CLD 20402 TRANSPORT PROCESS
UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL
& BIOENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY REPORT COVER PAGE
Title of experiment: GAS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
Group number: 4
Date of experiment: 8 NOVEMBER 2023 Date of submission: 16 NOVEMBER 2023
Name & ID No.: 1. FATIN ADRIANA BINTI ZULHALIM (55104322018)
2. NUR AQIRAH NATASHA BINTI MOHD FADZLI (55104122083)
3. NUR HANIS SYAZRINA BINTI MOHD SAID (55104322004)
*Penalty:
• For any late of submission, the mark will be reduced by 5% per day to a maximum of 3 days, after which it will NOT BE ACCEPTED.
• Plagiarism will not be tolerated and will be given ZERO.
Unacceptable Poor Satisfactory Good Excellent Marks
Criteria
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Summary (5%) – max 1 page
1. Brief review of the objectives of the
experiment, major findings, and significant
conclusions
Data & Result (10%)
1. Data are analyzed and derived results are
clearly presented as deemed suitable with
complete labels and units.(DP3)
2. Raw data and sample of calculation must be
included in the Appendix
Analysis & Discussion (15%)
1. Explanations of the referred table and figure
are presented after the table and figure
2. Discuss the findings and relations to the
theory and objective of the experiment (DP1)
Conclusion & Recommendation (5%)
1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or
results with the theory applicable to the
experiment. (DP1)
2. Suggest improvement in apparatus or
measurements procedure or experimental
procedure for future.
Tutorial (5%)
Answer all questions in the lab manual. (DP1)
References (5%)
1. Cite references in the text.
2. References taken from books, journals and
articles. References from website are not
recommended.
3. List of references must be added according to
APA format. (DP5)
Format of Report (5%)
The report must be organized and follow the
format. (DP5)
TOTAL
/50
SUMMARY
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For an overview of the experiment, in this experiment, pour filtered water into the bath tank
made of acrylic until the water level is reached 30 mm from the top. Once the test liquid has
been added, attach the air tubing that is linked to the blower to the glass T-tube and insert the
pipette into it. As soon as the test liquid level in the T-tube reaches its starting height, make
necessary telescope adjustments. Next, the heater temperature controller should then be set 50
degrees Celsius after turning on the control panel’s main power. Subsequently, begin the
stopwatch and record the data for every 10 minutes until it reaches 60 minutes. It has been
theoretically shown that at higher temperatures, substance molecules have more kinetic energy
and move randomly and freely, increasing the rate of diffusion.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table of Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
1.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
1.3 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 7
2.0 Data and Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 8
2.1 Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.0 Analysis and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 - 11
4.0 Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12- 13
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.0 Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 15
7.0 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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FIGURE 1: Gaseous Diffusion Apparatus
Because processes in process engineering involve the transformation and distribution of
materials in large quantities, an understanding of a material's physical and chemical properties
is crucial. Diffusivity is one such attribute. The mass transfer coefficient can be estimated using
a theoretical equation, correlations, and analogies based on the properties of the material. The
diffusivity of a volatile liquid's vapor can be determined using Winkle man's method, in which
the liquid is contained in a vertical glass tube over which a stream of vapor - free gas is passed
and allowed to evaporate. A water bath is provided to ensure that there are no eddy currents in
the narrow diameter vertical tube, and an air stream is passed over the top of the tube to ensure
that the partial pressure of the vapor is transferred from the surface of the liquid to the air
stream by molecular diffusion. The movement of a molecule through a fluid by a random
mechanism is referred to as molecular diffusion. The travelling telescope is supplied for
determining. When the concentration gradient of the diffusing component exists, mass transfer
occurs. With such information, the diffusivity of the volatile liquid’s vapor may be estimated.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
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The process of moving matter from one location to another using the kinetic energy of random
molecular motion is called diffusion. Employing Winkel man's method, the experiment's goal is
to determine the acetone's gas diffusion coefficient in the air. This experiment has multiple
mistakes, which lead to a deviation in the diffusion coefficient value. These will be covered in
more detail in the discussion section.
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1.3 THEORY
In this experiment, the Winkel man's approach may be used to calculate the diffusivity of the acetone vapor.
Mass transfer can occur in a gas or liquid phase, or both. By confining a tiny sample of the liquid in a
narrow vertical tube, the diffusion of vapor A from the volatile liquid into another gas B may be readily
examined. In most cases, B is air and A is an organic solvent like acetone. The device is a glass capillary
tube submerged in a transparent, temperature-controlled water bath with transparent sides. The unit's tiny
pump is used to force air through a horizontal glass tube fastened to the upper end of the capillary tube. The
pace at which the air meniscus within the capillary falls is measured using a traveling microscope equipped
with a sliding vernier scale that is fixed on a rigid platform next to the thermostatic bath. A glass capillary
tube is the main part of the equipment, which is a clear water bath with temperature control. Air is forced
through the tiny pump part of the apparatus through a horizontal glass tube fastened to the upper end of the
capillary tube.
The one-dimensional steady state version of Fick’s Law with bulk flow is used to infer the connection
between the partial pressure gradient, the diffusion coefficient and the observed molar mass rate (‘NA’ per
unit area) :
N’A = D CA CT (A)
L CBM
: CA and CB are the molar concentrations of vapor A and air B, respectively.
Where: D = diffusivity [ m2 ]
CA = saturation concentration of mass transfer at the interface [ kmol ]
m3
L = effective distance of mass transfer [ m]
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CT = total mass concentration [ kmol ]
m3
CBM = logarithmic mean value of CB [ kmol ]
m3
Evaporation of the liquid:
N’A = (𝜌 L ) dL (B)
M dT
Where, pL = density of liquid [ kg/m3 ]
M = molecular weight [ kg/kmol ]
Combination of equation A and B :
(𝜌 L) dL = D ( CA ) ( CT )
M dT L CBM
The L0 is at t = 0, the slope of plotting the graph of t against ( L – L0 )
L - L0
S = (𝜌 L ) ( CBM )
2MD CACT
The diffusivity : D = 𝜌 L CBM
2M CA CT s
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2.0 DATA AND RESULT
Table 1: Raw Data Table for Gaseous Diffusion Experiment
Time, t (min) Level of Acetone, L (cm)
0 7.97
10 8.04
20 8.16
30 8.24
40 8.40
50 8.45
60 8.56
Table 2: Calculated Data Table for Gaseous Diffusion Experiment
Time, t (Ks) Level of Acetone, L Liquid Fall (L – Lo), t/(dL)
(mm) dL (Ks/mm)
(mm)
0 79.7 0 0
0.6 80.4 0.7 0.86
1.2 81.6 1.2 1.0
1.8 82.4 0.8 2.25
2.4 84.0 1.6 1.5
3 84.5 0.5 6.0
3.6 85.6 1.1 3.27
FIGURE 2: Graph t/(dL) vs dL
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The slope of graph is 0.77. The gas's diffusivity is measured at 3.937x102 m2/s. According to
the Antoine equation, the partial pressure is 9.352 kPa for PA1 and 81.902 kPa for PA2.
3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
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The objective of gas diffusion coefficient experiment is to determine the acetone's gas diffusion
coefficient in the air using Winkelmann’s method. In this experiment, the liquid is heated until
it evaporates into free air stream. The rate of diffusion can be observed by the microscope
which is the level of acetone is increasing.
Based on the result, the level of acetone is increased when the time is also increased caused by
the diffusion. Diffusion is the process of molecules or components moving from one place to
another as a result of a concentration gradient. Molecules typically migrate from regions of high
concentration to gradients of concentration.
In the experiment, the diffusion concept was observed by the increasing acetone in the capillary
tube. The boiling process of water generated heat and heat was transferred to the acetone. This
process increases the movement of molecules in acetone until it has high concentration
compared to surrounding. Other than that, due to the driving forces and existing concentration
gradient, the molecule was moved from inside the capillary tube to the surrounding air that has
less concentration.
Based on the graph that we plotted, the x-axis is the difference between final level acetone and
the initial level of acetone. Meanwhile the y-axis of the graph stands for the time taken divided
by the difference between the level of acetone. Other than that, the trend of the graph is
increased proportionally. The increasing difference between the levels of acetone, the
increasing the time divide by the difference between the levels of acetone. The equation
obtained from the graph is y= 0.77x + 0.2, where the slope graph is in positive value. From the
calculation of data, the gas's diffusivity is measured at 3.937x102 m2/s.
Based on the graph also, it showed the R2 value is 0.97. The significance of this value is to
show or to measure the strength of this value is to show or to measure the strength of the
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straight line or linear. Relationship between two variables. It makes greater when it comes to
the value are positive ang usually the range is between -1 to +1. In this experiment, the obtained
value is 0. 77, means that the relationship of the graph is moderate positive linear relationship.
C= P
RT
The calculation was performed using the Antoine equation to get the partial pressure and
concentration. There is a direct proportionality between the partial pressure and the
concentration.
Where T is the temperature, R is the gas constant, P is the partial pressure, and C is the
concentration. The chemical's concentration increases with a rise in the partial pressure of the
substance.
Furthermore, during the experiment, the temperature controller was kept at 50.0 ºC and was not
adjusted higher than 70.0 ºC. This is because acetone's boiling point, or the temperature at
which the acetone phase transitions from liquid to vapor, is 56.0 ℃ . The rate of evaporation is
higher at temperatures over 70.0 ºC than it is at the boiling point. This circumstance may make
it difficult for the researcher to gather data or to compare acetone levels. The value of the
duration divided by the difference in acetone levels between intervals is not grown continuously
due to various mistakes such parallax error and inaccurate reading of the beginning acetone
value in the capillary tube, which is the final discrepancy from the experimental data.
4.0 SAMPLE CALCULATION
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Value of slope: 0.77
Molecular Weight of Acetone = 58.08 kg/mol
Temperature, Absolute at 0℃ = 273 K
Water at 50= 323 K
CT = CA1 + CB1
CT = CA2 + CB2 CA2 = PA2
RT
PV = nRT
p = n=C
RT V
For of acetone at 50, Antoine Equation ;
A = 7.11714 B = 1210.595 C = 229.664
Log 10 PA2 = A – B
T+C
Log 10 PA2 = 7.11714 - 1210.595
50 + 229.664
PA2 = 614.316 mm Hg
Ctotal = PA2 = 81.902 kPa
RT 8.314 ms. KPa x 323 K
Kg mol K
= 0.0377 kg . Mol
m3
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CB2 = CT – CA2
= 0.0377 - 0.0305
= 0.0072 kg . Mol
m3
CA1 = 0.00412 kg . Mol CB1 = 0.03357 kg . Mol
M3 m3
CBM = CB1 – CB2
ln ( CB1 )
CB2
CA = CA1 + CA2
D= SL x CBM
2𝜇 x CA x CT x S
= ( 791 kg / ms ) x ( 0.01713 kg . Mol / ms )
2 (58.08 kg / ms ) x (0.03462 kg (mol / ms ) x 0.0377 kg (mol / ms ) x 0.77
= 3.937 x 10 2 m2 / s
N’A = D (CA / L) (CT / CBM)
= 3.937 x 10 2 m2 / s x 0.03462 kg . Mol / ms x 0.0377 kg . Mol / m3
0.15 M 0.01713 kg. Mol / ms
= 2.0 x 10 3 kg . Mol / m2 . S
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
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Generally, the experiment produces results that make sense theoretically. The result showed
that as time went on, diffusion caused the acetone level to decrease. Using Winkelmann’s method,
the gas diffusion coefficient of acetone was determined. As the acetone evaporated into the
surrounding air, its concentration progressively decreased from a high to a low one. The molecules
move from the capillary tube to the surrounding air due to driving forces.
Several recommendations are included for usage in the future. Above all, parallax error must be
avoided by all experimenters when obtaining readings from the vernier scale for acetone levels, as
this will affect the data and calculations made at the end of the experiment.
Next, to ensure that the amount of acetone used does not affect the precision of the results, it
should be pipetted and sealed from the outside before being dropped into the capillary tube. Lastly,
the capillary tube end and the flexible tubing must be closed using the cap provided by the
experimenter, not their fingers, during the period when the acetone readings are being recorded.
6.0 TUTORIAL
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1. Plot t / (L – L0) against (L – L0). Determine gas diffusivity, D from the obtained slope, s.
Attached all of your calculations at the appendix in the experiment report.
2. Discuss the factors that affect the diffusion of acetone from the graph.
The more time increases, the more level of acetone incrincreases
3. Based on the experiment's aim and the theory in gas diffusion, you conclude from your
finding.
The findings of the study prove that gas diffusion ability rises with increasing pressure
and temperature. For the same particle coal samples, gas diffusion capacity rises with temperature
at the same pressure.
7.0 REFERENCES
1. Determination of gaseous diffusion (n.d.). Retrieved June 8, 2012, from
https://www.mendeley.com/.ion.diffusion.coefficient.gas
2. Mas Transfer and Diffusion Coefficients. (n.d.). Retrieved June 8, 2013, from
https://www.discoveramfield.co.uk/data/cer
3. Chemical Engineering Laboratory Manual, Semester June-October 2013
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