INTRODUCTION

This course, "Cargo Handling and Stowage (Dangerous Goods and Inspections)," is designed
to equip students with comprehensive knowledge and skills related to the handling and
stowage of dangerous goods on tankers and gas carriers. The curriculum encompasses
various aspects, including international standards, codes, vessel construction, and
arrangement considerations. Here is a breakdown of the key components covered in the
course:

International Standards and Codes:

Understanding and application of international standards and codes relevant to the carriage
of dangerous goods.

Compliance with regulations governing the transportation of hazardous materials.

Construction and Arrangement of Tankers and Gas Carriers:

Detailed study of the construction and arrangement features of tankers and gas carriers.

Considerations specific to these vessel types in relation to carrying dangerous goods.

Cargo Handling Equipment:

Familiarity with specialized cargo handling equipment designed for tankers and gas carriers.

Practical knowledge of using equipment for the loading and unloading of dangerous cargo.

Loading and Unloading Procedures:

Step-by-step understanding of procedures involved in the safe loading and unloading of

dangerous goods.

Emphasis on adherence to safety protocols during these critical processes.

Safe Handling, Stowing, and Securing of Dangerous Goods:

In-depth exploration of best practices for safely handling, stowing, and securing dangerous
goods on board.

Strategies for minimizing risks and ensuring the well-being of the vessel and its crew.

Care and Inspection During the Voyage:

Understanding the importance of continuous care and inspection of dangerous cargo

throughout the voyage.

Procedures for monitoring and addressing potential issues that may arise during
transportation.

Hazardous Effects and Incident Reporting:

Exploration of the potential hazardous effects caused by damage to dangerous cargo.

Emphasis on the significance of incident reporting and communication protocols.

Tank Inspection and Enhanced Survey Program:

Detailed coverage of tank inspection procedures to ensure compliance with safety

regulations.

Understanding and implementation of enhanced survey programs for preventing incidents

involving dangerous goods.

The overall goal of the course is to prepare students with the knowledge and skills
necessary to handle dangerous goods on tankers and gas carriers in a safe, compliant, and
efficient manner. It addresses the critical aspects of cargo handling, emphasizing safety,
environmental protection, and regulatory compliance throughout the entire voyage.

SEAM 4

CARGO HANDLING AND STOWAGE

TOPIC 1. International Standards and Codes Pertaining to Carriage of Dangerous

Goods

 Explain the requirements under the international standards and codes that pertains
to carriage of dangerous goods such as the BCH Code, CSS Code, IBC Code, and IGC
Code.
 Explain the purpose and content of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods
(IMDG) Code.
 Explain the different classes of dangerous goods.

International Standards and Codes for Carriage of Dangerous Goods

Carrying dangerous products is a complicated procedure that needs to be followed closely to

international norms and regulations. The purpose of these regulations is to guarantee the
safe conveyance of hazardous goods via various means of transportation, such as ships and
vessels. The requirements listed in the BCH, CSS, IBC, and IGC codes will be covered in this
section. Enter your desired changes in this section.

BCH Code

Guidelines for the safe transportation of hazardous chemicals in bulk on board ships are
provided by the BCH Code, also known as the International Code for the Construction and
Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk. To avoid mishaps and save the
environment, the code specifies precise standards for the design, functionality, and
maintenance of such boats.
Ships transporting hazardous chemicals are required by the BCH Code to have adequate
ventilation systems, facilities for cleaning tanks, and safety gear. Accurate records of the
chemicals transported on board, their characteristics, and emergency protocols must also be
kept up to date.

CSS Code

The CSS Code, or the Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing, focuses on the
safe stowage and securing of cargo on board ships. This code ensures that the cargo is
properly loaded, secured, and distributed to maintain the stability of the vessel during
transport. Under the CSS Code, proper cargo securing equipment must be used, and cargo
must be loaded and secured in accordance with the code's requirements. This includes
guidelines for different types of cargo, such as bulk cargo, containers, and vehicles.
CARGO STOWAGE AND SECURING
IBC Code

Ships transporting hazardous chemicals in bulk are specifically constructed for use with the
IBC Code, also known as the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of
Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk. The particular specifications for the design,
functionality, and maintenance of such boats are outlined in this code. The IBC Code
addresses a number of topics, such as safety precautions, cargo handling systems, and tank
design. It outlines the kinds of tanks that are appropriate for use with various chemicals,
along with the safety measures and emergency protocols that must be followed.

IGC Code

Safety requirements for the transportation of liquefied gases by ship are set forth in the IGC
Code, also known as the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. It describes the specifications for the layout, build,
machinery, and functionality of ships that transport certain kinds of loads. The IGC Code
states that in order to transport liquid gases safely, ships need to have specific cargo
containment systems in place, like pressure tanks or chilled tanks. The code also includes
rules for operating operations, safety measures, and fire protection systems.
It is imperative to comply with these global guidelines and regulations to guarantee the
secure transportation of hazardous materials. Shipowners, operators, and crew members
may all help to keep the transportation business honest, prevent accidents, and safeguard
the environment by abiding by these rules. For precise needs, always refer to the most
recent versions of these codes and regulations since they may have been updated or
changed. For precise needs, always refer to the most recent versions of these codes and
regulations since they may have been updated or changed.

The safe maritime transportation of hazardous goods is governed by a set of rules and
regulations called the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code. The
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), developed by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO), makes sure that hazardous materials are packaged, marked,
and carried in a way that reduces hazards to the environment, the crew, and the ship. A
thorough framework for the handling and transportation of dangerous items is provided by
the IMDG Code. Hazardous materials are categorized into many classes and divisions
according to their properties including corrosivity, toxicity, and flammability. Specific
guidelines for packing, labeling, marking, and documenting apply to each class and division.

The IMDG Code's goal is to encourage the effective and safe maritime transportation of
hazardous materials. The objectives are to avert mishaps, reduce harm in case of an
occurrence, and safeguard individuals, belongings, and the aquatic ecosystem. By ensuring
that dangerous commodities are properly classified, packaged, and stowed, the code helps
to limit the risk of fires, explosions, leaks, and other mishaps that could compromise the
safety of the vessel, the crew, and other ships in the vicinity.
In order to incorporate the most recent developments in science and technology, the IMDG
Code is updated on a regular basis. It considers advice from specialists in the field of
transportation of dangerous commodities, as well as international agreements and norms.
All ships involved in the international carriage of dangerous goods by water must abide by
the IMDG Code. The IMDG Code specifies guidelines for emergency response protocols,
training needs for workers handling the transportation of hazardous materials, and incident
and accident reporting in addition to rules on packing and stowage. It is an invaluable tool
that shipping firms, freight forwarders, port managers, and law enforcement agencies may
use to guarantee the secure transportation of hazardous products across international
waters. Countries can improve their port security and safety protocols, save the marine
environment, and raise the general level of safety in international maritime transit by
following the guidelines set forth in the IMDG Code. It is essential for averting mishaps and
reducing the negative effects of hazardous materials on the environment, the economy, and
public health. In general, a key instrument for the effective and safe transportation of
hazardous commodities by water is the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
Code. Its many rules and regulations guarantee that hazardous materials are handled,
packed, and transported in a way that puts environmental preservation, safety, and security
first. Comprehending Hazardous Materials

Materials or chemicals that pose a risk to people, property, or the environment are classified
as dangerous commodities. They are divided into many classes according to their unique
traits and possible risks. Let's take a closer look at these classes:
Class 1: Explosives

Explosives are substances capable of releasing a large amount of energy in a short period of
time. They can cause significant damage through explosion or ignition. Examples include
dynamite, fireworks, and certain types of ammunition.

Class 2: Gases

Gases are substances that exist in a gaseous state at normal temperatures and pressures.
They can be highly flammable, toxic, or both. Examples include propane, butane, and
acetylene.

Class 3: Flammable Liquids

Flammable liquids are substances that can easily catch fire and ignite at relatively low
temperatures. They have a flashpoint below 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit).
Examples include gasoline, alcohol, and kerosene.

Class 4: Flammable Solids

Flammable solids are substances that can easily catch fire when exposed to a source of
ignition. Examples include matches, certain types of chemicals, and self-reactive
substances.

Class 5: Oxidizing Substances and Organic Peroxides

Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides are materials that provide oxygen to support
combustion. They can react with other substances and enhance the risk of a fire. Examples
include hydrogen peroxide and certain types of fertilizers.
Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances

Toxic and infectious substances are materials that can cause harm or pose a risk to living
organisms. They can be poisonous, corrosive, or have infectious properties. Examples
include pesticides, certain chemicals, and medical waste.

Class 7: Radioactive Materials

Radioactive materials are substances that emit ionizing radiation. They can cause damage to
living organisms and require special handling and containment. Examples include uranium,
plutonium, and certain medical isotopes.

Class 8: Corrosive Substances

Corrosive substances are materials that can damage or destroy other substances upon
contact. They can cause chemical burns, corrode metals, and degrade materials. Examples
include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and certain cleaning agents.

Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods

Miscellaneous dangerous goods are substances that do not fall under the previous classes
but still pose a risk during transportation or storage. They can have various hazards, such
as toxic, flammable, or environmentally damaging properties. Examples include lithium
batteries, asbestos, and magnetized materials.

Remember, understanding the different classes of dangerous goods is crucial for ensuring
their safe handling, transportation, and storage. Always follow the appropriate regulations
and precautions when dealing with these materials to protect yourself and others from
potential harm.

Understanding Dangerous Goods

Materials or chemicals that pose a risk to people, property, or the environment are classified
as dangerous commodities. They are divided into many classes according to their unique
traits and possible risks. Let's take a closer look at these classes:

Miscellaneous dangerous goods are substances that do not fall under the previous classes
but still pose a risk during transportation or storage. They can have various hazards, such
as toxic, flammable, or environmentally damaging properties. Examples include lithium
batteries, asbestos, and magnetized materials. Remember, understanding the different
classes of dangerous goods is crucial for ensuring their safe handling, transportation, and
storage. Always follow the appropriate regulations and precautions when dealing with these
materials to protect yourself and others from potential harm.
MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 1

PRELIM

FA-LO1.1-01-00 “Explaining on the requirements under the international

standards and codes that pertains to carriage of dangerous goods such as the BCH
Code, CSS Code, IBC.”

1. What is a crucial step in the transportation of hazardous materials?

2. What is the primary purpose of regulations governing the transportation of hazardous

goods?

3. In the section covering BCH (Building Code for Hospitals), CSS (Construction Safety
Standards), IBC (International Building Code), and IGC (Industrial Gas Code), which of the
following changes is NOT required according to the codes?

4. What is the purpose of the BCH Code, also known as the International Code for the
Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk?

5. What does the CSS Code (Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing)
primarily emphasize in relation to cargo on board ships?

6. What does the IBC Code (International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk) primarily focus on for ships transporting hazardous
chemicals in bulk?

7. What aspects does the IGC Code (International Code for the Construction and Equipment
of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk) primarily address for the transportation of
liquefied gases by ship?

8. What does the IMDG Code (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code) primarily
provide guidelines for in the handling and transportation of hazardous materials by sea?

9. What are the primary objectives of the IMDG Code (International Maritime Dangerous
Goods Code) in the context of maritime transportation of hazardous materials?

10. What does the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code primarily ensure
regarding the handling and transportation of hazardous materials by water, and how are
dangerous commodities classified?

11. What are characteristics of Class 1 hazardous materials, as defined in the International
Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code?

12. What are characteristics of Class 2 hazardous materials, as per the International
Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code?

13. Which of the following substances are considered flammable liquids with a flashpoint
below 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit)?

14. Which of the following substances are considered flammable solids that can easily catch
fire when exposed to a source of ignition?
15. Which of the following substances belong to Class 5, specifically classified as oxidizing
substances and organic peroxides that provide oxygen to support combustion?

16. What are examples of toxic and infectious substances that can cause harm or pose a
risk to living organisms?

17. Which of the following substances are examples of radioactive materials that emit
ionizing radiation and require special handling and containment?

18. Which of the following substances are examples of corrosive materials that can cause
damage or destruction upon contact?

19. Which of the following substances are examples of miscellaneous dangerous goods that,
despite not fitting into previous classes, still pose risks during transportation or storage due
to various hazards?

20. Which of the following statements about dangerous goods and their classification is
correct?

TOPIC 2: Construction and Arrangement of Tankers and Gas Carriers

 Explain the basic construction, general arrangement, systems, and equipment of the
oil tankers, chemical tankers, and gas carriers.

Oil Tankers, Chemical Tankers, and Gas Carriers

Oil tankers, chemical tankers, and gas carriers are types of ships used for
transporting different types of substances. Let's explore their basic construction,
general arrangement, systems, and equipment.

Basic Construction
Oil tankers, chemical tankers, and gas carriers are all specially designed ships that
are built to safely carry specific types of cargo.
Oil Tankers: These ships are constructed with double hulls to prevent oil spills in case
of accidents or collisions. The cargo tanks are located inside the hull and are
designed to store crude oil or refined petroleum products.
 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OIL TANKER

Chemical Tankers: Chemical tankers are constructed with a variety of tanks to carry
different types of chemicals. These tanks are made of specialized materials that can
withstand the corrosive nature of the chemicals being transported.

Gas Carriers: Gas carriers are designed to transport liquefied gases such as natural
gas or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). They have specially designed tanks and
systems to handle the unique properties of these gases.

General Arrangement
The general arrangement of these ships includes various sections and compartments
that serve specific purposes.

Oil Tankers: Oil tankers typically have compartments for cargo storage, engine
rooms, navigation areas, accommodation for the crew, and other auxiliary spaces.
The cargo tanks are divided into multiple compartments to enhance stability and
safety.
 General arrangement OIL TANKER

Chemical Tankers: Chemical tankers have similar arrangements as oil tankers, with
specific tanks for different chemicals. These tanks are usually fitted with heating,
cooling, or insulation systems to ensure that the chemicals are transported under the
required conditions.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT CHEMICAL TANKER

Gas Carriers: Gas carriers are designed to store and transport liquefied gases in
specialized tanks. These tanks are insulated and designed to withstand high
pressures. Gas carriers also have machinery spaces, accommodation areas, and
navigation sections.

Systems and Equipment

To guarantee safe and effective transportation, gas carriers, chemical tankers, and oil
tankers are outfitted with a variety of systems and apparatus
Cargo Handling Systems: Pumps, pipes, and valves are components of cargo
handling systems, which are used to load, unload, and transport freight. They are
made to deal with the unique characteristics and needs of the goods being moved.
 CARGO PUMP

Navigation and Communication Systems: These ships are outfitted with cutting-
edge navigational tools, such radar, GPS, and communication systems to stay in
regular contact with other ships and land authorities, to guarantee safe navigation.

NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS

MARINE RADAR
 GPS

GMDSS

Safety Systems: Oil tankers, chemical tankers, and gas carriers have safety
systems in place to prevent accidents, such as fire detection and suppression
systems, emergency response equipment, and security measures to protect against
piracy. Modern ships are equipped with advanced fire detection systems to enhance
onboard safety. Which of the following are commonly used technologies in fire
detection systems on ships. Infrared Detectors and Smoke Sensors

FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

 FIRE FIGHTING

FIRE SUPPRESSION
 AUTOMATIC SPRINKER SYSTEM

WATER MIST AND SPRINKER SYSTEM

ACCOMODATION SPRINKER

Environmental Protection Systems: These ships are equipped with systems to

minimize their impact on the environment, such as oil pollution prevention measures
and waste management systems. In conclusion, oil tankers, chemical tankers, and gas carriers
are essential for transporting specific substances. Their construction, general
arrangement, systems, and equipment are all designed for the safe and efficient
transportation of their respective cargoes. Accommodation sprinkler systems are
essential for fire protection in various maritime settings. What is the primary purpose
of accommodation sprinklers on ships, and what are the commonly used activation
methods. To suppress fires in living and working areas; Activation by heat-sensitive
elements
 OIL SPILL BOOMS

Oil spill booms play a crucial role in containing and managing oil spills in marine
environments. What are the primary functions of oil spill booms, and which materials are
commonly used in their construction. Functions: Containment and diversion of oil; Materials:
PVC, Rubber, and Fabric

OIL SPILL CLEAN UP APPARATUS

 CLEAN UP

SOPEP

MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 2

PRELIM

FA-LO1.4-04-00 “Explaining on the basic construction, general arrangement,

systems, and equipment of the oil tankers, chemical tankers, and gas carriers..”

1. What is a common feature of the construction of modern oil tankers?

2. How are oil tankers typically constructed to enhance safety and prevent oil spills?

3. What is a key feature of the construction of chemical tankers, specifically in relation to

the cargo tanks?

4. What is a distinctive characteristic of the design of gas carriers for transporting liquefied
gases?

5.What are key features of the design of gas carriers for transporting liquefied gases?

6. How are chemical tankers equipped to handle the transportation of different chemicals?
7. What are some key features of the construction of gas carriers designed for transporting
liquefied gases?

8. What components are typically included in the cargo handling systems of gas carriers,
chemical tankers, and oil tankers to facilitate the safe loading, unloading, and transportation
of cargo?

9. Which components are integral parts of the cargo handling systems on gas carriers,
chemical tankers, and oil tankers, ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of cargo?

10. What is the primary purpose of pumps, pipes, and valves in the cargo handling systems
of ships like gas carriers, chemical tankers, and oil tankers?

A) Provide navigation assistance B) Ensure crew accommodation

11. What advanced technologies are commonly employed in the navigation and
communication systems of ships like gas carriers, chemical tankers, and oil tankers to
ensure safe navigation and effective communication?

12. What safety systems are commonly implemented in oil tankers, chemical tankers, and
gas carriers to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of the vessel and its crew?

13. What environmental protection systems are commonly integrated into the design of oil
tankers, chemical tankers, and gas carriers to minimize their impact on the environment?

14. What are key takeaways regarding the essential roles of oil tankers, chemical tankers,
and gas carriers in transporting specific substances?

A) They all have single-hulled construction B) Gas carriers are designed for transporting
liquefied gases

15. How are the construction, general arrangement, systems, and equipment of oil tankers,
chemical tankers, and gas carriers specifically tailored to ensure the safe and efficient
transportation of their respective cargoes?

16. How are the construction, general arrangement, systems, and equipment of oil tankers,
chemical tankers, and gas carriers specifically tailored to ensure the safe and efficient
transportation of their respective cargoes?

17. Which cutting-edge navigational tools are commonly outfitted on ships to ensure safe
navigation, communication, and regular contact with other ships and land authorities?

18. Modern ships are equipped with advanced fire detection systems to enhance onboard
safety. Which of the following are commonly used technologies in fire detection systems on
ships?

19. Accommodation sprinkler systems are essential for fire protection in various maritime
settings. What is the primary purpose of accommodation sprinklers on ships, and what are
the commonly used activation methods?

20. Oil spill booms play a crucial role in containing and managing oil spills in marine
environments. What are the primary functions of oil spill booms, and which materials are
commonly used in their construction?
TOPIC 3: Cargo Handling Equipment On Board Tankers and Gas Carriers

 Explain the purpose and basic operation of cargo handling equipment used on board
tankers and gas carriers such as Pumping Systems (Framo), Loading Arms, Inerting
Systems, Emergency Shutdown System (ESD), Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS),
and Tank Cleaning Equipment (COW).

Cargo Handling Equipment on Tankers and Gas Carriers

For tankers and gas carriers to move commodities effectively and safely, cargo handling
equipment is essential. It guarantees that cargo is handled, loaded, and unloaded in a
way that reduces risks and guarantees adherence to industry standards. We will go over
the functions and fundamentals of the different cargo handling machinery on these ships
in this chapter.

CARGO HANDLING OIL TANKER

Pumping Systems (Framo)

Cargo is moved between tanks or between the ship and shore facilities using pumping
systems, such the Framo system. The Framo system uses a system of pipelines and
electrically powered pumps to transport the cargo. These pumps are made to handle a
variety of loads, such as petroleum products, crude oil, and liquid chemicals. Operators
can monitor and modify the freight flow since they are managed from a central control
center.
 FRAMO CARGO PUMPING OIL TANKER

FRAMO HYDRAULIC CARGO PUMP GAS CARRIER

 FRAMO CARGO PUMP GAS CARRIER

Loading Arms

To load or unload goods from a vessel, loaders use articulated, flexible pipes called
loading arms. To guarantee the secure transfer of liquids or gases, they are fitted with
seals, swivel joints, and valves. In order to carry cargo, loading arms are made to reach
shore facilities or link to other boats. Remote control of them from a control center
enables operators to keep an eye on the loading procedure and make any required
adjustments.

LOADING ARM GAS CARRIER

 LOADING ARM OIL TANKER

Inerting Systems

In order to lower the risk of fire or explosion, inerting devices are utilized to lower the
oxygen level in cargo tanks. These systems replace the oxygen in the tanks with inert
gases like nitrogen. There is far less chance of combustion or ignite when the oxygen
content is lowered. Tanks transporting flammable or volatile cargo must have inerting
devices installed as a matter of course.

INERT GAS SYSTEM OIL TANKER

 INERT GAS SYSTEM GAS CARRIER

Emergency Shutdown System (ESD)

The emergency shutdown system is designed to quickly and safely shut down cargo
transfer operations in case of an emergency. This system is activated when a hazardous
condition is detected, such as a fire, explosion, or gas leak. It automatically closes
valves, stops pumps, and activates alarms to alert the crew and prevent further
escalation of the situation. The ESD system plays a critical role in protecting personnel,
the vessel, and the environment in emergency situations.
 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SYSTEM OR ESD SYTEM FOR GAS

CARRIER

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) offer comprehensive details regarding the
characteristics and possible risks associated with the cargo being transported. They
provide details on the chemical and physical characteristics, recommendations for
handling and storing, protocols for addressing emergencies, and directions for disposing
of waste. In order to handle and transport goods safely, crew members should be aware
of the dangers involved and take the necessary precautions, which can be found in the
MSDS.
Tank Cleaning Equipment (COW)

After unloading, contaminants are removed from cargo tanks using tank cleaning
equipment. Tank cleaning is necessary to guarantee compliance with cargo handling
standards and to avoid contaminating subsequent shipments. Pumps, specialized
cleaning solutions, and high-pressure water jets are examples of tank cleaning
equipment. The cleaning procedure entails getting rid of any evidence of the prior cargo
and making sure the tanks are spotless and prepared for the subsequent shipment. To
sum up, cargo handling equipment aboard gas carriers and tankers is essential to the
effective and safe movement of cargo. Comprehending the function and fundamental
functioning of these equipment systems is essential for crew members engaged in cargo
handling activities, guaranteeing adherence to industry norms and advancing the welfare
of individuals and the ecosystem. The term "COW" in the context of tank cleaning
equipment typically refers to "Crude Oil Washing." Crude Oil Washing is a method used
to clean the cargo tanks of oil tankers. The process involves using high-pressure
seawater jets to remove the remaining crude oil residue from the tank walls and
surfaces after cargo discharge.

Tank cleaning equipment, including COW systems, is crucial in the maritime industry to
ensure that tanks are thoroughly cleaned and ready for the next cargo load. Here are
some key components and features of a typical Crude Oil Washing system:

Fixed Tank Washing Machines: These are devices installed in the cargo tanks,
strategically positioned to cover the entire tank surface. They use high-pressure water
jets to clean the tank interior. Portable Tank Washing Machines: These are smaller,
handheld devices that can be moved around to reach specific areas that fixed machines
might not cover effectively. Pump System: A pump system is required to generate the
high-pressure water needed for the washing process. Seawater is often used as the
cleaning medium.

Control System: A control system is used to manage the operation of the washing
machines, ensuring proper coverage and cleaning efficiency.

Monitoring Equipment: Sensors and monitoring devices are often integrated into the
system to assess the cleanliness of the tank and ensure that the washing process is
thorough.

Safety Features: Given the nature of the industry and the potential hazards involved,
safety features such as emergency shutdown systems and protective measures are
typically incorporated into COW equipment.

The Crude Oil Washing process not only helps in maintaining the integrity of the cargo
tanks but also prevents contamination of the next cargo with residues from previous
loads. Compliance with international regulations, such as MARPOL (International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships), often requires the use of effective
tank cleaning methods like COW to minimize the impact of maritime activities on the
environment.
 TANK CLEANING OIL TANKER

CHEMICAL TANK CLEANING

TANK CLEANING OIL TANKER

 Safe and efficient tank cleaning of liquid cargo tankers:

MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 3

PRELIM

FA-LO1.5-05-00 “Explaining on the purpose and basic operation of cargo handling

equipment used on board tankers and gas carriers such as Pumping Systems
(Framo), Loading Arms, Inerting Systems, Emergency Shutdown System (ESD),
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and Tank Cleaning Equipment (COW).”

1. What types of cargo handling equipment are commonly used on tankers and gas carriers
to ensure efficient and safe movement of commodities?

2. Which measures contribute to ensuring safe and compliant handling, loading, and
unloading of cargo on tankers and gas carriers?

3. When exploring the functions and fundamentals of cargo-handling machinery on tankers

and gas carriers, which aspects are typically covered in this chapter?

4. In the context of cargo movement on tankers, which pumping systems are commonly
employed for transferring cargo between tanks or between the ship and shore facilities?

5. What components are used in the Framo system for transporting cargo?

6. What types of loads are these pumps designed to handle?

7. How do operators manage and modify the freight flow from a central control center?

8. What are the functions of loading arms in the context of vessel operations?
9. What components are typically used to guarantee the secure transfer of liquids or gases?

10. How do loading arms for carrying cargo reach shore facilities or link to other boats?

11. How do loading arms for carrying cargo reach shore facilities or link to other boats?

12. What is the primary purpose of inerting devices in cargo tanks, aimed at reducing the
risk of fire or explosion?

13. Which gases are commonly used in inerting systems to replace oxygen in cargo tanks
and reduce the risk of fire or explosion?

14. why does reducing oxygen content in a given environment, such as cargo tanks,
significantly decrease the likelihood of combustion or ignition?

15. Which safety measure is essential for tanks transporting flammable or volatile cargo?

16. What is the primary purpose of the Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) in cargo
transfer operation?

17. When is the Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) activated?

18. What actions does the Emergency shutdown System ( ESD) typically perform when
activated?

19. What are the primary aspects that the Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) aims to
protect in emergency situations?

20. What information can be found in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for transported
cargo?

21. What are the chemical and physical characteristics, recommendations for handling and
storing, protocols for addressing emergencies, and directions for disposing of waste for a
hazardous substance?

22. After unloading, which components are typically involved in the Crude Oil Washing
(COW) process for removing contaminants from cargo tanks?

23. Why is tank cleaning necessary in the shipping industry?

A) To maintain the structural integrity of cargo tanks. B) To ensure compliance with cargo

24. What are examples of equipment commonly used in tank cleaning processes?

25. What does the tank cleaning procedure involve to ensure tanks are ready for
subsequent shipments?

26. What are common examples of cargo handling equipment found aboard gas carriers?

27. Why are tankers considered essential for the effective and safe movement of cargo?

28. Why is comprehending the function and fundamental functioning of cargo handling
equipment systems essential for crew members engaged in cargo handling activities?

29. How does guaranteeing adherence to industry norms contribute to advancing the
welfare of individuals and the ecosystem in cargo handling activities?
30. In the context of tank cleaning equipment, what does the term "COW" commonly refer
to?

31. What is Crude Oil Washing (COW), and how does it contribute to the maintenance and
cleanliness of oil tanker cargo tanks?

32. How does Crude Oil Washing (COW) utilize high-pressure seawater jets to maintain the
cleanliness of oil tanker cargo tanks?

33. Which of the following statements are true regarding tank cleaning equipment in the
maritime industry, including COW systems?

34. Which of the following are key components and features commonly associated with a
typical Crude Oil Washing (COW) system?

35. When considering fixed tank washing machines in the maritime industry, which
statements accurately describe their characteristics?

36. Regarding portable tank washing machines that utilize high-pressure water jets for
cleaning tank interiors, which statements accurately describe their characteristics?

37. Concerning pump systems in the maritime industry, which statements accurately
describe their characteristics?

38. In the context of tank cleaning processes in the maritime industry, particularly for
generating high-pressure water required in the washing process, which statements
accurately describe the role of pump systems?

39. When it comes to managing the operation of washing machines in the maritime
industry, particularly for tank cleaning, what roles does a control system play? Choose the
correct statements from the options below.

40. In the maritime industry, particularly in the context of Crude Oil Washing (COW)
equipment, which statements accurately describe the integration of monitoring equipment
and safety features?

TOPIC 4 : Procedures On Board Tankers and Gas Carriers

 Explain the procedures on board tankers and gas carriers such as tank cleaning,
purging, and gas freeing. Tank cleaning, purging, and gas freeing are crucial

Tank cleaning, purging, and gas freeing are crucial procedures on board tankers and

gas carriers.

To ensure the safety, efficiency, and compliance of the vessel with industry

regulations. Here is a An overview of these procedures:

1. Tank Cleaning:
 Purpose: Tank cleaning is performed to remove residues, cargo remnants, and other
contaminants from cargo tanks to prevent contamination of subsequent cargoes and
ensure the vessel’s safe operation.

 Procedure:

 Preparation: Before starting the cleaning process, ensure that all safety measures
are in place, and the vessel adequately ventilated. Personal protective equipment
(PPE) should be worn.

 Identify the type of cargo residue, select appropriate cleaning agents.

 Tank Entry: Ensure proper ventilation, use safety equipment, and follow confined
space entry procedures.
 Cleaning Methods: Utilize mechanical or chemical cleaning methods based on the
cargo and tank material.
 Inspection: Verify cleanliness through visual inspection and, if necessary, use
measuring devices.

QUALIFYING PERSONNEL TO VISUALLY INSPECTION CLEANED

EQUIPMENT
 VISUAL INSPECTION PRACTICE OF CLEAN EQUIPMENT
2. Purging:
 Safey Measures: Confirm the tank is gas-free before entry; use gas detectors
and personal protective equipment.


INERT GAS SYSTEM

 Inert Gas Introduction: Introduce inert gas (usually nitrogen) to displace

flammable or hazardous gases.
 Ventilation: Maintain proper ventilation to ensure a safe atmosphere inside the
tank.

PROPER VENTILATION TO CONFINED SPACES

  Monitoring: Continuously monitor gas levels and ensure they remain within safe
limits.

GAS MONITOR FOR CONFINED SPACE

3. Gas Freeing:
 Ventilation: Use mechanical ventilation systems to remove gases from the tank.
 Gas Detection: Regularly monitor gas levels to confirm the tank is gas-free.
 Isolation: Ensure proper isolation of the tank to prevent recontamination.
 Safety Procedures: Follow established safety protocols during the process.

These operations should be carried out carefully, following industry rules and vessel-specific
guidelines, in order to prevent hazards like fire, explosion, or contamination..
 Mechanical ventilation systems

GAS MONITOR FOR CONFINED SPACE

MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 4

MIDTERM

FA-LO1.6-06-00 “Explaining on the procedures on board tankers and gas carriers

such as tank cleaning, purging, and gas freeing.”

1. When considering the purpose of tank cleaning on a Gas Carrier in the maritime industry,
which statements accurately describe the reasons for performing this process?

2. Concerning the tank cleaning procedure in the maritime industry, particularly during the
preparation phase, which statements accurately describe the necessary steps and
precautions?

3. During the tank cleaning process in the maritime industry, what is a crucial step in
ensuring effective cleaning, and what actions are typically taken in this regard?

4. When entering a tank, what precautions should be taken to ensure safety? Select all that
apply.

5. What are the conditions that must be met before entry into a gas tank is permitted?

6. When following the company’s procedure for entry into enclosed spaces with related
permits, which steps are typically required?

7. When the previous cargo contained Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) or other toxic contaminants
that could evolve toxic gases (E.G., benzene, toluene, mercaptans, etc.),what precautions
should be taken before entering the space?

8. When checking a tank for gases as per the “Guidelines for Toxic Gases Hazards” which
actions should be taken?

9. When carrying out “Hot Work,” inside tanks with a designated ‘Dangerous Area,’ what
precautions should be taken according to the “Procedure for Hot Work,” and what
preparations are necessary?

10. When conducting gas-freeing or purging operations for the reception of cargo with the
intention of preventing contamination from the previous cargo, what steps should be taken?

11. When dealing with hydrocarbon gas and using the gas content indicated by the charter
as a standard, what actions should be taken according to the operations mentioned in (2) of
Article 1, and when should these operations continue?

12. What safety precautions should the chief officer follow during operations such as tank
cleaning, hydrocarbon gas purging, gas freeing, and re-inerting?

13. Which precautions should individuals involved in the operations observe, as outline in
this section and the “Precautions during Gas Freeing operation?
14. What essential sections must be completed in the “Tank Cleaning, Purging, and Gas
Freeing Checklist” to ensure strict safety adherence at the appropriate time?

15. What responsibilities does the Chief Officer undertake in ensuring tank preparation and
atmosphere control during non-flammable operations on tankers utilizing inert gas systems?

16. What factors determine the choice between mechanical or chemical cleaning methods
for tanks, based on the cargo and tank material?

17. How can cleanliness be verified during inspections, and what measures might be taken if
required?

18. How should cleanliness be confirmed during inspections, and what methods can be
employed if needed?

19. What are the essential steps involved in gas freeing a tank, and what precautions should
be taken to ensure safety?

20. When conducting operations to prevent hazards such as fire, explosion, or

contamination, what key considerations should be followed based on industry rules and
vessel-specific guidelines?

Topic 5. Loading and Unloading On Board Tankers and Gas Carriers

 Explain cargo loading and unloading procedures on board tankers and gas carriers in
accordance with the cargo plan based on established procedures, safety rules, and
regulations.

Cargo loading and unloading on tankers and gas carriers follow strict procedures to
ensure safety and compliance. The process involves:

CARGO STOWAGE PLAN STATEGY

1. Preparation: Crew members review the cargo plan, considering factors like weight
distribution, stability, and compatibility. Safety checks are conducted, and emergency
equipment is inspected.
2. Tank Inspection: Tanks are inspected for cleanliness and readiness. Any residues
from previous cargoes must be removed to prevent contamination.
3. Connectivity: Tankers are connected to shore facilities or terminals through loading
arms or hoses. Gas carriers may also have specialized systems for liquefied gas
transfer.
4. Safety Briefing: The crew conducts safety briefings, emphasizing procedures,
emergency protocols, and communication methods. Personal protective equipment is
worn throughout the operation.
5. Ballasting: Adjustments to the vessel’s ballast are made to maintain stability during
loading or unloading. This is critical for preventing accidents like tilting or excessive
stress on the hull.
6. Loading / Unloading: Following the cargo plan, the transfer of liquid or gas cargo
begins. Monitoring systems track quantities, pressures, and temperatures to ensure
safe operations.
7. Communication: Constant communication is maintained between the ship and
shore, coordinating the flow of cargo and responding to any issues promptly.
8. Emergency Drills: Regular emergency drills are conducted to prepare the crew for
potential incidents, such as leaks, spills, or fires.
9. Completion: Once the cargo transfer is complete, tanks are checked for any
remaining cargo or residues. Disconnecting from shore facilities follows established
safety protocols.
10.Documentation: Accurate records are kept, detailing quantities loaded or unloaded,
and any incidents or deviations from the plan. This documents and facilitates post-
operation analysis.

Throughout these procedures , strict adherence to safety rules, regulations, and the
cargo plan is paramount to prevent accidents, protect the environment, and ensure the
well-being of the crew and the vessel.

LIQUIFIED GAS CARRIER CARGO TANKS PLAN

GAS CARRIER TANK INSPECTION

TANKS INSPECTION OIL TANKER

MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 5

MIDTERM

FA-LO1.7-07-00 “Explanation on cargo loading and unloading procedures on board

tankers and gas carriers in accordance with the cargo plan based on established
procedures, safety rules, and regulations.”

1. What are the key steps involved in the preparation phase for crew members on a tanker
or gas carrier, ensuring safe cargo handling?

2. What steps are involved in the tank inspection process to ensure cleanliness and
readiness, and to prevent contamination from previous cargoes?

3. How are tankers and gas carriers typically connected to shore facilities or terminals for
cargo transfer, considering their specific equipment?

4. How are tankers typically connected to shore facilities or terminals during cargo
operations?

5. During a safety briefing before an operation, what aspects are typically emphasized by
the crew, and why is the consistent use of personal protective equipment (PPE) stressed?

6. What is the purpose of making adjustments to the vessel's ballast during loading or
unloading, and what are the key considerations involved in the ballasting process?
7. Why is making adjustments to the vessel's ballast during loading or unloading considered
critical, and what accidents does this practice aim to prevent?

8. What key steps are involved in the loading/unloading process, and why is it important to
follow the cargo plan?

9. What is the role of monitoring systems during liquid or gas cargo operations, and what
parameters do these systems typically track to ensure safe operations?

10. Why is constant communication between the ship and shore crucial during liquid or gas
cargo operations, and what aspects does this communication focus on?

11. During emergency drills conducted on board, what are some potential incidents that the
crew is typically prepared for? Choose all applicable options.

12. After completing cargo transfer, what steps are taken to ensure the tanks are free of
any remaining cargo or residues? Choose all applicable options.

13. When disconnecting from shore facilities, which safety protocols are typically followed?
Choose all applicable options.

14. What information is typically documented during cargo loading or unloading operations?
Choose all applicable options.

15. What purpose does the documentation of quantities, incidents, and deviations during
cargo operations serve? Choose all applicable options.

Topic 6. Handling, Stowing, and Securing of Dangerous Cargo

 Explain the procedures in handling, stowing, and securing dangerous cargo such as
the packaging, marking, labelling, documentation, loading and unloading
precautions, carriage precautions, assessment of acceptability of consignments for
safe shipment, stowage, segregation, trimming procedures, methods of determining
the angle of repose, lashing, unlashing, and securing arrangements.

Handling stowing, and securing dangerous cargo involves a series of meticulous

procedures to ensure safety during transportation.

The procedure includes:

Handling dangerous cargo on container ships requires strict adherence to safety

procedures to mitigate potential risks and ensure the well-being of the crew, the
vessel, and the environment. Here are some general safety procedures for handling
dangerous cargo on container ships:

Compliance with Regulations:

Ensure compliance with international regulations such as the International Maritime

Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) Convention, and local
regulations.
Documentation and Labeling:

Verify that all dangerous goods are properly documented, classified, and labeled
according to the IMDG Code. Ensure that container markings and labels are clear and
visible.

Stowage and Segregation:

Follow proper stowage and segregation requirements to prevent incompatible

dangerous goods from being stored in close proximity to each other.
Consider the compatibility of adjacent containers and maintain separation distances
as per regulations.

Cargo Securing:

Secure dangerous cargo containers properly to prevent movement during transit,

especially in adverse weather conditions.

Emergency Response Equipment:

Ensure that the ship is equipped with appropriate emergency response equipment,
including firefighting tools, personal protective equipment, and spill response
materials.

Training and Drills:

Conduct regular training sessions for the crew on handling dangerous cargo and
emergency response procedures .Perform drills to ensure that the crew is familiar
with emergency protocols and can respond effectively to different scenarios.

Communication:
Maintain clear communication between the ship's crew, terminal operators, and
relevant authorities. Establish communication protocols for reporting and addressing
dangerous cargo-related incidents.

Inspection and Monitoring:

Regularly inspect containers, storage areas, and handling equipment to identify and
address any issues promptly. Use monitoring devices to detect leaks, temperature
changes, or other anomalies in dangerous cargo containers.

Preventive Maintenance:

Implement a preventive maintenance program for equipment used in the handling of

dangerous goods, such as cranes, forklifts, and firefighting systems.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Ensure that all personnel involved in handling dangerous cargo have appropriate PPE,
including protective clothing, gloves, and respiratory protection.

Fire Prevention and Control:

Have firefighting equipment readily available, conduct regular fire drills, and ensure
that firefighting systems are in good working condition.

Emergency Contacts:

Maintain an updated list of emergency contacts, including local authorities,

emergency response services, and relevant agencies.

Security Measures:

Implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access to dangerous cargo

areas and containers.

Continuous Improvement:

Periodically review and update safety procedures based on lessons learned from
incidents and changes in regulations. Remember, specific procedures may vary based
on the type of dangerous goods being transported and regional regulations, so it's
crucial to consult the relevant guidelines and authorities for the most accurate and
up-to-date information.

DANGEROUS CARGO HANDLING SAFETY PROCEDURES FOR CONTAINER

SHIPS

Class label

Distinctive diamond-shaped labels (a square set at an angle of 45 degrees) to

identify the Class by a combination of color, Class number (in the bottom angle) and
distinctive pictograms.

Subsidiary Risk label

Label or labels denoting additional significant risks. These are identical to class labels
1. Packing: Dangerous goods must be packaged according to international regulations, using
approved containers and materials suitable for the specific hazard class.

HAZMAT LABEL PLACARDS AND HAZMAT MARKING

REQUIREMENTS COMMON TO ALL TRANSPORT CODES

Marking, Labeling and Placarding of dangerous goods as required by the
IMDG Code
and DGs in limited quantities
MARKING DANGEROUS GOODS
 Select the correct packaging based on the Packing Instruction or Class and Packing
Group (when applicable) if the code does not provide Packing Instructions.
Mark and label the goods in accordance with the appropriate code usually
UN number or Proper Shipping Name,
Class label and Subsidiary Risk label (if required),
Packing Group (if applicable)
plus any additional marks required by the code such as marine pollutant,
environmentally hazardous or elevated temperature marks

2. Marking and Labeling: Properly mark and label packages with relevant hazard symbols and
information, are essential for identifying the nature of the cargo. This aids in safe handling and
emergency response.
Provide a dangerous goods declaration stating the UN number, Proper Shipping
Name, Class, the Packing Group where applicable and the number and kind of
packages. Also provide flash point and Marine Pollutant if required. If not specifically
required elsewhere on the document, this information may be placed in the
‘additional information’ section.
3. Documentation: Comprehensive documentation, including a Dangerous Goods Declaration,
provides information about the cargo, its hazards, and emergency contact details.

DOCUMENTATION
4. Loading and Unloading
Precautions: Trained personnel should handle loading and unloading to prevent mishandling or
damage to the cargo. Specialized equipment and procedures may be required.
 LOADING AND UNLOADING

LOADING AND UNLOADING

5. Carriage Precautions: Select appropriate transport modes that comply with regulations for
carrying dangerous goods, considering factors like segregation requirements.

CARIAGE, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF DANGEROUS GOODS

6. Assessment of Consignments: Evaluate consignments to ensure they meet safety criteria for
transportation and comply with regulations.

CONSIGMENT AGREEMENT: THE KEY TO ENSURING

INSURANCE COVERAGE – FASTER CAPITAL

7. Stowage: Proper stowage involves placing the cargo securely to prevent shifting during transit,
following guidelines for specific hazardous materials.
8. Segregation: Dangerous goods with incompatible properties should be segregated to prevent
reaction in case of leaks or spills.
9. Trimming Procedures: Ensuring even weight distribution within the transport vessel is crucial to
maintaining stability during transit.
10. Angle of Repose: Determining the angle of repose helps establish the maximum slope at which
the cargo can be safely stowed without shifting.
11. Lashing and securing: Adequate lashing and securing arrangements, such as using straps, braces,
or blocking, are implemented to prevent movement and ensure stability during transport.
12. Unlashing: Careful unlashing procedures are followed during unloading to avoid sudden
movements of cargo.

These procedures collectively contribute to the safe transport of dangerous goods, minimizing risks
to personnel, the environment, and the transportation infrastructure. Adherence to international
regulations, proper training, and effective communication are key elements in this process.
 MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 6

MIDTERM

FA-LO1.8-08-00 “Explanation on the procedures in handling, stowing, and securing dangerous cargo
such as the packaging, marking, labelling, documentation, loading and unloading precautions, carriage
precautions, assessment of acceptability of consignments for safe shipment, stowage, segregation,
trimming procedures, methods of determining the angle of repose, lashing, unlashing, and securing
arrangements.”

1.What are some key procedures involved in the handling, stowing, and securing of
dangerous cargo on container ships?

2. What are some general safety procedures for handling dangerous cargo on container
ships to mitigate potential risks and ensure the well-being of the crew, vessel, and
environment?

3. What international regulations must be considered to ensure compliance when handling

dangerous cargo on container ships?

4. What steps are crucial to verifying the proper handling of dangerous goods according to
the IMDG Code, including documentation, classification, and labeling, and ensuring
container markings and labels are clear and visible?

5. What actions should be taken to follow proper stowage and segregation requirements,
preventing the storage of incompatible dangerous goods in close proximity on container
ships, and maintaining separation distances as per regulations?

6. What measures are essential to secure dangerous cargo containers effectively, preventing
movement during transit, particularly in adverse weather conditions?

7. What components constitute the appropriate emergency response equipment on a

container ship, ensuring readiness for handling incidents involving dangerous cargo?

8. What actions are crucial to ensuring the preparedness of the crew for handling dangerous
cargo and responding to emergencies effectively on a container ship?

9. What measures are essential for maintaining clear communication and establishing
effective communication protocols when handling dangerous cargo on a container ship?

10. What actions are crucial for maintaining safety when handling dangerous cargo on
container ships through regular inspection and monitoring processes?

11. What steps are essential for maintaining the safety of handling dangerous goods on
container ships through the implementation of a preventive maintenance program for
equipment used in their handling?

12. What measures are essential to ensure the safety of personnel handling dangerous
cargo on container ships by providing them with the necessary Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)?
13. What measures are crucial for effective fire prevention and control when handling
dangerous cargo on container ships?

14. What actions are essential to maintain preparedness and facilitate prompt response
during emergencies when handling dangerous cargo on container ships?

15. What measures are crucial for enhancing security and preventing unauthorized access to
dangerous cargo areas and containers on container ships?

17. What are critical considerations for the proper packaging of dangerous goods on
container ships, ensuring compliance with international regulations and the use of approved
containers and materials?

18. What are crucial steps for ensuring the proper marking and labeling of packages
containing dangerous goods on container ships, facilitating safe handling and effective
emergency response?

19. What components are crucial for comprehensive documentation when handling
dangerous goods on container ships, providing essential information about the cargo, its
hazards, and emergency contact details?

20. What precautions and considerations are essential for the safe loading and unloading of
dangerous goods on container ships, involving trained personnel and potentially requiring
specialized equipment and procedures?

Topic 7. Dangerous Cargo Stowage Care and Inspection During Voyage

 Determine the procedures for carrying out stowage care and cargo inspections during
voyages for different types of dangerous cargo in accordance with established.
procedures, safety rules, and regulations.

Ensuring the safe transport of dangerous cargo during a voyage involves adherence
to established procedures, safety rules, and regulations. Stowage care and cargo
inspections vary based on the type of dangerous cargo.

Familiarization with Regulations:

 Ensure that all crew members involved in handling dangerous cargo are familiar with
the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code and other relevant
regulations. Stay updated on any amendments or changes to regulations that may
affect the handling of dangerous goods.

Cargo Documentation:

 Verify that all necessary documentation for the dangerous cargo is in order. This
includes the shipping manifest, dangerous goods declaration, and any special permits
required.

Segregation and Stowage:

  Follow the guidelines provided in the IMDG Code for the segregation and stowage of
different classes of dangerous goods. Ensure that incompatible substances are kept
separate to prevent reactions in case of leakage or spillage.
Refer to the IMDG Code for specific guidelines on the segregation and stowage of
different classes of dangerous goods. Utilize a computerized system to automatically
determine optimal stowage configurations.
Seek advice from the port authorities for specific stowage instructions.

Inspection of Cargo Holds:

 Regularly inspect cargo holds to ensure that the stowage is secure and that there are
no signs of damage or leakage. Check for proper ventilation to prevent the buildup of
hazardous gases. Verify the presence of proper ventilation systems to prevent
hazardous gas buildup. Confirm the security of stowage and identify any signs of
damage or leakage. Inspect the cargo holds regularly to ensure compliance with
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code guidelines.

Monitoring and Surveillance:

 Utilize monitoring systems and surveillance equipment to continuously monitor the

condition of the dangerous cargo. Regularly check for temperature variations,
pressure changes, or any other abnormalities that may indicate a problem.

Monitor pressure changes within containers or storage areas.

Utilize surveillance equipment to detect any signs of leakage or spills.

Emergency Response Equipment:

 Ensure that the vessel is equipped with appropriate emergency response equipment,
including firefighting equipment, spill containment materials, and personal protective
gear. Conduct regular drills to ensure that the crew is familiar with emergency
procedures.

Communication and Reporting:

 Maintain regular communication with relevant authorities and shore-based support to

report the status of dangerous cargo and seek guidance if needed. Report any
incidents, leaks, or spills immediately and follow the established reporting
procedures.

Crew Training:

 Ensure that the crew members involved in handling dangerous cargo are adequately
trained and certified for their roles. Provide ongoing training to keep the crew
informed about the latest safety protocols and regulations.

Compliance Audits:

 Conduct periodic audits to ensure that the vessel is in compliance with all relevant
regulations and safety standards. Address any deficiencies promptly and implement
corrective actions.

Post-Voyage Documentation:
  After the voyage, document any incidents, actions taken, and lessons learned. This
information can be valuable for improving safety procedures in the future. It's crucial
to note that the specific procedures and precautions may vary based on the type of
dangerous cargo (e.g., flammable liquids, toxic substances, explosives), so the IMDG
Code and other relevant regulations should be consulted for detailed guidance on
handling specific classes of dangerous goods. Additionally, compliance with local
regulations and port requirements is essential.

Dangerous cargo handling safe procedure for container ships

Dangerous cargo can be categorized into various classes based on their characteristics. The
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, developed by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO), classifies dangerous goods into different classes, each with its
own set of rules and regulations. Here is an overview of the different classes of dangerous
goods and the associated safety procedures:

These 9 hazard classes have been established internationally by a United Nations (UN)
committee to ensure that all modes of transport (road, rail, air and sea) classify dangerous
goods in the same way.

Class 1: Explosives:

Stowage and handling must follow strict guidelines outlined in the IMDG Code.

Proper segregation from other classes is crucial.

The ship's crew should have specialized training in handling explosives.

Class 2: Gases:

Different gases have specific stowage and handling requirements.

Gas cylinders must be securely stored and protected from damage. Proper ventilation is
essential to prevent the buildup of hazardous concentrations.

Class 3: Flammable Liquids:

Stowage must consider temperature and segregation requirements.

Special precautions against static electricity must be observed during handling and stowage.

Class 4: Flammable Solids:

Stowage should prevent contamination and spontaneous combustion.

Segregation from incompatible substances is necessary.

Class 5: Oxidizing Substances:

Stowage and handling must avoid contact with flammable materials.

Proper segregation is crucial to prevent reactions.

Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances:

Strict guidelines for stowage and handling to protect crew members.

Proper ventilation and isolation from other cargo are critical.

Class 7: Radioactive Materials:

Specialized containers and handling procedures are required.

Proper shielding and monitoring equipment must be in place.

Class 8: Corrosive Substances:

Stowage in corrosion-resistant containers.

Segregation from other classes to prevent reactions.

Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances:

Includes substances that do not fit into the other classes.

Specific stowage and handling guidelines based on the nature of the substance.

It's important to note that each class is further divided into divisions and packing groups,
each with its own unique requirements. Additionally, the IMDG Code provides detailed
information on labeling, packaging, placarding, documentation, and emergency response
procedures for each class.

Shipping companies and vessels carrying dangerous goods must comply with these
regulations to ensure the safety of the crew, the vessel, and the environment. Crew
members involved in handling dangerous cargo should undergo specialized training to
understand the unique risks associated with each class of dangerous goods and the
corresponding safety measures. The IMDG Code outlines specific requirements for labeling,
packaging, and placarding, ensuring proper identification and handling of dangerous goods.
 Detailed information in the IMDG Code includes documentation and emergency response
procedures for each class, enhancing overall safety measures.

Compliance with these regulations is essential to prevent incidents, protect the crew, the
vessel, and the environment from the risks associated with dangerous goods. Specialized
training for crew members is necessary to understand the unique risks of each class and
implement appropriate safety measures.

PROPER SHIPPING NAME and UN Number

Within each of the 9 hazard classes dangerous goods are uniquely identified by two pieces

of information: A four-digit number known as the UN Number which is

preceded by the letters UN.

The corresponding Proper Shipping Name (PSN).

For example, kerosene is identified in the IMDG Code by its UN Number UN 1223 and the
PSN Kerosene

STOWAGE AND SEGRATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS ON

CONTAINER SHIPS IMDG CODE

1. Classify and Identify Cargo: Properly categorize dangerous goods according to

their hazard class, and ensure accurate labeling and documentation.
2. Stowage Planning: Follow guidelines for stowing different types of dangerous cargo,
considering compatibility and segregation rules to prevent chemical reactions.
3. Securing cargo: Implement appropriate securing measures to prevent movement or
damage during rough seas. Use lashings, wedges, and other securing equipment.
4. Regular Inspections: Conduct routine inspections of cargo spaces, ensuring integrity and
stability. Inspect securing devices to confirm they remain effective
5. Monitoring Conditions: Continuously monitor environmental conditions within cargo holds
to prevent adverse effects on dangerous goods. Address any deviations promptly.
6. Emergency Preparedness: Familiarize the crew with emergency procedures specific to the
type of dangerous cargo carried. Conduct regular drills for handling spills, leaks, or other
incidents.
7. Compliance with Regulation: Adhere strictly to international regulations such as
the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code and any specific
regulations from national authorities.
8. Communication: Maintain communication with relevant authorities and emergency response
teams. Report any irregularities promptly.

NINE STEPS IN CRISIS COMMUNICATION

IMPLEMENTATION
MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 7

SEMIFINAL

FA-LO1.9-09-00 “Determination of the procedures for carrying out stowage care

and cargo inspections during voyage for different types of dangerous cargo in
accordance with established procedures, safety rules, and regulations.”

1. What factors should be considered for ensuring the safe transport of dangerous cargo
during a voyage, and how do they vary based on the type of dangerous cargo?

2. How can a shipping company ensure the familiarity of its crew members with regulations
pertaining to the handling of dangerous cargo?

3. What steps should be taken to ensure proper documentation for the safe transport of
dangerous cargo, and what specific documents need verification?

4. How can a shipping crew adhere to proper segregation and stowage procedures for
various classes of dangerous goods, as outlined in the IMDG Code?

5. What measures should be implemented to prevent reactions due to leakage or spillage of

incompatible substances during the transport of dangerous cargo?

6. What steps should be taken during the inspection of cargo holds to ensure the safe
transport of dangerous cargo, and what specific aspects need to be checked for?

7. How can a shipping company effectively utilize monitoring systems and surveillance
equipment to ensure the continuous safety of dangerous cargo during a voyage?

8. How can a shipping company ensure the vessel is prepared for emergency situations
involving dangerous cargo, and what measures should be taken regarding emergency
response equipment?

9. How can a shipping company ensure effective communication with relevant authorities
and shore-based support regarding the status of dangerous cargo, and what steps should be
taken in case of incidents, leaks, or spills?

10. How can a shipping company guarantee the competency of crew members handling
dangerous cargo, and what measures should be taken regarding their training and
certification?

11. How can a shipping company ensure ongoing compliance with regulations and safety
standards regarding the transport of dangerous cargo, and what steps should be taken to
address deficiencies?

12. How can a shipping company ensure ongoing compliance with regulations and safety
standards regarding the transport of dangerous cargo, and what steps should be taken to
address deficiencies?

13. How can a shipping company utilize post-voyage documentation to enhance safety
procedures and learn from incidents involving dangerous cargo?
14. Why is it important to consult the IMDG Code and other relevant regulations when
handling dangerous cargo, and what role do local regulations and port requirements play in
ensuring compliance?

15. Why is the classification of dangerous goods into different hazard classes important, and
how does the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code contribute to uniformity
in handling dangerous goods across various modes of transport?

16. Why was the establishment of the 9 hazard classes by a United Nations (UN) committee
important, and what role does this international classification play in ensuring consistency
across different modes of transport?

17. What does the term "miscellaneous dangerous goods" refer to in the context of
hazardous materials transportation, and what distinguishes them from substances classified
under the other hazard classes?

18. Why is it crucial for shipping companies and vessels to adhere to the detailed
specifications provided in the IMDG Code, and how does it contribute to the overall safety of
the crew, the vessel, and the environment during the transport of dangerous goods?

19. How are dangerous goods uniquely identified within each of the 9 hazard classes, and
what are the two key pieces of information used for this identification?

A) Dangerous goods within hazard classes are identified based on their chemical
composition and origin.

20. How are dangerous goods specifically identified in the IMDG Code, and what are the two
key pieces of information used for this identification, taking kerosene as an example?

21. What are the key steps involved in the process of handling dangerous goods, specifically
regarding the classification and identification of cargo?

22. What is a critical aspect of handling dangerous cargo during stowage planning, and what
guidelines should be followed to ensure safety?

23. What steps should be taken to ensure the safety of dangerous cargo during transit,
specifically focusing on securing measures?

24. Why is conducting regular inspections crucial in ensuring the safe transport of
dangerous cargo, and what specific aspects should be focused on during these inspections?

25. How can a shipping company ensure effective emergency preparedness for handling
incidents involving dangerous cargo, and what measures should be taken to enhance the
crew's readiness?

Topic 8. Hazardous Effects Caused by Damage to Dangerous Cargo

 Explain the different hazardous effects caused by damage to dangerous cargo such
as flammability, toxicity, risks of explosion, biological hazards, and pollution to
marine environment.

Damage to dangerous cargo can pose various hazardous effects, depending on the nature of the cargo
involved. Different types of dangerous cargo can exhibit characteristics such as flammability, toxicity,
risks of explosion, biological hazards, and the potential for pollution to the marine environment. Here's
an overview of these hazardous effects:

Damage to dangerous cargo can lead to various hazardous effects:

Certainly, damage to dangerous cargo can result in a range of hazardous effects, posing significant risks
to human health, the environment, and property. Here are some additional details on the potential
consequences:

Leakage and Spillage:

Effect: Damaged containers may lead to leakage or spillage of hazardous substances, contaminating the
immediate surroundings and potentially spreading to the marine environment.

Consequence: This can result in soil and water pollution, affecting ecosystems and posing risks to aquatic
life. Adverse impacts on human health. Environmental pollution. Property damage. Disruption of
transportation systems

Air pollution can have detrimental effects on animal life, impacting various species in both terrestrial
and aquatic environments. The consequences of air pollution on animals are diverse and can manifest in
several ways:

Respiratory Problems:

Effect: Air pollution often introduces pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen oxides,
which can be harmful when inhaled. Asthma , Bronchitis , Lung cancer

Consequence: Animals may experience respiratory issues, including inflammation, reduced lung
function, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

Impaired Reproduction:

Effect: Exposure to certain air pollutants can interfere with reproductive processes in animals.

Consequence: Reduced fertility, impaired egg development, and abnormalities in offspring can occur,
leading to population decline in affected species. Increased gestation periods

Disruption of Behavior and Migration Patterns:

Effect: Air pollution can alter the chemical composition of the air, affecting the ability of animals to
detect pheromones and navigate.

Consequence: Disruption of migratory patterns, changes in feeding behaviors, and difficulty finding
mates can occur, impacting the overall survival and reproduction of species.

Bioaccumulation of Pollutants:

Effect: Airborne pollutants can settle on land and water, entering the food chain.

Consequence: Animals may ingest pollutants through their food, leading to bioaccumulation in tissues.
This can result in health issues and magnify the impact of pollutants as they move up the food chain.

Habitat Degradation:
Effect: Air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, can contribute to acid rain, leading to
soil and water acidification.

Consequence: Acidification negatively affects habitats, particularly aquatic ecosystems, by harming

vegetation, reducing food sources, and degrading water quality.

Developmental Abnormalities:

Effect: Exposure to certain pollutants during critical stages of development can lead to abnormalities in
the growth and development of animals.

Consequence: Deformities, reduced survival rates of young animals, and altered behavior patterns may
result from developmental disruptions caused by air pollution.

Weakening of Immune Systems:

Effect: Prolonged exposure to air pollutants can weaken the immune systems of animals.

Consequence: Increased susceptibility to diseases and infections can occur, making affected populations
more vulnerable to health challenges.

Population Decline and Biodiversity Loss:

Effect: The cumulative impact of air pollution on various aspects of animal life can contribute to
population decline and biodiversity loss.

Consequence: Reduced population sizes and loss of species diversity can disrupt ecosystems, affecting
ecological balance and resilience.

Addressing air pollution and implementing measures to reduce emissions are crucial for protecting
animal life and maintaining ecosystem health. Efforts to enforce environmental regulations, promote
sustainable practices, and develop cleaner technologies can contribute to mitigating the adverse effects
of air pollution on animals.
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF POLLUTION

1. Flammability: If flammable substances are compromised, it can result in fires, endangering both
the cargo vessel and surrounding areas. Rapid combustion may occur, posing a significant threat to
personnel , the ship, and nearby structures.
 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

FLAMMABILITY AND COMBUSTIBILITY

2. Toxicity: Damage to cargo containing toxic substances can lead to the release of harmful chemicals
into the air or water. This poses risks to human health, marine life, and ecosystems, especially if the toxic
substances spread over a large area.

Fire and Explosions:

Effect: Damage to flammable or explosive cargo can result in fires and explosions, leading to immediate
dangers on the vessel and nearby areas.

Consequence: The release of toxic fumes, heat, and debris can cause injuries, property damage, and
further environmental impact.

Vapour Release:

Effect: Some dangerous goods, especially gases, may release vapors when containers are damaged,
leading to inhalation risks and environmental contamination.

Consequence: Exposure to toxic or asphyxiating vapors can harm human health, and the release of gases
can contribute to air pollution.

MATERIAL FLAMMABILITY, COMBUSTION, TOXICITY AND FIRE HAZARD IN

TRANSPORTATION

2. Risk of explosion: Explosive materials, if damaged, may lead to sudden and violent explosions.
This endangers the crew, the vessel, and nearby vessels or structures. The shockwaves from
explosions can cause further damage and escalate the emergency.
 PRESSURE VESSEL EXPLOSION: CAUSE & PREVENTION

WAYS TO PREVENT INDUSTRIAL FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS

3. Biological Hazards: Certain cargo may consist of biological materials, such as pathogens or
biohazards. Damage can result in the release of these agents, potentially causing infections or
contaminating the environment. Proper containment is crucial to prevent the spread of such
hazards.
 PREVENTION OF EXPLOSION HAZARD

Chemical Reactions:

Effect: Mixing of incompatible substances due to damage can trigger chemical reactions,
leading to the formation of new hazardous compounds.

Consequence: Unintended reactions can result in increased toxicity, flammability, or the

release of harmful byproducts, complicating emergency response efforts.

Water Contamination:

Effect: Damage to containers carrying liquids, especially chemicals or oils, can result in
water contamination during transport or upon reaching the shore.

Consequence: Contaminated water can harm marine life, disrupt ecosystems, and have
long-term effects on aquatic environments.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
Radioactive Contamination:

Effect: Damage to containers carrying radioactive materials can result in the release of
radioactive substances.

Consequence: Radioactive contamination poses serious health risks and can have long-
lasting impacts on the environment.

Structural Damage to Vessel:

Effect: Cargo damage may compromise the structural integrity of the vessel, increasing the
risk of sinking or further incidents.

Consequence: A sinking vessel can lead to widespread pollution, especially if the cargo
includes hazardous materials.

Effective risk assessment, proper packaging, secure stowage, and adherence to

international regulations and safety protocols are crucial to preventing and mitigating the
consequences of damage to dangerous cargo during maritime transport. Rapid response and
collaboration between shipping companies, emergency services, and regulatory authorities
are essential to managing and minimizing the impact of incidents involving hazardous
materials.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

4. Pollution to Marine Environment: Spills or leaks from damaged cargo can introduce pollutants
into the marine environment. Oil spills, for example, can harm marine life, damage ecosystems,
and impact local economies that depend on fisheries or tourism.

Mitigating these risks requires strict adherence to safety protocols, proper cargo handling, and
emergency response preparedness to minimize the impact of damage to dangerous cargo.
OIL SPILLS: A MAJOR MARINE ECOSYSTEM THREAT

HOW TO MANAGE THE DAMAGE FROM OIL SPILL

 MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 8
SEMIFINAL

FA-LO2.1-01-00 “Explanation on the different hazardous effects caused by

damage to dangerous cargo such as flammability, toxicity, risks of explosion,
biological hazards, and pollution to marine environment..”

1. What are some potential hazardous effects of damage to dangerous cargo, considering
the nature of the cargo involved? Choose the correct characteristics from the options below.

2. What are the potential consequences of damage to dangerous cargo, posing risks to
human health, the environment, and property? Choose the correct statements from the
options below.

3. How does air pollution affect animal life in both terrestrial and aquatic environments?
Choose the correct consequences from the options below.

4) What are the potential respiratory problems associated with the inhalation of pollutants
introduced by air pollution, including particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen oxides? Choose
the correct issues from the options below.

5. What are potential consequences for animals exposed to air pollution, specifically in
terms of respiratory issues? Choose the correct outcomes from the options below.

6. How can exposure to certain air pollutants affect reproductive processes in animals?
Choose the correct effects from the options below.

7. How does air pollution affect animals in terms of behavior and migration patterns by
altering the chemical composition of the air? Choose the correct effects from the options
below.

8. How does the bioaccumulation of airborne pollutants affect ecosystems?

9. What are the consequences of animals ingesting pollutants through their food, leading to
bioaccumulation in tissues?

10. How do air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, contribute to habitat
degradation through acid rain?

11. What is the impact of exposure to certain pollutants during critical stages of
development on animals?

12. What potential consequences may arise from developmental disruptions caused by air
pollution in animals?

13. How does prolonged exposure to air pollutants affect the immune systems of animals?

14. How does the cumulative impact of air pollution contribute to population decline and
biodiversity loss in animal life?
16. What potential risks and threats are associated with the compromise of flammable
substances on a cargo vessel?

18. What are the potential immediate dangers associated with damage to flammable or
explosive cargo on a vessel?

19. What are the potential risks associated with the release of vapors from damaged
containers, particularly those carrying dangerous gases?

20. What potential risks and consequences are associated with the risk of explosion due to
damaged explosive materials on a vessel?

21. What are the potential risks associated with the release of biological materials from
damaged cargo on a vessel?

22. What is a potential consequence of the mixing of incompatible substances due to

damage on a vessel?

23. What are the potential consequences of damage to containers carrying liquids,
particularly chemicals or oils, in terms of water contamination?

24. What are the potential consequences of damage to containers carrying radioactive
materials, resulting in the release of radioactive substances?

25. What are the potential consequences of spills or leaks from damaged cargo in terms of
pollution to the marine environment?

Topic 9. Dangerous Cargo Incident Reporting

Perform reporting to the person in charge about dangerous cargo damage, pilferage,
taint, discharge, jettison, and shipboard hazards including damages to the ship and people
during dangerous cargo operation, deck related maintenance, and severe weather
conditions.

MOST COMMON TYPES OF ACCIDENTS ON SHIP’S DECK

 BAGGED FOOD CARGOES AND PREVENTION OF STEVEDORE DAMAGE AND PILFERAGE

Reporting:

 COMPLETE: Ensure that all essential questions ( What , Where, When, WHY,
AND How) are covered in the incident report. Record not only the people who were
injured and what caused the accident to happen, but also include details such as
people who witnessed and reported the incident or those who will conduct an
investigation. Anticipate what other significant details will be needed for any future
study and investigation.
 Graphic: Photos, diagrams, and illustrations should be included as supporting
evidence. Take many photos of the injury, damage and surrounding environment.
This supplements the facts stated and provides more clarity to be easily understood
by the recipient.
 Valid: Upon completion, those who are involved in the incident (e.g. victim,
witnesses, manager, reporter, etc.) should sign off to testify and validate all the
information that was mentioned the incident report. This confirms that the incident
report is truthful and unquestionable.
 Facts: To collect during incident report.

Reporting on Dangerous cargo operations, shipboard Hazards, and Maintenance.

1. Dangerous Cargo Damage: There has been noticeable damage to certain

dangerous cargo during recent operations. A detailed assessment of the affected
items is underway to determine the extent of the damage.
2. Pilferage and Taint: Instances of pilferage have been observed, and there are
concerns about the tainting of specific cargo. Investigations are being conducted to
identify the responsible parties and mitigate further losses.
3. Discharge and Jettison: Issues have arisen during cargo discharge operations
leading to delays and potential safety risks. Additionally, there have been discussion
about the possibility of jettisoning cargo due to safety concerns. Further guidance
on this matter is urgently required.
4. Shipboard Hazards: Several shipboard hazards have been the vessel and its crew.
Immediate corrective actions are recommended to ensure the safety and well-being
of all personnel onboard.
 5. Damages to the ship: The ship has sustained damages during cargo operations. A
comprehensive evaluation is underway to assess the impact on the vessel’s
structural integrity and functionality.
6. Personnel safety: Incidents involving personnel safety during dangerous cargo
operations have been noted. Enhanced safety protocols and training may be
necessary to mitigate these risks effectively.
7. Deck Related Maintenance: Ongoing maintenance issues on the deck require
attention to prevent further deterioration and ensure the overall seaworthiness of
the vessel. Adequate resources and support are essential for timely maintenance
activities.
8. Severe Weather Conditions: The vessel encountered severe weather conditions,
leading to operational challenges. A review of the ship’s preparedness for adverse
weather is recommended to enhance its resilience.

MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 9

FINAL

FA-LO.2.2-02-“Reporting to the person in charge about dangerous cargo damage,

pilferage, taint, discharge, jettison, and shipboard hazards including damages to
the ship and people during dangerous cargo operation, deck related maintenance,
and severe weather conditions”

1. Who are the key individuals involved in recording and investigating an accident, including
those injured, the cause of the accident, witnesses, and reporting parties?

2. Which types of supporting evidence should be included in accident documentation to

enhance clarity and understanding for the recipient?

3. Who should sign off upon completion of an incident report to testify and validate the
information provided?

4. Regarding the noticeable damage to dangerous cargo during recent operations, which
actions are being taken to address the situation?

5. In response to incidents involving personnel safety during dangerous cargo operations,

which measures are being considered to mitigate the associated risks effectively?

6. To address ongoing maintenance issues on the deck and ensure the overall seaworthiness
of the vessel, what actions are deemed essential, considering the provided information?

7. Following damages sustained during cargo operations, what steps are being taken for a
comprehensive evaluation and assessment of the impact on the ship's structural integrity
and functionality?
8. Following damages sustained during cargo operations, what steps are being taken for a
comprehensive evaluation and assessment of the impact on the ship's structural integrity
and functionality?

9. In response to instances of pilferage and concerns about the tainting of specific cargo,
what measures are being taken through ongoing investigations to address the situation?

10. What are some potential consequences of delays during cargo discharge operations?

11. What factors might contribute to safety risks during cargo discharge operations?

12. Under what circumstances might discussions about jettisoning cargo be considered?

13. What types of guidance may be urgently required to address issues during cargo
discharge operations?

Topic 10. Tank Inspection

 Explain the inspection intervals and inspection procedures for tanks including the
parts and section susceptible to corrosion such as cargo tanks, fuel tanks,
cofferdams, duct keels, wing tanks, peak tanks, and double bottom tanks.

Inspection intervals and procedures for tanks on ships, cofferdams, duct keels, wing
tanks, peak tanks, and double bottom tanks, are crucial for ensuring maritime safety
and compliance with regulations. These inspections typically follow guidelines set by
maritime authorities and organizations like the International Maritime Organization
(IMO).

TANK INPECTION ON SHIPS FUNDAMENTAL CONDITION TO

CHECK
 Cargo tanks, fuel tanks, cofferdams, duct keels, wing tanks, peak tanks, and double
bottom tanks

1. Cargo Tanks: Regular inspections focus on structural integrity, coatings, and leak
detection.
 Ultrasonic Thickness: Measurements are commonly used to assess metal thickness
and identify corrosion.
2. Fuel Tanks: Inspections include checks for corrosion, leakages, and fuel
contamination.
 Internal inspections may involve visual checks, tank cleaning, and testing of fuel
quality.
3. Cofferdams: Periodic inspections assess the cofferdam’s structural condition, seals,
and potential water ingress.
 Weld inspections and coating assessments help detect and address corrosion
issues.
4. Duct keels: Regular inspections involve visual checks, thickness measurements, and
corrosion assessments.
 Welded joints, especially in high-stress areas, are examined for signs of fatigue or
cracking.
5. Wing Tanks: Inspections focus on structural integrity, coatings, and any signs of
corrosion.
 Access points and internal components are examined for wear and tear.
6. Peak Tanks: Routine inspections cover structural elements, coatings, and corrosion
susceptibility.
 Bulkheads and connections are checked to ensure their integrity.
 7. Double Bottom Tanks: Regular inspections include visual assessments, coating
checks, and corrosion monitoring.
 Ultrasonic testing may be employed to evaluate the thickness of the tank’s bottom
structure.
 Inspection intervals vary based on factors such as the type of tank, its purpose, and
the vessel’s age. Shipowners and operators adhere to classification society rules and
relevant regulations to establish these intervals. Additionally, preventive maintenance
measures, such as protective coatings and corrosion control systems, are often
implemented to extend the lifespan of tank structure and reduce the risk of
corrosion.

MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 10

FINAL

FA-LO2.3-03-00 “Explanation on the inspection intervals and inspection

procedures for tanks including the parts and section susceptible to corrosion such
as cargo tanks, fuel tanks, cofferdams, duct keels, wing tanks, peak tanks, and
double bottom tanks.
 Topic 11. Enhanced Survey Programme

Explain the purpose and content of the Enhanced Survey Programme (ESP) for oil

tankers.

 The Enhanced Survey Programme (ESP) for oil tankers is a comprehensive

inspection program established by classification societies to ensure the continued
Enhanced survey programme is a guideline for shipping companies and owners to
prepare their ships for special surveys to maintain the safety of the vessel while at
sea or at a port. A survey programme (a Planning document for surveying and
paperwork) is to be developed by the owner and is to be submitted to the recognised
authorities such as classification societies, 6 months before the survey.

 The Enhanced Survey Programme (ESP) for oil tankers are designed to ensure
the safety, compliance, and operational efficiency of these vessels, They often
involve periodic inspections, assessments, and audits of various aspects of the
tanker, including its structure , machinery, safety systems, and environmental
protection measures.

 For a company to comply and perform an ESP or an enhanced survey program, it

needs to design an enhanced survey programme, which must include the step by
step planning to implement the special survey. It can be said that the ESP is
conducted to check the watertight integrity of the ship by inspecting the following
areas of the ship:
Close-up survey of the structures such as Shell, frames, bulkheads etc.

– Thickness measurement of hull

– Inspecting and Testing of Cargo Tanks

– Inspecting and Testing of Ballast Tanks

– Inspection and Testing of Hatch Covers and Coamings

 Ship’s structural damage or deformation

 Corrosion
 Condition of Hull
 Pitting
 Condition of Coating
 Watertight Integrity of ship

MCQ: Choose the appropriate letter corresponding to the best answer: TOPIC 11

FINAL

FA-LO2.6-06-00 “Explanation on the purpose and content of the Enhanced Survey Programme (ESP) for
oil tankers.”