Chhaza
A complete design methodology.

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 I: Assessment Methodologies:

S.N Description Type

1 Assignment Direct
2 Internal Exam Direct
3 University Exam Direct
4 Tutorial Direct
5 Presentation Direct
Student Feedback Indirect
6 Employer feedback Indirect

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 J: Course Plan:
S.N Day Chapter/ Topics To be Covered Topics
Module Covered
01 I Properties of concrete ,comp, tensile and other properties

02 I
Objective of design , concept and methods of reinforced concrete design
03 I
Introduction to limit state method, Limit state of collapse , Limit state of serviceability
04 I Analysis of Limit state method to rectangular beams for flexure, Determination of NA
axis, MOR, Percentage of steel
05
MOR of under reinforced, balance and over reinforced beam
06 I Application of Limit state method to rectangular beams for shear
07 I
Shear design of beams
08 I
Application of Limit state method to rectangular beams for bond, bond length
calculation, Hooks
09 I
Design of a complete rectangular Simply supported beam, effective length
calculations, design parameters
10 I
Application of Limit state method to rectangular beams for torsion.

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 J: Course Plan:
S.N Da Chapter/ Topics To be Covered Topics
y Module Covered
11 II 11
Analysis of doubly reinforced beams
12 II 12
Design of doubly reinforced beams
13 II 13

Analysis of Flanged section.

14 II 14

Design of T beam, L beam

15 II 15

Analysis of one way slabs

16 II 16
Design of two way slab
17 II 17
Analysis of two way slabs
18 II 18
Calculation of loads of staircases.

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 J: Course Plan:
S.N Da Chapter/ Topics To be Covered Topics
y Module Covered
19 III 19
Analysis of short with axial loading,
20 III 20
Design of short with axial loading,
21 III 21

Analysis of short columns with eccentric loading,

22 III 22

Analysis of long columns

23 III 23

Analysis of long columns

24 III 24
Design of isolated column footing.
25 III 25
Problems on combined footing
26 III 26
Problems on combined footing

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 J: Course Plan:
S. Da Chapte Topics To be Covered Topics
N y r/ Covere
Module d
27- IV 27-28
28 Retaining Walls and forces acting , Stability
29- IV 29-30
30 Design of Cantilever type retaining wall
31- IV 31-32
32
Design of Cantilever type retaining wall
33- IV 33-34
34
Design of Counterfort retaining wall
35- V 35-36
36
Design of ground water tank
37- V 37-38
38 Design of Ground water tank
39- V 39-40
40 Design of Elevated water tank

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 MODULE-1 CLASS -1
• Concrete highest consumed material.
• Italian architect Ponti once remarked that concrete liberated
us from the rectangle
• Due to its flexibility in form and superiority in performance,
it has replaced, to a large extent, the earlier materials like
stone, timber and steel.
• Further, architect's scope and imaginations have widened to
a great extent due to its mouldability and monolithicity.
Thus, it has helped the architects and engineers to build
several attractive shell forms and other curved structures.
However, its role in several straight line structural forms like
multistoried frames, bridges, foundations etc. is enormous.

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 Objectives of the Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
• The structures so designed should have an
acceptable probability of performing
satisfactorily during their intended life.
• The designed structure should sustain all
loads and deform within limits for
construction and use.
• The designed structures should be durable.
• The designed structures should adequately
resist to the effects of misuse and fire.
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 How to fulfil the objectives?
To fulfil objective it is necessary
• To understand the strength and deformation
characteristics of the materials used in the design
as also their deterioration under hostile
exposure.
What are the materials : Concrete, Reinforcement
What is concrete
Why reinforcement
What is reinforcement

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 CLASS-1.1
Properties of concrete ,comp, tensile
and other properties

G.C.Behera

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 19

 Comp. Strength of Concrete
• The strength and deformation characteristics of concrete
thus depend on the grade and type of cement, aggregates,
admixtures, environmental conditions and curing. The
increase of strength with its age during curing is considered
to be marginal after 28 days. Blended cements (like fly ash
cement) have slower rate of strength gain than ordinary
Portland cement as recognized by code, Depending on
several factors during its preparation, placement and
curing, concrete has a wide range of compressive strength
and the material is graded on the basis of its compressive
strength on 28th day also known as "characteristic strength"
as defined below while discussing various strength and
deformation properties.

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 Characteristic strength
• Characteristic strength is defined as the strength below which not
more than five per cent of the test results are expected to fall.
Concrete is graded on the basis of its characteristic compressive
strength of 150 mm size cube at 28 days and expressed in N/mm2.
• The grades are designated by one letter M (for mix) and a number
from 10 to 80 indicating the characteristic compressive strength
(fck) in N/mm2. As per IS 456 (Table 2), concrete has three groups
as
• (i) ordinary concrete (M 10 to M 20),
• (ii) standard concrete (M 25 to M 55) and
• (iii) high strength concrete (M 60 to M 80).
The size of specimen for determining characteristic strength may
be different in different countries.

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 Procedure for Compressive strength
• IS 516-1959
• Temp-(27±3)0 C
• Mixing by Machine power loaded
• Add all the mixing water into the drum before solid material.
• solid materials: the skip shall be loaded with about half of coarse
aggregate, then with the fine aggregate, then with the cement and
then with the remaining coarse aggregate on top.
Mixing by drum hand operated
• materials in a similar manner, and the water shall be added
immediately before the rotation of the drum is started.
• The period of mixing shall be not less than 2 minutes after all the
materials are in the drum, and shall continue till the resulting
concrete is uniform in appearance. When using
• pan mixers, the concrete shall be heaped together before sampling.

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 22

 Hand Mixing --
The concrete batch shall be mixed on a watertight, non-absorbent
platform with a shovel, trowel or similar suitable implement, using
the following procedure:
• a) The cement and fine aggregate shall be mixed dry until the
mixture
is thoroughly blended and is uniform in colour,
• b) The coarse aggregate shall then be added and mixed with the
cement and fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniformly
distributed throughout the batch, and
• c) The water shall then be added and the entire batch mixed until
the concrete appears to be homogeneous and has the desired
consistency. If repeated mixing is necessary, because of the addition
of water in increments while adjusting the consistency, the batch
shall be discarded and a fresh batch made without interrupting the
mixing to make trial consistency tests.

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• Test specimens cubical in shape shall be 15 X 15 X
15 cm. If the largest nominal size of the
aggregate does not exceed 2 cn, 10 cm cubes
may be used as an alternative.
Cylindrical test
• specimens shall have a length equal to twice the
diameter. They shall be 15 cm in diameter and 30
cm long.
• Tamping Bar - The tamping bar shall be a steel
bar 16 mm diameter, 0·6 m long and bullet
pointed at the lower end.

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 MOULD
• The mould shall be of metal, preferably steel or cast iron, and stout
enough to prevent distortion. It shall be constructed in such a manner as
to facilitate the removal of the moulded specimen without damage.
• The height of the mould and the distance between opposite faces shall
be the specified size + 0·2 mm.
• The angle between adjacent internal faces and between internal faces
and top and bottom planes of the mould shall be 90° +0-5°. The interior
faces of the mould shall be plane surfaces with a permissible variation of
0·03 mm.
• Cylinders -- The cylindrical mould shall be of metal which shall be not
less than 3 mm thick. Each mould shall be capable of being opened
longitudinally to facilitate removal of the specimen and shall be provided
with a means of keeping it closed while in use. The ends shall not depart
from a plane surface, perpendicular to the axis of the mould, by more
than 0·05 mm. When assembled ready for use, the mean internal
diameter of the mould shall be 15·0 cm ±0·2 mm and in no direction
shall the internal diameter be less than 14·95 cm or more than 15·05
cm. The height shall be 30-0 cm ±0-1 cm.
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 COMPACTION
• Compacting by Hand – In uniform manner For
cubical specimens, in no case shall the
concrete be subjected to less than 35 strokes
per layer for 15 cm cubes or 25 strokes per
layer for 10 cm cubes. For cylindrical
specimens, the number of strokes shall not be
less than thirty per layer. The strokes shall
penetrate into the underlying layer and the
bottom layer shall be rodded throughout its
depth. Where voids arc left by the tamping
bar, the sides of the mould shall be tapped to
close the voids.
Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 26
 Compaction by vibration
• When compacting by vibration, each layer
shall be vibrated by means of an electric or
pneumatic hammer or vibrator or by means of
a suitable vibrating table until the specified
condition is attained.
• Capping Specimens - The ends of all cylindrical
test specimens that are not plane within 0·05
mm shall be capped.

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 27

 Curing -
• The test specimen- shall be stored in a place, free from vibration, in
moist air of at least 90 percent relative humidity and at a
temperature of 27° ± 2°e for 24 hours ± l hour from the time of
addition of water to the dry ingredients.
• After this period, the specimens shall be marked and removed from
the moulds and, unless required for test within 24 hours,
immediately submerged in clean, fresh water or saturated lime
solution and kept there until taken out just prior to test.
• The water or solution in which the specimens are submerged shall
be renewed every seven days and shall be maintained at a
temperature of 27° ± 2°C. The specimens shall not be alk.weo to
become dry at any time until they have been tested.

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 TESTING
• The testing machine CTM OR UTM
• The permissible error shall be not greater than ± 2
percent of the maximum load.
• specimens, the most usual being 7 and 28 days. Ages of
13 weeks and one year are recommended if tests at
greater ages are required. Where it may be necessary
to obtain the early strengths. tests may be made at the
ages of 24 hours ± 1/2 hour and 72 hours ± 2 hours.
• The ages shall be calculated from the time of the
addition of water to the dry ingredients.
• Number of Specimen - At least three specimens,
preferably from different batches, shall be made for
testing at each selected age.

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 29

• In the case of cubes, the specimen shall be placed In the
machine In such a manner that the load shall be applied to
opposite sides of the cubes as cast, not to the top and
bottom.
• The load shall be applied without shock and Increased
continuously at a rate of approximately 140 kg/sqcm/min
until the resistance of the specimen to the Increasing load
breaks down and no greater load can be sustained.
• The measured compressive strength of the specimen shall
be calculated by dividing the maximum load applied to the
specimen during the test by the cross-sectional area.
• Average of three values shall be taken as the representative
of the batch provided the Individual variation is not more
than ± 15 percent of the average. Otherwise repeat tests.

Monday, December 12,

G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 30
2022
 (b) Other strengths of concrete

• In addition to its good compressive strength,

concrete has flexural and splitting tensile
strengths too. The flexural and splitting tensile
strengths are obtained as described in IS 516
and IS 5816, respectively. However, the
following expression gives an estimation of
flexural strength (fcr) of concrete from its
characteristic compressive strength (cl. 6.2.2)

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 31

• The standard size shall be 15 x IS x 70 cm or
Alternatively, if the largest nominal size of the
aggregate docs not exceed 19 mm, specimens
10 x 10 x 5O cm may be used.
• Tamping Bar - The tamping bar shall be a steel
bar weighing 2 kg, 40 cm long, and shall have
a ramming face 25 mm square.

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 32

• The bed of the testing machine shall be provided with two
steel rollers, 38 mm in diameter, on which the specimen is
to be supported, and these
• rollers shall be so mounted that the distance from centre to
centre is 60 cm for 15·0 cm specimens or 40 cm for 10·0 cm
specimens, The load shall be applied through two similar
roller", mounted at the third points of the supporting span,
that is, spaced at 20 or 13·3 cm centre to centre.
The load shall be applied
• without shock and increasing continuously at a rate such
that the extreme fibre stress increases at approximately 7
kg/sq cn.rmm. that is, at a rate of loading of 400 kg/min for
the 15·0 cm specimen- and at a rate of 180 kg/min for the
10·0 cm specimens.

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 33

• when a is greater than 20 cm for 15·0 cm
specimen, or greater than 13.3 cm for a 10·0
cm specimen,
• when a is less than 20 cm but greater than17
cm for 15·0 cm specimen, or less than 13.3 cm
but greater than for a 10·0 cm specimen

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 34

 Elastic Modulus
• Ec = initial tangent
modulus at the origin,
also known as short term
static modulus
• Es = secant modulus at A
• Et = tangent modulus at A
• εe = elastic strain at A
• εi = inelastic strain at A

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 35

 (d) Shrinkage of concrete

• Shrinkage is the time dependent deformation,

generally compressive in nature. The constituents of
concrete, size of the member and environmental
conditions are the factors on which the total shrinkage
of concrete depends. However, the total shrinkage of
concrete is most influenced by the total amount of
water present in the concrete at the time of mixing for
a given humidity and temperature. The cement
content, however, influences the total shrinkage of
concrete to a lesser extent. The approximate value of
the total shrinkage strain for design is taken as 0.0003
in the absence of test data.

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 36

 CREEP
• Creep is another time dependent deformation of concrete by
which it continues to deform, usually under compressive
stress. The creep strains recover partly when the stresses are
released. creep recovery in two parts. The elastic recovery is
immediate and the creep recovery is slow in nature.

The creep of concrete is influenced by

• Properties of concrete
• Water/cement ratio
• Humidity and temperature of curing
• Humidity during the period of use
• Age of concrete at first loading
• Magnitude of stress and its duration
• Surface-volume ratio of the member

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 37

 Workability and Durability of Concrete

• Workability
• It is the property which determines the ease and
homogeneity with which concrete can be mixed,
placed, compacted and finished. A workable concrete
will not have any segregation or bleeding. Segregation
causes large voids and hence concrete becomes less
durable. Bleeding results in several small pores on the
surface due to excess water coming up. Bleeding also
makes concrete less durable. The degree of workability
of concrete is classified from very low to very high with
the corresponding value of slump in mm

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 38

 Durability of concrete

• A durable concrete performs satisfactorily in

the working environment during its
anticipated exposure conditions during
service. The durable concrete should have low
permeability with adequate cement content,
sufficient low free water/cement ratio and
ensured complete compaction of concrete by
adequate curing. For more information, please
refer to cl. 8 of IS 456.
Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 39
 Design mix and nominal mix concrete

• In design mix, the proportions of cement,

aggregates (sand and gravel), water and
mineral admixtures, if any, are actually
designed, while in nominal mix, the
proportions are nominally adopted. The
design mix concrete is preferred to the
nominal mix as the former results in the grade
of concrete having the specified workability
and characteristic strength (vide cl. 9 of IS
456).
Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 40
 Batching
• Mass and volume are the two types of
batching for measuring cement, sand, coarse
aggregates, admixtures and water. Coarse
aggregates may be gravel, grade stone chips or
other man made aggregates. The quantities of
cement, sand, coarse aggregates and solid
admixtures shall be measured by mass. Liquid
admixtures and water are measured either by
volume or by mass (cl. 10 of IS 456).

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 41

 Properties of Steel
• Steel is used as the reinforcing material in concrete to
make it good in tension. Steel as such is good in
tension as well as in compression. Unlike concrete,
steel reinforcement rods are produced in steel plants.
Moreover, the reinforcing bars or rods are
commercially available in some specific diameters.
Normally, steel bars up to 12 mm in diameter are
designated as bars which can be coiled for
transportation. Bars more than 12 mm in diameter are
termed as rods and they are transported in standard
lengths.
• Like concrete, steel also has several types or grades.
The four types of steel used in concrete structures as
specified in cl. 5.6 of IS 456 are given below:

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 42

(i) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars conforming to
IS 432 (Part 1)
(ii) High yield strength deformed (HYSD) steel bars
conforming to IS 1786
(iii) Hard-drawn steel wire fabric conforming to IS 1566
(iv) Structural steel conforming to Grade A of IS 2062.
Mild steel bars had been progressively replaced by
HYSD bars and subsequently TMT bars are promoted in
our country. The implications of adopting different
kinds of blended cement and reinforcing steel should
be examined before adopting.
Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 43
• Until the relevant Indian Standard specification
for reinforcing steel are modified to include the
concept of characteristic strength, the
characteristic value shall be assumed as the
minimum yield stress or 0.2% proof stress
specified in the relevant Indian Standard
specification. The characteristic strength of steel
designated by symbol fy (N/mm2)
•

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 44

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 45
Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 46
• Figures show the representative stress-strain curves for steel
having definite yield point and not having definite yield point,
respectively. The characteristic yield strength fy of steel is
assumed as the minimum yield stress or 0.2 per cent of proof
stress for steel having no definite yield point. The modulus of
elasticity of steel is taken to be 200000 N/mm2.
• For mild steel (Fig. Slide-26), the stress is proportional to the
strain up to the yield point. Thereafter, post yield strain
increases faster while the stress is assumed to remain at
constant value of fy.
• For cold-worked bars (Slide 27), the stress is proportional to
the strain up to a stress of 0.8 fy. Thereafter, the inelastic
curve is defined as given below:

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 47

• For cold-worked bars (slide-27),
the stress is proportional to the
strain up to a stress of 0.8 fy.
Thereafter, the inelastic curve is
defined as given in fig:
• Linear interpolation is to be done
for intermediate values. The two
grades of cold-worked bars used
as steel reinforcement are Fe 415
and Fe 500 with the values of fy
as 415 N/mm2 and 500 N/mm2,
respectively.

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 48

 MILD STEEL

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 49

 DESIGN PRINCIPLE

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 50

 DESIGN PRINCIPLE

Monday, December 12, 2022 G.C.BEHERA GCEK BHAWANIPATNA 51

 CLASS- 2

Objective of design , concept and

methods of reinforced concrete
design
 Objectives of the Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
• The structures so designed should have an
acceptable probability of performing
satisfactorily during their intended life.
• The designed structure should sustain all
loads and deform within limits for
construction and use.
• The designed structures should be durable.
• The designed structures should adequately
resist to the effects of misuse and fire.
12-12-2022 GCEKK, BHAWANIPATNA 53
 How to fulfil the objectives?
To fulfil objective it is necessary
• To understand the strength and deformation
characteristics of the materials used in the design
as also their deterioration under hostile
exposure.
What are the materials : Concrete, Reinforcement
What is concrete
Why reinforcement
What is reinforcement

12-12-2022 GCEKK, BHAWANIPATNA 54

In any method of design, the following are the common steps to be
followed:
(i) To assess the dead loads and other external loads and forces likely
to be applied on the structure,

(ii) To determine the design loads from different combinations of

loads,

(iii) To estimate structural responses (bending moment, shear force,

axial thrust etc.) due to the design loads,

(iv) To determine the cross-sectional areas of concrete sections and

amounts of reinforcement needed.
 Method of Design

• Three methods of design are accepted in cl.

18.2 of IS 456:2000 (Indian Standard Plain and
Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice,
published by the Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi). They are as follows:
• LIMIT STATE METHOD
• WORKKING STATE METHOD
• METHOD BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
• Many of the above steps have lot of uncertainties.
Estimation of loads and evaluation of material properties
are to name a few. Hence, some suitable factors of safety
should be taken into consideration depending on the
degrees of such uncertainties.
• Limit state method is one of the three methods of design as
per IS 456:2000. The code has put more emphasis on this
method by presenting it in a full section (Section 5), while
accommodating the working stress method in Annex B of
the code (IS 456). Considering rapid development in
concrete technology and simultaneous development in
handling problems of uncertainties, the limit state method
is a superior method where certain aspects of reality can be
explained in a better manner.
 LIMIT STATE
• Limit states are the acceptable limits for the safety and
serviceability requirements of the structure before failure
occurs. The design of structures by this method will thus
ensure that they will not reach limit states and will not
become unfit for the use for which they are intended. It is
worth mentioning that structures will not just fail or
collapse by violating (exceeding) the limit states. Failure,
therefore, implies that clearly defined limit states of
structural usefulness has been exceeded.
• Limit state of collapse was found / detailed in several
countries in continent fifty years ago. In 1960 Soviet Code
recognized three limit states: (i) deformation, (ii) cracking
and (iii) collapse.
(i) Limit state of collapse deals with the
strength and stability of structures
subjected to the maximum design
loads out of the possible
combinations of several types of
loads. Therefore, this limit state
ensures that neither any part nor
the whole structure should collapse
or become unstable under any
combination of expected overloads.
(ii) Limit state of serviceability deals
with deflection and cracking of
structures under service loads,
durability under working
environment during their
The two main limit states
anticipated exposure conditions
during service, stability of structures
as a whole, fire resistance etc.
 LIMIT STATE METHOD
• The term “Limit states” is of continental origin where there are two
limit states - serviceability / collapse. For reasons not very clear, in
English literature limit state of collapse is termed as limit state.
• limit state method of design has been found to be the best for the
design of reinforced concrete members. More details of this
method are explained in Module 3 (Lesson 4). However, because of
its superiority to other two methods (see sections 2.3.2 and 2.3.3 of
Lesson 3), IS 456:2000 has been thoroughly updated in its fourth
revision in 2000 taking into consideration the rapid development in
the field of concrete technology and incorporating important
aspects like durability etc. This standard has put greater emphasis
to limit state method of design by presenting it in a full section
(section 5), while the working stress method has been given in
Annex B of the same standard. Accordingly, structures or structural
elements shall normally be designed by limit state method.
 Design Loads

• The design loads are determined separately for

the two methods of design as mentioned below
after determining the combination of different
loads.
• In the limit state method, the design load is the
characteristic load with appropriate partial
safety factor (vide sec. 2.3.2.3 for partial safety
factors).
• In the working stress method, the design load is
the characteristic load only.
LOAD COMBINATION
 CHARACTERISTIC LOADS
• The characteristic values of loads are based on
statistical data. It is assumed that in ninety-five per
cent cases the characteristic loads will not be exceeded
during the life of the structures.
• However, structures are subjected to overloading also.
Hence, structures should be designed with loads
obtained by multiplying the characteristic loads with
suitable factors of safety depending on the nature of
loads or their combinations, and the limit state being
considered. These factors of safety for loads are
termed as partial safety factors (γf) for loads. Thus, the
design loads are calculated as
• Design load= Characteristic Load X Partial Load factor
 CHARACTERISTIC LOADS

Characteristic load = Average/mean load + K (s=standard deviation for load)

The value of K is assumed such that the actual load does not exceed the
characteristic load during the life of the structure in 95 per cent of the cases.
In absence of any data, loads given in various standards shall be assumed as
the characteristic loads.
 DESIGN LOAD
Values of Partial load factors

Load LIMIT State of Collapse LIMIT State of Serviceability

Combinati
on DL LL WL DL LL WL
DL+LL 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0
DL+WL 1.5or 1.5 1.0 1.0
0.91
DL+LL+WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8

Design load= Characteristic Load X Partial Load factor

 DIFFERENT LOADS
• Loads
• The following are the different types of loads and forces acting on the structure. As mentioned
earlier, their values have been assumed based on earlier data and experiences. It is worth
mentioning that their assumed values as stipulated in IS 875 have been used successfully.
• Dead loads
• These are the self weight of the structure to be designed. Needless to mention that the
dimensions of the cross section are to be assumed initially which enable to estimate the dead
loads from the known unit weights of the materials of the structure. The accuracy of the
estimation thus depends on the assumed values of the initial dimensions of the cross section.
The values of unit weights of the materials are specified in Part 1 of IS 875.
• Imposed loads
• They are also known as live loads and consist of all loads other than the dead loads of the
structure. The values of the imposed loads depend on the functional requirement of the
structure. Residential buildings will have comparatively lower values of the imposed loads
than those of school or office buildings. The standard values are stipulated in Part 2 of IS 875.
• Wind loads
• These loads depend on the velocity of the wind at the location of the structure, permeability of
the structure, height of the structure etc. They may be horizontal or inclined forces depending
on the angle of inclination of the roof for pitched roof structures. They can even be suction
type of forces depending on the angle of inclination of the roof or geometry of the buildings.
Wind loads are specified in Part 3 of IS 875.
•
 DIFFERENT LOADS
• Snow loads
• These are important loads for structures located in areas having snow fall, which gets
accumulated in different parts of the structure depending on projections, height, slope etc. of
the structure . The standard values of snow loads are specified in Part 4 of IS 875.
• Earthquake forces
• Earthquake generates waves which move from the origin of its location (epicenter) with
velocities depending on the intensity and magnitude of the earthquake. The impact of
earthquake on structures depends on the stiffness of the structure, stiffness of the soil media,
height and location of the structure etc.. Accordingly, the country has been divided into
several zones depending on the magnitude of the earthquake. The earthquake forces are
prescribed in IS 1893. Designers have adopted equivalent static load approach or spectral
method.
• Shrinkage, creep and temperature effects
• Shrinkage, creep and temperature (high or low) may produce stresses and cause deformations
like other loads and forces . Hence, these are also considered as loads which are time
dependent. The safety and serviceability of structures are to be checked following the
stipulations of cls. 6.2.4, 5 and 6 of IS 456:2000 and Part 5 of IS 875.
• Other forces and effects
• It is difficult to prepare an exhaustive list of loads, forces and effects coming onto the
structures and affecting the safety and serviceability of them. However, IS 456:2000
stipulates the following forces and effects to be taken into account in case they are liable to
affect materially the safety and serviceability of the structures. The relevant codes as
mentioned therein are also indicated below:
 CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH
• Characteristic strength of a material as obtained from the statistical approach
is the strength of that material below which not more than five per cent of the
test results are expected to fall .However, such characteristic strengths may
differ from sample to sample also. Accordingly, the design strength is
calculated dividing the characteristic strength further by the partial safety
factor for the material m , where m depends on the material and the limit
state being considered. Thus, K is 1.65 for 5% probability
Characteristic strength= Average/mean strength -K (standard deviation for strength)
• Standard Deviation=

Where, δ=deviation of the individual test strength from the average or

mean strength of n samples.
n= number of test results.
IS 456:2000 has recommended minimum value of n=30.
Design strength of material= Characteristic strength /Partial safety
factor for material
 CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH

Characteristic Strength= mean strength- k.S=fm-kS

S=standard deviation, k=1.65 for 5% probability
Characteristic strengths may differ from sample to sample also. Accordingly, the
design strength is calculated dividing the characteristic strength further by the partial
safety factor for the material.
Clause 36.4.2 of IS 456 states that m for concrete and steel should be taken as 1.5
and 1.15, respectively when assessing the strength of the structures or structural
members employing limit state of collapse.
 WHY LIMIT STATE
• Concept of separate partial safety factors of loads of different combinations in
the two limit state methods.

• (ii) Concept of separate partial safety factors of materials depending on their

quality control during preparation. Thus, γm for concrete is 1.5 and the same for
steel is 1.15. This is more logical than one arbitrary value in the name of safety
factor.

• (iii) A structure designed by employing limit state method of collapse and

checked for other limit states will ensure the strength and stability requirements
at the collapse under the design loads and also deflection and cracking at the
limit state of serviceability. This will help to achieve the structure with acceptable
probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the use for which it is
intended.
• (iv) The stress block represents in a more realistic manner when the structure is
at the collapsing stage (limit state of collapse) subjected to design loads.
 Working stress method

• This method of design, considered as the

method of earlier times, has several
limitations. However, in situations where limit
state method cannot be conveniently applied,
working stress method can be employed as an
alternative. It is expected that in the near
future the working stress method will be
completely replaced by the limit state
method. Presently, this method is put in
Annex B of IS 456:2000.
METHOD BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
• The designer may perform experimental investigations on
models or full size structures or elements and accordingly
design the structures or elements and also it should satisfy
design objectives. Moreover, the engineer-in-charge has to
approve the experimental details and the analysis
connected therewith.
• Though the choice of the method of design is still left to the
designer as per cl. 18.2 of IS 456:2000, the superiority of
the limit state method is evident from the emphasis given
to this method by presenting it in a full section (Section 5),
while accommodating the working stress method in Annex
B of IS 456:2000, from its earlier place of section 6 in IS
456:1978. It is expected that a gradual change over to the
limit state method of design will take place in the near
future after overcoming the inconveniences of adopting
this method in some situations.
STRESS STRAIN DIGRAM FOR
CONCRETE
MILD STEEL
HYSD BARS
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF BEAMS
 C C
T T
 ASSUMPTIONS
The following are the assumptions of the design of flexural members employing limit
state of collapse:
(i) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
This assumption ensures that the cross-section of the member does not warp due
to the loads applied. It further means that the strain at any point on the cross-
section is directly proportional to its distance from the neutral axis.
(ii) The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fibre is taken as
0.0035 in bending .
This is a clearly defined limiting strain of concrete in bending compression beyond
which the concrete will be taken as reaching the state of collapse. It is very clear
that the specified limiting strain of 0.0035 does not depend on the strength of
concrete.
(iii) The acceptable stress-strain curve of concrete is assumed to be parabolic .
The maximum compressive stress-strain curve in the structure is obtained by
reducing the values of the top parabolic curve (Figs. 21 of IS 456:2000) in two
stages. First, dividing by 1.5 due to size effect and secondly, again dividing by 1.5
considering the partial safety factor of the material. The middle and bottom curves
(Fig. 21 of IS 456:2000) represent these stages. Thus, the maximum compressive
stress in bending is limited to the constant value of 0.446 fck for the strain ranging
from 0.002 to 0.0035 ( Figs. 21 and 22 of IS 456:2000).
 ASSUMPTIONS
(iv) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
Concrete has some tensile strength (very small but not zero). Yet, this tensile
strength is ignored and the steel reinforcement is assumed to resist the tensile
stress. However, the tensile strength of concrete is taken into account to check the
deflection and crack widths in the limit state of serviceability.
(v) The design stresses of the reinforcement are derived from the representative stress-
strain curves as shown in Figs. 23A and B of IS 456:2000, for the type of steel used
using the partial safety factor m as 1.15.
In the reinforced concrete structures, two types of steel are used: one with definite
yield point (Figs. 23B of IS 456:2000) and the other where the yield points are not
definite (cold work deformed bars). The representative stress-strain diagram (Fig.
23A of IS 456:2000) defines the points between 0.8 fy and 1.0 fy in case of cold work
deformed bars where the curve is inelastic.
(vi) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not
be less than fy /(1.15 Es) + 0.002,
This assumption ensures ductile failure in which the tensile reinforcement
undergoes a certain degree of inelastic deformation before concrete fails in
compression.
 BEAM SECTIONS

Ast = area of tension steel

b = width of the beam
C = total compressive force of
concrete
D=Overall depth
d = effective depth of the beam
L = centre to centre distance
between supports
d-xu
T = total tensile force of steel
xu = depth of neutral axis from
the most compressed fibre
 SECTION ABOVE NEUTRAL AXIS

A1=b*(3/7)xu

xu

A2=b*(4/7)xu

A1=b*(3/7)xu

d-xu
Ast
 EQULIBRIUM EQUATIONS
The cross-sections of the beam under the applied loads as shown in Figure has three types of
combinations of shear forces and bending moments:
(i) only shear force is there at the support and bending moment is zero,
(ii) both bending moment (increasing gradually) and shear force (constant = P) are there between the
support and the loading point and
(iii) a constant moment (= PL/3) is there in the middle third zone i.e. between the two loads where
the shear force is zero.
Since the beam is in static equilibrium, any cross-section of the beam is also in static equilibrium.
Considering the cross-section in the middle zone ,
The three equations of equilibrium are the following
(i) Equilibrium of horizontal forces: Σ H = 0 gives T = C

(ii) Equilibrium of vertical shear forces: Σ V = 0

This equation gives an identity 0 = 0 as there is no shear in the middle third zone of the beam.

(iii) Equilibrium of moments: Σ M = 0,

This equation shows that the applied moment at the section is fully resisted by moment of the
resisting couple T a = C a , where a is the operating lever arm between T and C (Figs. 3.4.19 and 20).
 CALCULATION OF FORCES
• C = Total compressive force of concrete = C1 + C2
• C1 = Compressive force of concrete due to the constant stress of
0.446 fck and up to a depth of x3 from the top fibre
• C2 = Compressive force of concrete due to the convex parabolic
stress block of values ranging from zero at the neutral axis to 0.446
fck at a distance of x4
• x1 = Distance of the line of action of C1 from the most compressed
fibre
• x2 = Distance of the line of action of C2 from the most compressed
fibre
• x3 = Distance of the fibre from the most compressed fibre to where
the strain = 0.002 and stress = 0.446 fck
• x4 = Distance from N.A to the point where strain is 0.002 in
compression zone
• xu = Distance of the neutral axis from the most compressed fibre .
 CALCULATION OF COMPRESSIVE FORCE
• x3+x4=xu

• x4=(4/7)xu
x3=(3/7)xu
 CALCULATION OF xc

Equating Sum of All horizontal forces equal to zero

C=T
 CALCULATION OF MOR
As on a particular section Compressive
force C and Tension T are created and
both are equal in magnitude and 0.42 xu
opposite in diction and their line of c
action not in same point , it is creating a
couple . This couple or moment is
d-0.42 xu
Moment of Resistance(MOR) of the d
section which resists the external
moment. T
d’
If this MOR is greater or equal to the
external moment, the section is safe
MOR=( C or T ) * Lever arm
Lever arm= Distance between C and T=z
z-=d-0.42xu
OVER ,BALANCE AND UNDER
REINFORCED SECTIONS
G.C. BEHERA
 CALCULATION OF xc

Equating Sum of All horizontal forces equal to zero

C=T
CALCULATION OF MOR AND
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL
0.42 xu
c

d d-0.42 xu

d’ T
PECENTAGE OF STEEL
 ACTUAL STRESS STRAIN AND DESIGN
STRESS STRAIN CURVE

ACTUAL STRESS STRAIN

 BALANCE SECTION
When maximum stresses in concrete and steel
reach simultaneously, the section is known as
balance section. The strain in concrete is 0.0035
while strain in steel is (0.87fy/Es)+0.002
Taking Es=2.0*105 N/mm2

Xumax also known as xulimit

Independent of grade of concrete

 BALANCE SECTION (MOR)
• For a balance section, xu actual Neutral axis is
equal to critical neutral axis xumax or xulimit.

•
 BALANCE SECTION (MOR)

fck Values of ptlim Values of Mulim

Fe250 Fe415 Fe500 Fe250 Fe415 Fe500
20 1.76 0.96 0.75 2.96 bd2 2.76 bd2 2.66bd2
25 2.20 1.20 0.94 3.70 bd2 3.45 bd2 3.33 bd2
30 2.64 1.43 1.13 4.44 bd2 4.14 bd2 3.99 bd2
35 3.08 1.67 1.32 5.21 bd2 4.83 bd2 4.65 bd2
40 3.52 1.91 1.51 5.92 bd2 5.52 bd2 5.32 bd2
UNDER REINFORCED SECTION

Section fails in ductile manner

OVER EINFORCED SECTION
 OVER EINFORCED SECTION
• For over reinforced case, there are two possibilities.
Either strain in concrete is more than 0.0035 (The maximum strain in concrete at the outer
most compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending (which is not possible as there is
fracture in concrete at strain 0.0035)
or
strain in steel less than yield strain which is against assumption The maximum strain in the
tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than fy /(1.15 Es) + 0.002, This
assumption ensures ductile failure in which the tensile reinforcement undergoes a certain
degree of inelastic deformation before concrete fails in compression.

So, over reinforced section in limit state method is not allowed.

Failure is sudden, failure due to concrete.

Brittle failure

Moment of Resistance= MOR is calculated by putting xu=xumax

OVER ,BALANCE AND UNDER
REINFORCED SECTIONS
PROBLEMS
G.C. BEHERA
 TYPES OF PROBLEMS
• TYPE-1- TO DETERMINE MOR OF A GIVEN
SECTION
• It may be required to estimate the moment of
resistance.
GIVEN
• Section, b, D, effective cover,
• Ast,
• Grade of Concrete and Grade of Steel
 SOLUTION FOR TYPE-1
• STEPS
1. Find b, D, d, Ast, fck, fy
2. Calculate actual NA depth xu

3. Calculate Xumax = Xulimit

 SOLUTION FOR TYPE-1
• STEPS
4. A) If xuxulimit
Section is under-reinforced.
MOR is calculated taking tensile force into
consideration.
 SOLUTION FOR TYPE-1
• STEPS
4. B) If xu=xulimit
Section is Balance section.
MOR is calculated taking tensile force or
compression force into consideration.
Mu=Mulimit
 SOLUTION FOR TYPE-1
• STEPS
4. C) If xu> xulimit
Section is over reinforced.
MOR is calculated taking compression force
into consideration.
MOR is equal to Mulimit
Put xu=xulimit
Mu=Mulimit
 PROBLEM-TYPE-1
Determine the service imposed loads of two simply supported beam of same effective
span of 8 m and same cross-sectional dimensions, but having two different amounts of
reinforcement. Both the beams are made of M 20 and Fe 415.
 SOLUTION
Given data:
b = 300 mm,
d = 550 mm,
D = 600 mm,
Ast = 4*(/4)*(20)2=1256 mm2 (4-20 T),
Leff = 8 m
fck=20 MPa
fy=415 MPa
and boundary condition = simply supported
 SOLUTION
Step 1: Calculate actual NA depth xu

Xu= 209.9439 mm
Step 2:Calculate xulim

For Fe 415 xumax=xulim=0.48d= 264 mm

Step 3: xu<xulim
Section is under reinforced

MOR=209427197 Nmm=209.43 kNm

If load is w,
factor load=wu,
then external factor BM=Mu=wu*(leff)2
Mu= MOR= 209.43 kNm
 SOLUTION
• Factor BM=Mu=209.43=[wu*(leff)2 ]/8
• wu=26.1784 kN/m
• w= 26.1784/1.5 = 17.452266 kN/m
• w=DL+LL
• DL=0.3*0.6*1*25=4.5 kN/m
• LL= 17.452266 -4.5=12.952266 kN/m
• Maximum Service LL or Imposed Load that can
be given=12.952266 kN/m
 PROBLEM-TYPE-1
Determine the service imposed loads of two simply supported beam of same effective
span of 8 m and same cross-sectional dimensions, but having two different amounts of
reinforcement. Both the beams are made of M 20 and Fe 415.
 SOLUTION
Given data:
b = 300 mm,
d = 550 mm,
D = 600 mm,
Ast = 4*(/4)*(20)2+2*(/4)*(16)2=1658 mm2
(4-20 T, 2-16 T),
Leff = 8 m
fck=20 Mpa
fy=415 MPa
and boundary condition = simply supported
 SOLUTION
Step 1: Calculate actual NA depth xu

Xu= 277.1393 mm
Step 2:Calculate xulim

For Fe 415 xumax=xulim=0.48d= 264 mm

Step 3: xu> xulim
Section is over reinforced

MOR= 250403789 Nmm=250.40 kNm

If load is w,
factor load=wu,
then external factor BM=Mu=(1/8)*wu*(leff)2
Mu= MOR= 250.40 kNm
 SOLUTION
• Factor BM=Mu=250.40=wu*(leff)2
• wu=31.3 kN/m
• w= 31.3/1.5 = 20.866667 kN/m
• W=DL+LL
• DL=0.3*0.6*1*25=4.5 kN/m
• LL= 20.866667 -4.5=16.366667 kN/m
• Maximum Service LL or Imposed Load that can
be given= 16.366667 kN/m
 SOLUTION
• Factor BM=Mu=250.40=wu*(leff)2
• wu=31.3 kN/m
• w= 31.3/1.5 = 20.866667 kN/m
• w=DL+LL
• DL=0.3*0.6*1*25=4.5 kN/m
• LL= 20.866667 -4.5=16.366667 kN/m
• Maximum Service LL or Imposed Load that can
be given= 16.366667 kN/m
 SOLUTION

• Factor BM=Mu= As per steel

BM=Mu=262.87 kNm
This is not true. All the steel in tension
zone may not be yielded
 TYPES OF PROBLEMS-II
• To Compute Amount of Steel for a given load
• Given
Section (b,D, d)
Grade of Concrete and Steel
Service load,
Length of Beam and End Condition
 TYPES OF PROBLEMS-II
• Solution:
• Step-1
Compute Mu
Find Load w, Calculate wu
Find Mu from beam length and end condition
• Step-2
Compute Mulimit

Step-3 A)
If Mu< Mulimit
Design it as under reinforced
Mu=MOR

In the equation Mu known, only unknown is AstIn the equation Mu

As it a quadratic equation, solution will provide you two values
Find out the feasible one.
 TYPES OF PROBLEMS-II
Step-3 B)
If Mu= Mulimit
Design it as Balance section.
Mu=MOR

In the equation Mu known, only unknown is AstIn the equation Mu

As it a quadratic equation, solution will provide you two values
Find out the feasible one.
OR find xulimit

In the equation Mu known, only unknown is Ast

 TYPES OF PROBLEMS-II

Step-3 C)
If Mu> Mulimit
Design it as over reinforced
This section is not allowed in Limit state method.
Redesign the section.
Increase the section or make it doubly reinforced
section
 TYPES OF PROBLEMS-II
Problem: A rectangular beam 200 mm wide and 400 mm deep
upto centre of reinforcement. Design the beam if it has to
resist a moment 25 kNm. Use M20 and fe415
200 mm
Solution:
Step-1 Computation of Mu
M=25 kNm
Mu= Factor BM=1.5*25= 37.5 kNm 400
Step-2 Computation of Mulimit mm

Mulimit=.36*20*.48*(1-0.42*.48)*200*4002=88.30 kNm
As Mu< Mulimit
Design it as under reinforced
 TYPES OF PROBLEMS-II
Mu= Factor BM=1.5*25= 37.5 kNm

Ast= 279.99= 280 mm2

Ast= 3575.4048 mm2 Discard this result
 ASSIGNMENT –POBLEM TYPE-II
Problem: A rectangular beam 200 mm wide and 400 mm deep
upto centre of reinforcement. Design the beam if it has to
resist a moment 60 kNm. Use M25 and fe500
200 mm

400
mm
DESIGN OF BEAMS
G.C. BEHERA
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
• Clear distance between walls = 6m
• Thickness of one wall =300 mm
• Thickness of another wall =400 mm
• Effective depth of beam= 450 mm
• Simply supported Beam
• Find effective length of beam?
• Leff=Clear span+deff=6m+.45m=6.45 m
• Leff=C/C bet supports=6m+.3/2+0.4/2=6.35 m
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH
• B)Continuous Beam or Slab - In the case of continuous beam or
slab, if the width of the support is less than l/12 of the clear span,
the effective span shall be as in 22.2 (a). If the supports are wider
than I/12 of the clear span or 600 mm whichever is less, the
effective span shall be taken as under:
• 1) For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or for
intermediate spans, the effective span shall be the clear span
between supports;
• 2) For end span with one end free and the other continuous, the
effective span shall be equal to the clear span plus half the effective
depth of the beam or slab or the clear span plus half the width of
the discontinuous support, whichever is less;
• 3) In the case of spans with roller or rocket bearings, the effective
span shall always be the distance between the centres of bearings
 c) Cantilever-The effective length of a cantilever shall betaken as its length to the
face of the support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a
continuous beam where the length to the centre of support shall be taken.
• D) Frames- In the analysis of a continuous frame, centre to centre distance shall be
used.
SHEAR AND BM COEFFICIENTS
 TENSILE REINFORCEMENT
Minimum reinforcement not less than
DESIGN FOR SHEAR
G.C. BEHERA
 FAILURE OF BEAMS
• This lesson explains the three failure modes due to shear force in beams
and defines different shear stresses needed to design the beams for shear.
The critical sections for shear and the minimum shear reinforcement to be
provided in beams are mentioned as per IS 456. The design of shear
reinforcement will be illustrated through several numerical problems
including the curtailment of tension reinforcement in flexural members.
• Bending in reinforced concrete beams is usually accompanied by shear,
the exact analysis of which is very complex. However, experimental studies
confirmed the following three different modes of failure due to possible
combinations of shear force and bending moment at a given section
 Failure modes

Flexural Tension steel yields

Flexural Compression Concrete crushes in compression

SHEAR STRESS VARIATION

Diagonal ik subjected
to tension, crack along
JL
 SHEAR STRESS CALCULATION
• The distribution of shear
stress in reinforced
concrete rectangular, T and
L-beams of uniform and
varying depths depends on
the distribution of the
normal stress. However, for
the sake of simplicity the
nominal shear stress τv is
considered which is
calculated as follows (IS
456, cls. 40.1 and 40.1.1):
 SHEAR STRESS CALCULATION
In a beam of uniform depth
For varying Depth

• where Vu = Factored shear force due to design loads,

• b = breadth of rectangular beams and breadth of the web
bw for flanged beams, and
• d = effective depth.
• Mu = Factored bending moment at the section, and
• β = angle between the top and the bottom edges.
• vu is the nominal shear stress
• The positive sign is applicable when the bending moment
Mu decreases numerically in the same direction as the
effective depth increases, and the negative sign is applicable
when the bending moment Mu increases numerically in the
same direction as the effective depth increases.
Design Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams
• Recent laboratory experiments confirmed that
reinforced concrete in beams has shear strength
even without any shear reinforcement. This shear
strength (τc) depends on the grade of concrete and
the percentage of tension steel in beams. On the
other hand, the shear strength of reinforced concrete
with the reinforcement is restricted to some
maximum value τcmax depending on the grade of
concrete. These minimum and maximum shear
strengths of reinforced concrete (IS 456, cls. 40.2.1
and 40.2.3, respectively) are given below:
 SHEAR RESISTING MECHANISM
• Freebody diagram of a segment
of reinforced concrete beam
separated by a diagonal tension
crack.
• The components of shear transfer
mechanism are
• a) Shear resistance by uncracked
concrete in compression Vcz
• b) Vertical component of
aggregate interlock across crack
surface Vay Mechanism of Shear Transfer in
• c) Dowel force in tension Cracked concrete Beam
reinforcement Vd
• d) Shear resistance by stirrups Vs
 Shear strength of Reinforced Concrete
Table 19 of IS 456 stipulates the design shear strength of concrete τc for different
grades of concrete with a wide range of percentages of positive tensile steel
reinforcement. It is worth mentioning that the reinforced concrete beams must be
provided with the minimum shear reinforcement as per cl. 40.3 even when τv is
less than τc given in Table.
Design shear strength of concrete, τc in N/mm2

As is the area of longitudinal tension reinforcement which continues at least one effective
depth beyond the section considered except at support where the full area of tension
reinforcement may be used provided the detailing is as per IS 456, cls. 26.2.2 and 26.2.3.
 Maximum shear stress τcmax with shear reinforcement (cls.
40.2.3, 40.5.1 and 41.3.1)
Table 20 of IS 456 stipulates the maximum shear stress
of reinforced concrete in beams τcmax as given below in
Table. Under no circumstances, the nominal shear
stress in beams τv shall exceed τcmax given in Table
below for different grades of concrete.
Maximum shear stress, τcmax in N/mm2
 Critical Section for Shear
• Clauses 22.6.2 and 22.6.2.1 stipulate
the critical section for shear and are as
follows:
• For beams generally subjected to
uniformly distributed loads or where
the principal load is located further
than 2d from the face of the support,
where d is the effective depth of the
beam, the critical sections depend on
the conditions of supports as shown in
Figs. are mentioned below.
• (i) When the reaction in the direction of
the applied shear introduces tension (a)
into the end region of the member, the
shear force is to be computed at the
face of the support of the member at
that section.
 Critical Section for Shear
• (ii) When the reaction in the
direction of the applied shear
introduces compression into the
end region of the member (Figs. b
and c), the shear force computed at
a distance d from the face of the
support is to be used for the design
of sections located at a distance less
than d from the face of the support.
The enhanced shear strength of
sections close to supports, however,
may be considered as discussed in
the following section.
 Enhanced Shear Strength of Sections Close to supports

• 40.5.1 General
Shear failure at sections of beams
and cantilevers without shear
reinforcement will normally occur on
plane inclined at an angle 30” to the
horizontal. If the angle of failure
plane is forced to be inclined more
steeply than this [because the
section considered (X - X) in Fig. is
close to a support or for other
reasons], the shear force equired to Account may be taken of the enhancement
produce failure is increased. in any situation where the section
The enhancement of shear strength considered is closer to the face of a support
may be taken into account in the or concentrated load than twice the
design of sections near a support by effective depth, d. To be effective, tension
increasing design shear strength of
concrete to 2d c /av, provided that reinforcement should extend on each side of
design shear stress at the face of the the point where it is intersected by a
support remains less than the values possible failure plane for a distance at least
given in Table 20. equal to the effective depth, or be provided
with an equivdent anchorage.
Minimum Shear Reinforcement (cls. 40.3, 26.5.1.5 and
26.5.1.6 of IS 456)

Minimum shear reinforcement has to • where Asv = total cross-

be provided even when τv is less than τc sectional area of stirrup legs
given in Table 6.1 as recommended in
cl. 40.3 of IS 456. The amount of effective in shear,
minimum shear reinforcement, as • sv = stirrup spacing along
given in cl. 26.5.1.6, is given below.
the length of the member,
•The minimum shear • b = breadth of the beam or
reinforcement in the form of breadth of the web of the
stirrups shall be provided such web of flanged beam bw,
that: and
• fy = characteristic strength
of the stirrup reinforcement
in N/mm2 which shall not be
taken greater than 415
N/mm2.
• The minimum shear reinforcement is provided for the following:
• (i) Any sudden failure of beams is prevented if concrete cover bursts and the bond
to the tension steel is lost.

• (ii) Brittle shear failure is arrested which would have occurred without shear
reinforcement.

• (iii) Tension failure is prevented which would have occurred due to shrinkage,
thermal stresses and internal cracking in beams.

• (iv) To hold the reinforcement in place when concrete is poured.

• (v) Section becomes effective with the tie effect of the compression steel.

Further, cl. 26.5.1.5 of IS 456 stipulates that the maximum spacing of shear
reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not be more than 0.75 d
for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45o, where d is the effective depth of
the section. However, the spacing shall not exceed 300 mm in any case.
 Design of Shear Reinforcement (cl. 40.4 of IS 456)
• When τv is more than τc , shear reinforcement shall be
provided in any of the three following forms:
• (a) Vertical stirrups,
• (b) Bent-up bars along with stirrups, and
• (c) Inclined stirrups.
• In the case of bent-up bars, it is to be seen that the
contribution towards shear resistance of bent-up bars should
not be more than fifty per cent of that of the total shear
reinforcement.
• The amount of shear reinforcement to be provided is
determined to carry a shear force Vus equal to
• Vus=Vu-Vc=Vu-τc bd
• where b is the breadth of rectangular beams or bw in the
case of flanged beams.
The strengths of shear reinforcement Vus for the three types
of shear reinforcement are as follows
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
• (a) Vertical stirrups:

• (b) For inclined stirrups or a series of bars bent-up at different cross-sections:

• (c) For single bar or single group of parallel bars, all bent-up at the same cross-
section:

• where Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance
sv,
• sv = spacing of stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member,
• τv = nominal shear stress,
• τc = design shear strength of concrete,
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

• b = breadth of the member which for the flanged beams shall be taken
as the breadth of the web bw,
• fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement
which shall not be taken greater than 415 N/mm2,
• α = angle between the inclined stirrup or bent-up bar and the axis of
the member, not less than 45o, and d = effective depth.

The following two points are to be noted:

• (i) The total shear resistance shall be computed as the sum of the
resistance for the various types separately where more than one type
of shear reinforcement is used.

• (ii) The area of stirrups shall not be less than the minimum specified in
cl. 26.5.1.6.
 Shear Reinforcement for Sections Close to Supports

As stipulated in cl. 40.5.2 of IS 456, the total area of the

required shear reinforcement As is obtained from:

This reinforcement should be provided within the middle three quarters of av, where av is less
than d, horizontal shear reinforcement will be effective than vertical.
Alternatively, one simplified method has been recommended in cl. 40.5.3 of IS 456 and the
same is given below.
The following method is for beams carrying generally uniform load or where the principal
load is located further than 2d from the face of support. The shear stress is calculated at a
section a distance d from the face of support. The value of τc is calculated in accordance with
Table 6.1 and appropriate shear reinforcement is provided at sections closer to the support.
No further check for shear at such sections is required.
Curtailment of Tension Reinforcement in Flexural
Members (cl. 26.2.3.2 of IS 456)

Curtailment of tension reinforcement is done to provide the required reduced

area of steel with the reduction of the bending moment. However, shear force
increases with the reduction of bending moment. Therefore, it is necessary to
satisfy any one of following three conditions while terminating the flexural
reinforcement in tension zone:
• (i) The shear stress τv at the cut-off point should not exceed two-
thirds of the permitted value which includes the shear strength
of the web reinforcement. Accordingly,
 Curtailment of Tension Reinforcement in
Flexural Members (cl. 26.2.3.2 of IS 456)
• (ii) For each of the terminated bars, additional stirrup area
should be provided over a distance of three-fourth of
effective depth from the cut-off point. The additional stirrup
area shall not be less than 0.4 b s/fy, where b is the breadth
of rectangular beams and is replaced by bw, the breadth of
the web for flanged beams,
• s = spacing of additional stirrups and
• fy is the characteristic strength of stirrup reinforcement in
N/mm2. The value of s shall not exceed d/(8 βb),
where βb is the ratio of area of bars cut-off to the total area
of bars at that section, and d is the effective depth.
 Curtailment of Tension Reinforcement in
Flexural Members (cl. 26.2.3.2 of IS 456)
• (iii) For bars of diameters 36 mm and smaller, the
continuing bars provide double the area required for
flexure at the cut-off point. The shear stress should
not exceed three-fourths that permitted.
BOND, ANCHORAGE
G.C. BEHERA
 BOND
• The bond between steel and concrete is very
important and essential so that they can act together
without any slip in a loaded structure.
• With the perfect bond between them, the plane
section of a beam remains plane even after bending.
The length of a member required to develop the full
bond is called the anchorage length.
• The bond is measured by bond stress. The local bond
stress varies along a member with the variation of
bending moment. The average value throughout its
anchorage length is designated as the average bond
stress. In our calculation, the average bond stress will
be used.
 BOND
• The term bond refers to the adhesion between the concrete and
the steel which resists the slipping of steel bar from concrete. It
is this bond which is responsible for transfer to stresses from
steel to concrete and thereby providing composite action of
steel and concrete in R.C.C. The bond develops due to setting of
concrete on drying which results in gripping of the steel bars.
• The bond resistance in reinforced concrete is obtained by
following mechanism:
➢ Chemical adhesion: it is due to gum like property of the
substances, formed after setting of concrete.
➢ Frictional resistance: it is due to adhesion between steel and
concrete.
➢ Gripping action: it is due to gripping of steel by the concrete on
drying.
➢ Mechanical interlock: It is provided by the corrugations or ribs
present on the surface of the deformed bars.
 BOND
• The bond is assumed to be perfect in the
design of reinforced concrete. The bond
between steel and concrete can be increased
by the following methods:
➢Using twisted or deformed bar.
➢Using rich mix of concrete.
➢Adequate compaction and curing of concrete
for proper setting.
➢Providing hooks at the end of reinforcing bars.
 BOND
• The concept of development length and anchorage of the steel
reinforcement has replaced the earlier practice of checking and
satisfying the permissible flexural bond stress. It is observed that
the flexural bond stress does not provide an appropriate method of
ensuring safety against bond failure. The development length
criteria gives a better estimate of the strength of the bond. In
simply supported beams, the critical section exists at the point of
the maximum stress or at a section where bars are curtailed. In
continuous beam, in addition to points of maximum stress and
curtailment, points of contraflexure should be checked for bond.
• There are two types of bond failure:
➢ Anchorage bond failure
➢ Flexural bond failure
 BOND ANCHORAGE
• Thus, a tensile member has to be anchored properly by
providing additional length on either side of the point
of maximum tension, which is known as ‘Development
length in tension’. Similarly, for compression members
also, we have ‘Development length Ld in compression’.
• Deformed bars are known to be superior to the smooth
mild steel bars due to the presence of ribs. In such a
case, it is needed to check for the sufficient
development length Ld only rather than checking both
for the local bond stress and development length as
required for the smooth mild steel bars. Accordingly, IS
456, cl. 26.2 stipulates the requirements of proper
anchorage of reinforcement in terms of development
length Ld only employing design bond stress τbd.
 Design Bond Stress τbd
• The design bond stress τbd is defined as the shear force per unit
nominal surface area of reinforcing bar. The stress is acting on the
interface between bars and surrounding concrete and along the
direction parallel to the bars.

• This concept of design bond stress finally results in additional

length of a bar of specified diameter to be provided beyond a given
critical section. Though, the overall bond failure may be avoided by
this provision of additional development length Ld, slippage of a bar
may not always result in overall failure of a beam. It is, thus,
desirable to provide end anchorages also to maintain the integrity
of the structure and thereby, to enable it carrying the loads. Clause
26.2 of IS 456 stipulates, “The calculated tension or compression in
any bar at any section shall be developed on each side of the section
by an appropriate development length or end anchorage or by a
combination thereof.”
 Design bond stress – values
• The local bond stress varies along the length of the reinforcement
while the average bond stress gives the average value throughout
its development length.
• This average bond stress is still used in the working stress method
and IS 456 has mentioned about it in cl. B-2.1.2. However, in the
limit state method of design, the average bond stress has been
designated as design bond stress τbd and the values are given in cl.
26.2.1.1. The same is given below as a ready reference.
•

For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786, these values shall be increased by 60

per cent. For bars in compression, the values of bond stress in tension shall be
increased by 25 per cent.
 DESIGN BOND STRESS
Grade of concrete τbdfor plain bars (N/mm2) τbdfor deformed bars (N/mm2)

M20 1.2 1.92

M25 1.4 2.24

M30 1.5 2.4

M35 1.7 2.72

M40 and above 1.9 3.04

ACNHORAGE BOND (DEVELOPMENT LENGTH)
Figure shows a simply supported beam
subjected to uniformly distributed load. Because
of the maximum moment, the Ast required is the
maximum at x = L/2. For any section 1-1 at a
distance x < L/2, some of the tensile bars can be
curtailed. Let us then assume that section 1-1 is
the theoretical cut-off point of one bar.
However, it is necessary to extend the bar for a
length Ld as explained earlier. Let us derive the
expression to determine Ld of this bar.
The free body diagram of the segment AB of the bar.
At B, the tensile force T trying to pull out the bar is of
the value T = (π/4)*()2*s S , where  is the nominal
diameter of the bar and σs is the tensile stress in bar at
the section considered at design loads. It is necessary
to have the resistance force to be developed by τbd for
the length Ld to overcome the tensile force.
ACNHORAGE BOND (DEVELOPMENT LENGTH)
T = (π/4)*()2*s S
s S is the stress in steel and maximum is 0.87fy
T = (π/4)*()2*0.87fy
It is necessary to have the resistance force to be
developed by τbd for the length Ld to overcome the
tensile force.
The resistance force is developed on the periphry
of the rod .
Area of this bond stress acting over a length of Ld=
π *  *Ld
Bond force over this length Ld= π *  *Ld *bd Bond
force must be greater than tension T
 FLEXURAL BOND
• Flexural bond is also known as local bond.
• Local bond at a point is the rate of change of tension in
Steel at a given location.
• In a simple beam, at the critical section i.e. at the face
of support, at the points of inflection and at the points
of high shear force, high bond stress ay develop due to
the large variations in bending moment. These bond
stresses are called flexural bond stresses and should be
checked carefully at all critical sections.
• Consider a beam subjected to flexural loading.
Consider two sections at a distance of χ and χ+Δχ along
the length of the beam subjected to a moment M and
M + ΔM respectively.
• Let T and T+ ΔT is the tension developed ther
 FLEXURAL BOND
• It z is the lever arm, T=M/z
• T+ ΔT =(M + ΔM )/z
• ΔT= ΔM /z
• ΔT must be registered by bond stress.
• ΔT = π *  * Δx* bd = ΔM /z
• From anchorage bond we have

• Equating both we will get

• Where M1 is the moment of Resistance considering all bars there

• As per IS 456

• L0 is the sum of anchorage beyond the centre of support and equivalent anchorage
value of any hook or any mechanical anchorage at the support.
• This additional length is provided for safety.
• Lo is limited to the effective depth of the member or 12  which ever is greater.
• Ld is called as the development length. It is the minimum length of the bar which
must be embedded in the concrete beyond any section to develop its full strength.
This is also called as anchorage length in case of axial tension or axial compression
and development length in case of flexural tension or flexural compression.
• To get the Ld value satisfactory,
➢ Decrease bar dia,
➢ Increase L0
➢ By reducing bent up bars
Checking of Ld value
➢ At simple supports
➢ At Cantilever Support
➢ At point of Contra flexure
➢ At bar cut off points
 ANCHORING OF BARS
• 25.2.2 ANCHORING REINFORCING BARS 25.2.2.1
Any deficiency in the required development
length can be made up by anchoring the
reinforcing bars suitably. Deformed bars have
superior bond properties owing to mechanical
bearing and, therefore, provisiabsolutely
essential. However, plain bars should preferably
end in hooks, as there may be some uncertainty
regarding the full mobilization of bond strength
through adhesion and friction. on of hooks is not
Anchoring Reinforcing Bars
The salient points are:
• Deformed bars may not need end anchorages if
the development length requirement is satisfied.

• Hooks should normally be provided for plain

bars in tension.

• Standard hooks and bends should be as per IS

2502 or as given in Table 67 of SP-16, which are
shown in Figs.

• The anchorage value of standard bend shall be

considered as 4 times the diameter of the bar for
each 45o bend subject to a maximum value of 16
times the diameter of the bar.

• The anchorage value of standard U-type hook

shall be 16 times the diameter of the bar.
 BARS IN COMPRESSION
• The anchorage length of straight compression
bars shall be equal to its development length
as mentioned.

• The development length shall include the

projected length of hooks, bends and straight
lengths beyond bends, if provided.
 Reinforcement Splicing (cl. 26.2.5 of IS 456)
• Reinforcement is needed to be joined to make it longer by overlapping sufficient length
or by welding to develop its full design bond stress. They should be away from the
sections of maximum stress and be staggered. IS 456 (cl. 26.2.5) recommends that
splices in flexural members should not be at sections where the bending moment is
more than 50 per cent of the moment of resistance and not more than half the bars
shall be spliced at a section.
• (a) Lap Splices (cl. 26.2.5.1 of IS 456)
• The following are the salient points:
• • They should be used for bar diameters up to 36 mm.
• • They should be considered as staggered if the centre to centre distance of the splices
is at least 1.3 times the lap length calculated as mentioned below.
• • The lap length including anchorage value of hooks for bars in flexural tension shall be
Ld or 30φ, whichever is greater. The same for direct tension shall be 2Ld or 30φ,
whichever is greater.
• • The lap length in compression shall be equal to Ld in compression but not less than
24φ.
• • The lap length shall be calculated on the basis of diameter of the smaller bar when
bars of two different diameters are to be spliced.
• • Lap splices of bundled bars shall be made by splicing one bar at a time and all such
individual splices within a bundle shall be staggered.
• (b) Strength of Welds (cl. 26.2.5.2 of IS 456)
• The strength of welded splices and mechanical
connections shall be taken as 100 per cent of the
design strength of joined bars for compression splices.
• For tension splices, such strength of welded bars shall
be taken as 80 per cent of the design strength of
welded bars. However, it can go even up to 100 per
cent if welding is strictly supervised and if at any cross-
section of the member not more than 20 per cent of
the tensile reinforcement is welded. For mechanical
connection of tension splice, 100 per cent of design
strength of mechanical connection shall be taken.
 PROBLEM

Determine the anchorage length of 4-20T reinforcing bars going into the
support of the simply supported beam shown in Fig. The factored shear
force Vu = 280 kN, width of the column support = 300 mm. Use M 20 concrete
and Fe 415 steel.
 SOLUTION
• τbd for M 20 and Fe 415 (with 60% increased) = 1.6(1.2) = 1.92 N/mm2

• Ld=47.01 
So the anchorage is 100 mm beyond centre of support as shown in Fig.
DESIGN OF BEAMS
G.C. BEHERA
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
• Clear distance between walls = 6m
• Thickness of one wall =300 mm
• Thickness of another wall =400 mm
• Effective depth of beam= 450 mm
• Simply supported Beam
• Find effective length of beam?
• Leff=Clear span+deff=6m+.45m=6.45 m
• Leff=C/C bet supports=6m+.3/2+0.4/2=6.35 m
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH
• B)Continuous Beam or Slab - In the case of continuous beam or
slab, if the width of the support is less than l/12 of the clear span,
the effective span shall be as in 22.2 (a). If the supports are wider
than I/12 of the clear span or 600 mm whichever is less, the
effective span shall be taken as under:
• 1) For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or for
intermediate spans, the effective span shall be the clear span
between supports;
• 2) For end span with one end free and the other continuous, the
effective span shall be equal to the clear span plus half the effective
depth of the beam or slab or the clear span plus half the width of
the discontinuous support, whichever is less;
• 3) In the case of spans with roller or rocket bearings, the effective
span shall always be the distance between the centres of bearings
 c) Cantilever-The effective length of a cantilever shall betaken as its length to the
face of the support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a
continuous beam where the length to the centre of support shall be taken.
• D) Frames- In the analysis of a continuous frame, centre to centre distance shall be
used.
SHEAR AND BM COEFFICIENTS
 TENSILE REINFORCEMENT
Minimum reinforcement not less than
 PROBLEM
• Design a RC rectangular beam for a simply supported beam supported on two
masonry walls 230 mm thick having centre to centre distance 6 mt. The beam is
carrying imposed laod 15 kN/m. Design the beam with M20 and Fe 415.
• SOLUTION:
• Step-1: Assumption of Dimensions:
• Take a trial depth=L/10 to L/15 for simply supported case. (L/d ratio 20).
Here let us take L/d=12 d=6m/12=500 mm, Take D=500 mm, deffassumed =450 mm
Assume b=D/2=250 mm
Step-2: Calculation of Effective length:
Clear Span=Lc=6 mt-0.23m=5.77 m
a) Leff=c/c distance of supports=6.0 m
b) Leff=Lc+deff= 5.77m+0.45m=6.22 m 6000 mm
which ever is smaller= 6.0 mt.
Lc=5770 mm
Step-3: Calculation load and moment:
DL of the beam=1m*0.5 m*0.25m*25=3.125 kN/m 230 mm
Imposed Laod=15 kN/m
Total Load=DL+LL=3.125+15=18.125 kN/m
Factored Load=wu=18.125*1.5=27.1875=27.2 kN/m
Factored Moment=wuleff2/8= 122.36 kNm
 PROBLEM
Step-3: Calculation load and moment:
Maximum SF will be calculated at a distance deff from Face of the support.
Vu= wuleff/2-wu*565=66.20 kN
Step-4: Depth Calculation:
To resist a factored bending moment 122.36 kNm making a balance section with
breadth 250 mm, we required a depth .23/2+.45=.565m

drequired=421.11 mm
dassumed> drequired 6000 mm
Now we will take d=450 mm , b=250mm Lc=5770 mm
Step-5: Area of Main steel: 230 mm
As depth required is 421.11 mm, we have taken 450 mm, it will be designed as under-
reinforced section.
 Ast=903.80 mm2 or 4517.885 mm2

So, take Ast =3 nos. of 20 mm dia. Bars, Ast(provided)= 942 mm2

Step-5: Check for Shear:

Calculation of c
 SOLUTION
pt c Calculation of shear resistance of concrete c
0.75 0.56 By interpolation

1.00 0.62
0.837

So, provide shear reinforcement

As Vsu is less , let us take 2 legged 8 mm dia. Bars as stirrup

• Maximum spacing as per minimum reinforcement

• Spacing should be least of the following

• a) 0.75d=0.75*450=337.5 mm
• b) 300 mm
• So, provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. Stirrups 300 mm c/c throughout the length of the beam.

Step-6: Check for development length:

Vu= wuleff/2-wu*565=66.20 kN

Taking no anchorage length L0=0

Condition is satisfied
• Step-7: Check for deflection:

• For simply supported beam less than 10 m, k=20

• ml= modification factor for length if l> 10 m
• mt= modification factor for tensile reinforcement
• mc= modification factor for compressive reinforcement
• mf= modification factor for flanged beam
Here as length is < 10 m, do not consider ml, it is not a flanged
section and also there is no compressive reinforcement.
Calculation of mt: pt=0.837
fs=0.58*fy*(Ast required/ Ast provided)=0.58*415*(903.8/ 942)=230.93
Pt=0.837, fs=230.93
mt=1.05,
leff/deff=6000/450=13.33
Longitudinal and cross section of Beam
CLASS-10 TORSION
G.C. BEHERA
 TORSION

• Beams and slabs are subjected to torsion in addition to

bending moment and shear force. Loads acting normal to
the plane of bending will cause bending moment and shear
force. However, loads away from the plane of bending will
induce torsional moment along with bending moment and
shear. Space frames, inverted L-beams as in supporting
sunshades and canopies, beams curved in plan, edge
beams of slabs are some of the examples where torsional
moments are also present.
• Skew bending theory, space-truss analogy and Nadai’s sand
heap theory are some of the theories developed to
understand the behaviour of reinforced concrete under
torsion combined with bending moment and shear.
 TORSION
• These torsional moments are of two types:
• (i) Primary or equilibrium torsion, and
• (ii) Secondary or compatibility torsion.
• The primary torsion is required for the basic static equilibrium of
most of the statically determinate structures. Accordingly, this
torsional moment must be considered in the design as it is a major
component.
• The secondary torsion is required to satisfy the compatibility
condition between members. However, statically indeterminate
structures may have any of the two types of torsions.
• Minor torsional effects may be ignored in statically indeterminate
structures due to the advantage of having more than one load path
for the distribution of loads to maintain the equilibrium. This may
produce minor cracks without causing failure. However, torsional
moments should be taken into account in the statically
indeterminate structures if they are of equilibrium type and where
the torsional stiffness of the members has been considered in the
structural analysis. It is worth mentioning that torsion must be
considered in structures subjected to unsymmetrical loadings about
axes.
 TORSION
• Clause 41 of IS 456 stipulates the above stating
that, "In structures, where torsion is required to
maintain equilibrium, members shall be designed
for torsion in accordance with 41.2, 41.3 and
41.4. However, for such indeterminate structures
where torsion can be eliminated by releasing
redundant restraints, no specific design for
torsion is necessary, provided torsional stiffness is
neglected in the calculation of internal forces.
Adequate control of any torsional cracking is
provided by the shear reinforcement as per cl.
40".
 ANALYSIS FOR TORSION
• The exact analysis of reinforced concrete members subjected to
torsional moments combined with bending moments and shear
forces is beyond the scope here. However, the codal provisions of
designing such members are discussed below.
• Approach of Design for Combined Bending, Shear and Torsion as
per IS 456
• As per the stipulations of IS 456, the longitudinal and transverse
reinforcements are determined taking into account the combined
effects of bending moment, shear force and torsional moment.
• Two empirical relations of equivalent shear and equivalent bending
moment are given.
• These fictitious shear force and bending moment, designated as
equivalent shear and equivalent bending moment, are separate
functions of actual shear and torsion, and actual actual bending
moment and torsion, respectively.
 ANALYSIS FOR TORSION
• a) The equivalent shear, a function of the
actual shear and torsional moment is
determined from the following empirical
relation:
• Ve = Vu + 1.6(Tu/b)
• where Ve = equivalent shear,
• Vu = actual shear,
• Tu = actual torsional moment,
• b = breadth of beam
 ANALYSIS FOR TORSION
• If , then provide the minimum stirrup.
• If , then provide both longitudinal and
transverse steel.
• Cl. 41.4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
• The longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed to resist an equivalent
bending moment, Me1, given by

• Mu is the factored BM ,
• Mt is the equivalent moment due to torsion.
• Tu is the factored Torsion, D is the overall depth, b is the width of the beam.
• Cl.41.4.2.1
• If the numerical value of Mt, as defined in 41.4.2 exceeds the
numerical value of the moment Mu, longitudinal
reinforcement shall be provided on the flexural compression
face, such that the beam can also withstand an equivalent
Me2 given by
• Me2 = Mt - Mu, the moment Me2, being taken as acting in the
opposite sense to the moment Mu.
 DESIGN FOR TORSION
• Cl.41.4.3 Transverse Reinforcement
• Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal
bars shall have an area of cross-section Asv

• How ever total transverse reinforcement should not be less than

• Tu=torsional moment
• Vu= Factored SF
• Sv=spacing of the stirrup reinforcement,
• b1=centre-to-centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the width,
• d1=centre-to-centre distance between comer in the direction of the depth
• b=breadth of the member,
• fy=characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement
The transverse reinforcement shall consist of rectangular close stirrups placed
perpendicular to the axis of the member. The spacing of stirrups shall not be more
than the least of x1, (x1 + y1)/4 and 300 mm, where x1 and y1 are the short and long
dimensions of the stirrups
Longitudinal reinforcements should be placed as close as possible to the corners of
the cross-section.
 PROBLEM
Determine the reinforcement required of a ring beam of b = 400 mm, d = 650 mm, D = 700
mm and subjected to factored Mu = 200 kNm, factored Tu = 50 kNm and factored Vu = 100
kN. Use M 20 and Fe 415 for the design.

Step 1: Check for the depth of the beam

Calculation of equivalent shear force due to torsion moment
Vet=1.6(Tu/b)=1.6*(50/.04)=200 kN
Ve=Vu+Vet=100+200=300kN
Equivalent shear stress=ve=Ve/bd=300*1000/(400*600)=1.154 N/mm2
cmax for M20 concrete=Table 20 IS-456 2.8N/mm2
cmax> ve, No redesign is required.
• Step 2: Longitudinal tension reinforcement
• Calculation of Bending Moment
• Mt=Equivalent bending moment due to torsion=
(Tu/1.7) {1 + (D/b)} = (50/1.7) {1 + (700/400)} =80.88 kNm
• Me1 = Mu + Mt = 200 + 80.88 = 280.88 kNm
As Mu>Mt, Me2 not required.
Me1/bd2 = (280.88)(106 )/(400)(650)(650) = 1.66 N/mm2
From Table 2 of SP-16, corresponding to
Mu/bd2 = 1.66 N/mm2 , pt = 0.5156.
Ast =pt*b*d/100= 0.5156(400)(650)/100 = 1340.56 mm2 . Provide
2-25T and 2-16T = 981 + 402 = 1383 mm2 .
pt provided=Ast*100/bd=1383*100/(400*650)= 0.532
Astmin=0.85*bd/fy=0.85*400*650/415=532.53 mm2
Astmax=0.04bD=0.04*400*700=11200 mm2
(Astmin=532.53)<(Astprovided=1383)<(Astmax=11200), So,ok
Step 3: Longitudinal compressive reinforcement
As Mt<Mu, No compressive reinforcement is required.
Step 4: Longitudinal side face reinforcement
IS-456-CL-26.5.1.3 Side face reinforcement Where the depth of the
web in a beam exceeds 750 mm, side face reinforcement shall be
provided along the two faces. The total area of such reinforcement
shall be not less than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be
distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or
web thickness whichever is less.
Side face reinforcement shall be provided as the depth of the beam
exceeds 450 mm.
Area of side face reinforcement=0.1*bd/100=0.1*400*650/100=260
mm2,
Providing 2-10 mm diameter bars (area = 157 mm2 ) on each face the
total area for two faces will be 157*2=314 mm2. Hence o.k.
Step 5: TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Calculation of c
For pt=0.532,
c =0.48+(0.56-0.48)*(0.532-0.5)/(0.75-0.5)=0.488 N/mm2
• Fig.
b=400 mm

x1 mm

b1=400-25-10-25/2-25-10-25/2=305mm
d1=700-25-10-12/2-25-10-25/2=611.5mm
x1=400-25-10/2-25-10/2=340 mm
y1=700-25-10/2-25-10/2=640 mm

y1
10 mm bar

12 mm bar
D=700 mm
d1 16 mm bar

25 mm bar

b1

25 mm
10 mm
25 mm
25 mm
cover
concrete 25 mm

10 mm bar stirrup
Using 2 legged 10 mm dia bars
𝑇𝑢 𝑠𝑣 𝑉𝑢 𝑠𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = +
𝑏1 𝑑1 (0.87𝑓𝑦 ) 2.5𝑑1 (0.87𝑓𝑦 )
50 ∗ 106 ∗ 𝑠𝑣 100 ∗ 103 ∗ 𝑠𝑣
157 = +
305 ∗ 611.5 ∗ (0.87 ∗ 415) 2.5 ∗ 611.5(0.87 ∗ 415)

sv=169.97 mm
Provide 2 legged 10 mm dia bars 150 mmc/c

Again Asv≥(ve- c)b*sv/(0.87*fy)

Asv≥[(ve- c)b*sv/(0.87*fy)={(1.154-0.488)*400*150/(0.87*415)}=110.67 mm2]

[Asv=157]≥110.67 mm2
Design is ok.
Spacing can not be greater than x1=340 mm
Spacing can not be greater than( x1+y1)/4=(340+640)/4=245 mm
Spacing can not be greater than 300 mm
Stirrup spacing provided 150 mm satisfies all these three conditions.