COMMiTTEE AGENDA 1

"CURRENT STATE OF JUDiCiAL ACTiViSM iN

PAKiSTAN"

1. INTRODUCTiON:

The separation of powers is a fundamental principle of modern democratic

governance, and it plays a crucial role in the political dynamics of Pakistan.
However, Pakistan's experience with the separation of powers has been
marked by a complex interplay of civil-military relations and the judicial
system.

A. Executive Branch:
Elected Leadership: Pakistan has a democratically elected civilian
government with a President and a Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is
the head of government and is responsible for the day-to-day
administration of the country.

Civilian Control: While Pakistan has seen periods of military rule, especially
in its early history, it has generally transitioned toward civilian rule. The
ability of the civilian government to exert control over the military is a key
aspect of the separation of powers.

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B. Legislative Branch:

Bicameral System: Pakistan has a bicameral legislature consisting of the

National Assembly and the Senate. Members of the National Assembly are
Lorem ipsum

directly elected by the people, while members of the Senate are elected by
the provincial assemblies.

Law-Making Authority: The legislative branch is responsible for making and

amending laws. This body is intended to represent the will of the people and
provide a check on the executive branch

C. Judicial Branch:

Independent Judiciary: Pakistan's judicial system is meant to be

independent of the other branches of government. The Supreme Court is
the highest court in the country, and it has the authority to interpret the
constitution and ensure that the other branches of government adhere to it.

Judicial Review: The judiciary in Pakistan plays a crucial role in reviewing

the actions of the executive and legislative branches, ensuring that they are
consistent with the constitution. This is a vital element in the system of
checks and balances.

D. Military

Historical Involvement: The Pakistani military has played a significant role in

the country's politics, including periods of direct military rule. Even during
civilian governments, the military has often exerted influence over foreign
policy and national security matters.

Civil-Military Relations: The relationship between the civilian government

and the military has been a key factor in Pakistan's political landscape.
Civil-military tensions have historically influenced the balance of power
between the branches.

The complex interplay of these components has resulted in a mixed history

of democraticand military rule in
Pakistan.Themilitaryhasoftenjustifieditsinterventionsbycitingconcernsover
corruption, governance, or national security, but these interventions have
often disrupted the democratic process
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2. HiSTORiCAL CONTEXT:

To gain a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between

civil-military relations and the judicial system in Pakistan, it is crucial to
delve into the historical context that has shaped and influenced these
dynamics over time

A. Partition and Independence (1947): Pakistan was created as a separate

nation in 1947 when it gained independence from British colonial rule. It was
initially composed of West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East
Pakistan (now Bangladesh)

B. Early Years of Political Instability (1947-1958): The early years of

Pakistan were marked by political instability and a lack of institutional
development. This vulnerability led to the first military coup in 1958 when
General Ayub Khan seized power

C. Military Rule under Ayub Khan (1958-1969): General Ayub Khan's

decade-long rule established a precedent of military involvement in politics.
His regime focused on modernization and economic growth but at the
expense of political freedoms and democratic institutions.

D. Civilian Government Returns (1971-1977): Following a war that led to

the separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971, Pakistan returned
to civilian rule. However, this period was marked by political instability and
economic challenges.

E. Zia--Haq's Military Rule (1977-1988): General Zia-ul-Haq seized power

in a coup in 1977 and ruled until his death in 1988. His regime was marked
by Islamization policies and curbs on political freedoms. He significantly
altered the constitution, centralizing power in the presidency and military.

F. Return to Civilian Rule (1988-1999): After General Zia's death, Pakistan

returned to civilian rule. This era saw a mix of civilian governments and
military interventions, with Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif leading
successive governments.

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G. Pervez Musharraf's Regime (1999-2008): In 1999, General Pervez
Musharraf seized power in a military coup. His rule was marked by
significant foreign policy shifts, including support for the U.S. in the War on
Terror. During his tenure, the 2007 state of emergency and the removal of
the judiciary led to a major political crisis.

H. Restoration of Civilian Rule (2008-Present): After significant political

pressure and protests, General Musharraf resigned in 2008, and civilian
rule was restored. Subsequent years have seen a more stable democratic
transition, with the PPP and PML-N parties taking turns in power.

3. CiViL-MiLiTARY TENSiONS:

Civil-military tensions have remained a constant feature of Pakistani

politics, with the military often seen as a powerful player behind the scenes.
The military's involvement in foreign policy and security matters, often
justified by national security concerns, has created a complex power
dynamic with civilian authorities.

4. JUDiCiAL ROLE AND ACTiViSM:

Over time, Pakistan's judiciary has exhibited a growing inclination towards

judicial activism, marked by its willingness to intervene in matters
concerning governance, human rights, and constitutional interpretation.
This trend towards judicial activism has been exemplified through various
landmark decisions and suo-motu actions taken by the courts, reflecting
their proactive stance in addressing societal issues. Since the Lawyers'
Movement, the judiciary has maintained a significant role in the country's
governance. It has actively engaged in holding both the military and civilian
authorities accountable, asserting its authority through judgments that
challenge executive decisions and legislative actions deemed
unconstitutional. This judicial assertiveness has led to a more vibrant and
dynamic role for the judiciary within Pakistan's political landscape.
Moreover, the Supreme Court of Pakistan, in particular, has shown a
willingness to take up cases of public interest, even in the absence of direct
petitions, through suo-motu actions, thereby demonstrating its
commitment to addressing critical issues that affect the populace. This
proactive approach has enabled the judiciary to address human rights
violations, environmental concerns, and other pressing matters affecting

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the citizens. Despite occasional criticism and debates regarding the
judiciary's extent of intervention in policy matters, its role in upholding
fundamental rights and ensuring accountability within the state's
machinery remains pivotal. This ongoing evolution of judicial rule and
activism underscores the judiciary's evolving role as a key player in
Pakistan's socio-political dynamics.

5. FACTORS CONTRiBUTiNG:

The complex interplay of civil-military relations and the judicial system in

Pakistan is influenced by several factors. These factors contribute to the
historical and ongoing dynamics in the country's political landscape:

A. Historical Legacy: Pakistan's strategic location and its involvement in

regional conflicts, such as the Afghan war, have meant that national
security and foreign policy have often been seen as the domain of the
military. Security concerns related to neighboring India, Afghanistan, and
terrorism have given the military an enduring role in decision-making.

B. National Security Concerns: The early years of Pakistan were marked

by political instability and a lack of institutional development. This
vulnerability led to the first military coup in 1958 when General Ayub Khan
seized power

C. Civilian Governance Challenges: Civilian governments in Pakistan

have often faced governance challenges, including issues related to corrup-
tion, inefficiency, and political infighting. These challenges have sometimes
led to public dissatisfaction and provided an opening for military interven-
tions

D. Constitutional Ambiguities: The Pakistani constitution has been subject

to numerous amendments and alterations over the years, including during
periods of military rule. These changes have at times concentrated power in
the executive branch or the military and have eroded the independence of
institutions.

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E. Role of External Actors: The involvement of external actors, such as the
United States, has influenced Pakistan's political dynamics, particularly
during the Cold War and the War on Terror. U.S. support for military
regimes and policies in Pakistan has often been a complicating factor.

F. Economic Interests: The military has often wielded significant economic

power in Pakistan. It owns various businesses and has a stake in key sectors
of the economy, which gives it an additional source of influence and
resources.

G. Judicial Activism: The judiciary's role in Pakistan has evolved, with

periods of judicial activism challenging the excesses of both civilian and
military governments. The judiciary's actions have sometimes strained its
relationship with the executive and the military.

H. Political Parties and Leadership: The behavior and effectiveness of

political parties and leaders play a crucial role in shaping Pakistan's
political landscape. Strong and competent civilian leaders can help stabilize
democracy, while leadership disputes and a lack of effective governance
can lead to instability.

I. Public Opinion: Public opinion and civil society movements have played
a role in shaping Pakistan's political environment. Mass protests and
movements, such as the Lawyers' Movement in 2007-2008, have
pressured the military and the judiciary to respond to popular demands.

J. International Geostrategic Factors: Pakistan's position in a volatile

region with complex geopolitical dynamics influences its political
landscape. The involvement of other countries in the region, including India,
China, and the United States, can impact Pakistan's domestic politics.

K. Ethnic and Regional Dynamics: Pakistan's multi-ethnic and

multi-regional composition adds another layer of complexity to its political
landscape. Regional and ethnic identities can influence political alliances
and divisions.

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These factors, among others, contribute to the complex interplay of
civil-military relations and the judicial system in Pakistan. The balance of
power between these institutions has shifted over time, leading to periods
of democratic rule, military rule, and civil-military tensions. The ongoing
challenge for Pakistan is to strengthen its democratic institutions, ensure
the rule of law, and create a stable political environment where civilian
governments can effectively govern while respecting the military's
legitimate security concerns

6. STEPS TO CORRECT:

Correcting the complex interplay of civil-military relations and the judicial

system in Pakistan to establish a more stable and functioning democratic
system is a complex and long-term endeavor. It requires the concerted
efforts of various stakeholders, including government institutions, civil
society, political leaders, and the military. Here are some steps that can be
taken to work toward a more balanced and robust democratic system in
Pakistan:

A. Strengthen Democratic Institutions: Focus on strengthening democratic

institutions, including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, to
ensure they operate independently and effectively.

B. Rule of Law and Constitution: Uphold the rule of law and the supremacy
of the constitution. Ensure that all institutions, including the military, abide
by the constitution and respect the authority of the civilian government.

C. Transparent Elections: Ensure free, fair, and transparent elections.

Electoral reforms can help improve the integrity of the electoral process and
increase public trust in the democratic system

D. Civil-Military Relations: Clarify and institutionalize the roles and

responsibilities of the military in matters of national security, foreign policy,
and domestic affairs, ensuring that they operate within the boundaries
defined by the constitution.
Lorem ipsum
E. Judicial Independence: Protect and promote the independence of the
judiciary, allowing it to act as a check on the powers of the executive and
legislative branches.

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F. Constitutional Reforms: Consider constitutional reforms to address
ambiguities, enhance the separation of powers, and strengthen democratic
governance.

G. Accountability and Anti-Corruption: Promote accountability and

anti-corruption measures to ensure that government officials, including
military personnel, are held responsible for their actions.

H. Civil Society and Media: Support and protect the role of civil society,
including non-governmental organizations and the media, in holding
government institutions accountable and advocating for democratic
values.

I. Educational Reforms: Implement educational reforms to promote civic

education and awareness of democratic principles among the population

J. National Dialogue: Encourage a national dialogue involving all key

stakeholders, including political parties, the military, civil society, and the
judiciary, to address the challenges of civil-military relations and
democratic governance.

K. International Engagement: Engage with international partners and

organizations to support democratic development and governance in
Pakistan, while respecting the country's sovereignty.

L. Long-Term Perspective: Recognize that building a stable and

functioning democracy is a long-term process and that progress may be
gradual. Patience and commitment to democratic principles are essential.

M. Public Participation: Promote active public participation in the political

process through civic education and encouraging citizens to vote, engage in
peaceful protests, and hold their representatives accountable.

N. Conflict Resolution: Address regional and ethnic conflicts through

peaceful and inclusive means, as these conflicts can have a significant
impact on the stability of democratic institutions

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O. Demilitarization of Economy: Reduce the military's involvement in the
country's economy to minimize potential conflicts of interest and promote
civilian control over economic matters.

It's important to note that these steps require a high degree of political will
and cooperation among all stakeholders in Pakistan. Achieving a more
balanced and robust democratic system will be a challenging process, but
it is crucial for the long-term stability and prosperity of the country.
Furthermore, it's vital to consider the specific circumstances and dynamics
in Pakistan when implementing these measures, as they may evolve over
time.

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COMMiTTEE AGENDA 2
"THE OUTLOOK FOR THE COUNTRY'S GENERAL
ELECTiONS iN 2024 GiVEN THE POLiTiCAL UNREST
AND ECONOMiC iNSTABiLiTY OF THE COUNTRY"

1. INTRODUCTiON

A. Overview of the current political and economic situation in Pakistan: The

political landscape of Pakistan is marked by corruption, terrorism, and
political instability. Despite the efforts of the current government, the
country continues to face opposition from various political factions, making
it difficult to pass critical legislation and implement effective policies. This
has resulted in a loss of confidence in the government among the general
population and has contributed to a general sense of disillusionment with
the political system. On the economic front, Pakistan is grappling with high
inflation, a substantial trade deficit, and a mounting debt burden. The
country's inadequate infrastructure is unable to support economic growth
and development, and the COVID-19 pandemic has added to the
economic challenges faced by the nation. The pandemic has resulted in
widespread job losses and a reduction in consumer spending, putting
additional strain on the already fragile economy.In addition to the
challenges mentioned earlier, Pakistan is also facing social and
international challenges. Socially, the country is grappling with issues such
as poverty, income inequality, and a lack of access to education and
healthcare. These issues have resulted in a widening gap between the rich
and the poor and have contributed to a general sense of dissatisfaction
among the population. On the international front, Pakistan's relationship
with neighbouring countries, such as India and Afghanistan, is fraught with
tension, and the country continues to face challenges from non-state
actors such as terrorism and extremism. Furthermore, Pakistan is also
facing increasing pressure from the international community to address its
nuclear weapons program, which has raised concerns about nuclear
proliferation and stability in the region. Another important challenge facing

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Pakistan is the environment. The country is grappling with a range of
environmental issues, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and
soil erosion. These environmental challenges not only affect the health and
well-being of the population but also pose a threat to the country's
biodiversity and its ecosystem. Additionally, the effects of climate change,
such as rising sea levels, changing weather patterns, and increasing
frequency of natural disasters, are expected to further exacerbate the
environmental challenges faced by Pakistan in the coming years. To
address these challenges, Pakistan will need to undertake significant
reforms and invest in its infrastructure. The government must also take
steps to tackle corruption and promote transparency, as well as increase
security and stability in the country. Additionally, the private sector must be
encouraged to invest in the economy and create new jobs. To overcome
some challenges, Pakistan must focus on improving its relationship with its
neighbours, promoting peace and stability in the region. The government
must also take steps to address poverty, improve access to education and
healthcare, and reduce income inequality. At the same time, the country
must work to address the international community's concerns about its
nuclear weapons program, promote transparency and accountability, and
ensure stability and security in the region. Moreover, Pakistan's economy is
heavily dependent on its agricultural sector, which employs a large portion
of the population. However, the sector is facing numerous challenges,
including a lack of investment, outdated technologies, and insufficient
access to markets. Improving the agricultural sector is critical for the
country's economic growth and stability, and the government must take
steps to address these challenges, such as providing support to farmers,
promoting innovation and modern farming techniques, and improving
access to markets.

B. Importance of the 2024 general elections: The 2024 general electionsin Pakistan
hold immense importance for the future of the country. These elections will play a crucial
role in determining the direction of the country's politics, economy, and international
relations. The outcome of the election will have a significant impact on the country's
political stability and the policies that will be implemented in the coming years. The
election results will also shape the country's stance and relationships with other countries,
both regionally and globally. Furthermore, the 2024 general electionswill be a crucial test of
the country's democratic institutions and processes. The election results will play a pivotal
role in determining the future of democracy in Pakistan, as the representatives elected will
be accountable to the people and make decisions on their behalf. These elections will also

11
determine the representatives who will represent the diverse interests of the country and
shape its future. In conclusion, the 2024 general electionsin Pakistan are a critical event that
will have far-reaching consequences for the country and its people.

2. POLiTiCAL UPHEAVAL

A. Political instability and turmoil: Political instability and turmoil have been
persistent issues in Pakistan since its creation in 1947, characterized by
numerous challenges including military coups, political upheavals, ethnic
conflict, and terrorism. Military intervention in the democratic process,
with four coups witnessed so far, undermines the democratic process and
creates ambiguity and instability. Corruption, prevalent throughout the
country, has a significant impact on political stability by undermining
public trust in the government and institutions, leading to political unrest
and destabilization. The persistent threat of terrorism, particularly from
extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, has destabilized the
country, causing fear and insecurity among the population. Ethnic
tensions, arising from the presence of multiple ethnic and religious groups
in the country, have frequently resulted in conflict and unrest, particularly
in the province of Balochistan where separatist movements have been
active. Political polarization, characterized by political 12parties and factions
becoming increasingly entrenched in their positions, has made it
challenging for the government to make progress on key issues, leading to
instability and hindering the nation's progress. Despite these challenges,
efforts have been made in recent years to address political instability and
improve the economy, but much work remains to be done to ensure
stability and security for the nation's future. Since the no-confidence vote in
April 2022, Pakistan witnessed ongoing protests by PTI supporters
demanding early elections and accusing the new government led by
Shehbaz Sharif of illegitimacy. There were sporadic incidents of violence
during these protests, with road blockades disrupting traffic. Reports
surfaced of senior PTI leaders' arrests and the confiscation of the party's
trademark bat symbol. These events heightened tensions, with PTI alleging
government suppression while authorities claimed lawful actions. The
political landscape remains tense, emphasizing the urgent need for all
parties to seek a peaceful resolution amid the fluid situation.

12
B. The role of military in politics: The military in Pakistan has held a
prominent and controversial role in the nation's politics, often
overshadowing democratic processes and instigating periods of direct
military rule. This interference is usually justified on the premise of restoring
stability and combating corruption, but in reality it has often destabilised
the political climate and contributed to human rights violations. The military
has maintained a significant presence and control in several state
institutions, including the intelligence agencies and bureaucracy, allowing it
to exercise vast influence in both the political and economic spheres.
Furthermore, the military has actively participated in shaping the political
landscape, either through overt actions such as coups or more subtle
means like behind-the-scenes manoeuvring and selective support or
opposition of political leaders and groups. Moreover, the military has
exerted its dominance in foreign and security policies, leading to tensions
with civilian governments and hindering democratic norms. Despite
attempts to reduce the military's role in politics, it continues to remain a
formidable power, impeding the establishment of democratic institutions
and a thriving civil society in Pakistan.

C. The impact of corruption on politics: Corruption has a detrimental

1312
effect on the political landscape of Pakistan, posing a formidable challenge
to the country's democratic governance. It undermines the rule of law,
erodes public trust in government institutions and the political system, and
distorts the democratic process by subverting the principles of
accountability and transparency. The pervasive culture of corruption also
has a major impact on the country's economy, as it redirects resources
away from critical public needs and limits foreign investment. The diversion
of public funds into private pockets also results in a lack of investment in
essential infrastructure and services, hindering the country's overall
economic growth and development. Despite some efforts to address
corruption through legal and institutional reforms, the problem remains
widespread, particularly in the areas of procurement, public service
delivery, and tax collection. This persistent issue not only undermines the
credibility of the political system but also serves as a major hindrance to the
country's ability to attract investment and achieve economic stability. In
conclusion, corruption remains a significant challenge in the politics of
Pakistan and must be addressed through sustained efforts to promote
transparency, accountability, and the rule of law. Only by creating a culture
of integrity and combating corruption at all levels can the country hope to
secure a stable and prosperous future.
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3. ECONOMiC INSTABiLiTY
13
A. Overview of the economic situation: Pakistan's economy, though
exhibiting signs of improvement in recent years, still faces several
formidable challenges. The country's informal sector is substantial, with a
significant proportion of the population living below the poverty line.
Inflation, budget deficits, and a ballooning public debt have been persistent
problems that the government has struggled to address. The COVID-19
pandemic has had a devastating impact on the economy, resulting in a
slowdown in growth and putting pressure on the government to provide
support to citizens and businesses. To mitigate the impact of the
pandemic, the government has implemented various measures, including
monetary and fiscal stimulus, subsidies, and social safety nets. In addition
to addressing the impact of the pandemic, the government has been
implementing reforms and investment initiatives aimed at boosting
economic growth and improving the business environment. This has
included measures to increase transparency, streamline regulations, and
provide support to small and medium-sized enterprises. Despite these
efforts, sustained progress will require continued effort and political
stability. The government will need to address structural issues such as
energy shortages, poor infrastructure, and a weak tax system to create a
more conducive environment for investment and economic growth.
14
Additionally, corruption and political instability remain persistent
challenges that could impede progressing. In conclusion, while Pakistan's
economy has shown signs of improvement in recent years, significant
challenges remain. The government's efforts to address these challenges
and drive economic growth will be crucial in determining the success of the
country's economic future.

B. The role of inflation and unemployment: Inflation and unemployment are

two key indicators of economic stability in Pakistan. High inflation rate
erodes the purchasing power of the currency, leading to an increase in the
cost of living and reduced consumer spending. This can result in a decrease
in economic growth and stability. On the other hand, high unemployment
rate indicates a weak labor market, where individuals are unable to find
work. This not only affects the income and standard of living of individuals
but also contributes to a decrease in consumer spending and economic
growth. Thus, controlling inflation and unemployment is crucial for
maintaining economic stability in Pakistan.

14
C. The impact of the economic instability on the general elections: The
economic instability in Pakistan is likely to have13a significant impact on the
2024 general elections. Factors such as high inflation, unemployment, and
the decline in the value of the Pakistani Rupee can create widespread
dissatisfaction among the population, which may lead to a change in public
opinion and electoral behavior. Furthermore, political parties and
candidates may use the economic issues to campaign and appeal to
voters, potentially affecting the outcome of the election. However, it is also
possible that other factors such as security, corruption, and social issues
may play a more significant role in determining the election results.

4. FACTORS INFLUENCiNG THE OUTCOME OF THE 2024 GENERAL

ELECTiONS
A. The role of opposition parties: Opposition parties play a crucial role in
shaping the outcome of elections, as they serve as the voice of dissent and
provide a credible alternative to the ruling party's policies and
performance. Through effective campaigning and mobilization strategies,
opposition parties can increase voter turnout and sway undecided voters.
The opposition can hold the government accountable for its actions and
decisions, which shapes public opinion and voters' perception of the ruling
party. Forming alliances and coalitions can also increase the opposition's
14
collective strength and present a unified front against the ruling party. The
opposition's ability to communicate their message effectively and mobilise
voters will be key to their success in influencing the outcome of the 2024
general elections in Pakistan. It is evident that opposition parties play a
vital role in democratic societies and are instrumental in maintaining a
healthy balance of power.

B. The role of religious and ethnic groups: The role of religious and ethnic
groups in influencing the outcome of the 2024 general elections in Pakistan
is substantial. Religious parties, such as the Jamaat-e-Islami and the
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, have a strong following among the conservative
and religious segments of the population. Their support can greatly impact
the election results in their respective regions, as these parties have the
ability to mobilize voters on the basis of religious and moral values.
Furthermore, ethnic groups, such as Sindhis, Baloch, and Punjabis, also play
a crucial role in determining the election outcome. Each ethnic group forms
a significant portion of the voting population and has distinct cultural,
social, and economic interests that shape their political affiliations. For
15
instance, the Baloch community has been historically marginalized, and
their support for political parties may be influenced
13 by their demands for
greater autonomy and resource distribution. It is worth mentioning that
political affiliations and economic interests can also play a crucial role in
determining election results, in addition to religious and ethnic factors. The
voter's decision may be influenced by their perceptions of the party's ability
to address their needs and the country's pressing issues, such as poverty,
unemployment, and national security. In conclusion, religious and ethnic
groups are significant actors in the Pakistani political landscape and can
significantly influence the outcome of the 2024 general elections. Political
parties must take these factors into consideration when formulating their
election campaigns and policies to appeal to the diverse segments of the
population.

.C. The role of media and technology: Media and technology have played a
significant role in influencing the outcome of recent elections in Pakistan,
including the 2024 general elections. Social media platforms such as
Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube have become primary sources of
information and political discourse. These platforms allow political parties
and candidates to reach large audiences, mobilize support, and spread
their messages more effectively. Moreover, the widespread availability of
14
mobile devices and the internet has increased access to information and
news for citizens, allowing them to engage in informed political discourse
and make more informed decisions. The use of technology, such as
electronic voting systems, has also improved the transparency and
accountability of the electoral process. However, the increasing role of
media and technology in politics has also presented challenges, such as the
spread of misinformation, cyberattacks, and manipulation of public
opinion. It is important for authorities and stakeholders to ensure that
media and technology are used to enhance transparency, accountability,
and fairness in the electoral process.

5. POLiTiCAL PARTiES AND THEiR PROSPECTS

A. Pakistan, being a democratic country, is home to a number of political
parties that cater to the diverse needs and aspirations of its citizens. These
parties come from various political ideologies and have distinct agendas
that influence their prospects of success in elections. The following
paragraphs discuss the major political parties of Pakistan and their
prospects in the current political climate. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), a

16
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), a center-right political party founded in
1996, is led by the charismatic Imran Khan. PTI has made a name for itself
as a party that prioritizes anti-corruption, transparency in governance,
social welfare, and economic stability. With a strong support base in urban
areas, especially among the youth, PTI has become one of the leading
parties in Pakistan. In the 2018 general elections, PTI emerged as the
winner, allowing Imran Khan to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
With its strong focus on key issues, PTI is likely to continue being a significant
player in Pakistani politics in the coming years. Pakistan Peoples Party
(PPP), a center-left political party founded in 1967 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, has
been a major player in Pakistani politics for decades. PPP is committed to
promoting democracy, human rights, and social welfare, and has a strong
support base in rural areas, especially in the province of Sindh, where it is
considered the dominant political force. Despite facing numerous
challenges and obstacles, PPP has managed to remain relevant in the
political arena and continues to be a significant player in Pakistani politics.
Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), a center-right political party
founded in 1993 by Nawaz Sharif, is another major player in Pakistani
politics. PML-N prioritizes economic stability, job creation, and good
governance, and has a strong support base in urban areas, particularly in
the province of Punjab, where it is considered the dominant political force.
Despite facing numerous controversies and setbacks, PML-N has managed
to remain a significant player in Pakistani politics and continues to be a
force to be reckoned with. Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), a liberal
political party founded in 1984 by Altaf Hussain, has a strong support base
in urban areas, particularly in the city of Karachi, where it has been a
dominant political force for decades. MQM's main agenda includes urban
development, education, and social welfare, and the party has managed to
establish a solid support base among the urban population. Despite facing
numerous challenges and controversies, MQM continues to be a significant
player in Pakistani politics. Awami National Party (ANP), a center-left
political party founded in 1986 by Abdul Wali Khan, has a strong support
base in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where it is considered the
dominant political force. ANP prioritizes democracy, human rights, and
regional autonomy, and has managed to establish a strong support base
among the population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Despite facing numerous
challenges, ANP continues to be a significant player in Pakistani politics. In
conclusion, the prospects of political parties in Pakistan are dependent on a
number of factors, including the political climate, public perception, and the

17
ability to deliver on their promises. The PTI, PML-N, and PPP are considered
the leading parties in Pakistan, with PTI currently in power. MQM and ANP
are also significant players in their respective regions. Regardless of the
political party, the future of Pakistani politics is likely to be shaped by a
dynamic interplay of the political agendas, public opinion, and the ability of
the political parties to deliver on their promises.

B. Key candidates and their political agenda: Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

(PTI): PTI's primary focus is on improving the economy and reducing
corruption. The party has also highlighted the importance of improving
relations with neighboring countries, especially India and Afghanistan.
Additionally, the PTI government has been taking steps to address the
energy crisis in the country and improve the standard of living for the
people. Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) - PML-N's main focus is
on economic revival and improving the power sector. The party has also
promised to address the issues of poverty, unemployment, and inflation.
PML-N has also been critical of the PTI government's handling of the
economy and has promised to provide better governance. Pakistan
Peoples Party (PPP) - PPP's key agenda is centered around the alleviation
of poverty and the creation of jobs. The party has also been advocating for
the rights of marginalized communities, including women and minorities.
PPP has also been pushing for greater investment in education and
healthcare. Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) - MQM's primary focus is
on urban development, especially in the cities of Karachi and Hyderabad.
The party has also been highlighting the need for better infrastructure,
including transportation and housing, in these cities. MQM has also been
advocating for greater autonomy for the urban areas of Sindh. Awami
National Party (ANP) - ANP's main focus is on improving the security
situation in the country, especially in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The party has also been pushing for ethnic harmony and advocating for the
rights of minority communities. ANP has also been calling for greater
autonomy for the province and for more resources to be allocated for its
development.

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6. CAMPAiGNiNG AND ELECTiON STRATEGiES
A. The role of social media and technology: In recent years, social media
and technology have played a significant role in political campaigns and
elections in Pakistan. Political parties and candidates have been using
platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp to reach out to
potential voters and spread their message. They use these platforms to
engage with the public, share their manifesto, and respond to questions
and concerns. Technology has also been used to analyze voting patterns,
demographic data, and public opinion, which can help political parties and
candidates to better target their campaigns and tailor their messaging. In
addition, technology has been used to improve the transparency and
efficiency of the voting process. For example, the Election Commission of
Pakistan has introduced an electronic voting system in some polling
stations to reduce the margin of error and prevent fraudulent activities.
Overall, the use of social media and technology has expanded the reach of
political campaigns and has had a profound impact on the way elections
are conducted in Pakistan.

7. INTERNATiONAL RELATiONS AND THEiR iMPACT ON THE

ELECTiONS
1312
A. Overview of Pakistan's international relations: Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
seeks to protect, promote and advance Pakistan’s national interests in the
external domain. The Foreign Ministry contributes towards safeguarding
Pakistan’s security and advancing Pakistan’s development agenda for
progress and prosperity following the guiding principles laid out by our
founding fathers. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of
Pakistan and its first Governor General, in a broadcast talk to the people of
the USA in February 1948, outlined the following goals of Pakistan’s foreign
policy:Overview of voter demographics in general elections 2024 Pakistan
“Our foreign policy is one of friendliness and goodwill towards all the
nations of the world. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any
country or nation. We believe in the principle of honesty and fair play in
national and international dealings and are prepared to make our utmost
contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations
of the world. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material
and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world,
and in upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter.” The
Constitution of Pakistan also lays down guidelines for the conduct of
foreign policy of the country. Article 40 of the constitution provides that
“The State shall endeavour to preserve and strengthen fraternal relations19
among Muslim countries based on Islamic unity, support the common
interests of the peoples of Asia, Africa and 13 Latin America, promote
international peace and security, foster goodwill and friendly relations
among all nations and encourage the settlement of international disputes
by peaceful means.” The foreign policy of Pakistan is primarily directed to
the pursuit of national goals of seeking peace and stability through
international cooperation. Special emphasis is laid on economic diplomacy
to take advantages offered by the process of globalization as also to face
challenges of the 21st century. Our foreign policy is also geared to project
the image of the country as a dynamic and moderate society. The foreign
policy of Pakistan seeks to promote the internationally recognized norms of
interstate relations, i.e. respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of all
States, non-interference in the internal affairs of other State;
non-aggression and peaceful settlement of disputes. Pakistan has therefore
always sought to develop friendly and cordial relations with all countries of
the world.In light of the guiding principles laid down by the founding fathers
and the constitution as also aspirations of the people of Pakistan, the
objectives of foreign policy can be summarized as under:

•Promotion of Pakistan as a dynamic, progressive, moderate, and

democratic Islamic country.
•Developing friendly relations with all14countries of the world, especially
major powers and immediate neighbours.
•Safeguarding national security and geo-strategic interests, including
Kashmir.
•Consolidating our commercial and economic cooperation with the
international community.
•Safeguarding the interests of Pakistani Diaspora abroad.
•Ensuring optimal utilisation of national resources for regional and
international cooperation.

B. The role of regional and global powers in general elections 2024 of

Pakistan: Regional and global powers play a crucial role in the general
elections of Pakistan 2024 as they have the ability to shape the political
landscape and influence the election outcome. Through diplomatic means,
they can send a clear message to the Pakistani electorate that they support
a free and fair electoral process, which can serve to encourage greater
transparency and accountability in the election. By offering economic
incentives, such as aid packages or trade agreements, they can incentivize
political parties and candidates to align with their interests and priorities.
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Furthermore, the public endorsement of particular political parties or
candidates can lend them political legitimacy and sway, potentially
13
impacting the election results. Additionally, regional and global powers can
play a role in monitoring the elections and ensuring that they are conducted
in a fair and transparent manner. This can include sending election
observers to monitor the electoral process, making public statements
about the importance of free and fair elections, and engaging in diplomatic
efforts to address any irregularities or issues that may arise. It is important
to note that while the role of regional and global powers cannot be
overstated, the outcome of the elections will ultimately depend on the
choices and actions of the Pakistani citizens and political actors. The
interplay between regional and global powers and domestic political forces
will determine the direction of the election and the future of the country.

C. The impact of international relations on the election outcome: The

outcome of the 2024 general election can be significantly influenced by
various international relations factors. Diplomatic relations with other
nations, international trade policies, and military operations are among the
key factors that can shape voters' perceptions and ultimately impact
election results. For instance, a political party that has effectively
negotiated favorable trade agreements with other nations may be
perceived as competent and experienced 14 in international affairs, leading to
an increase in popularity and voter support. On the other hand, a party that
is perceived as having mismanaged international relations, such as by
engaging in conflicts or failing to secure favourable trade terms, may face
backlash from voters and face electoral consequences. Furthermore,
international events and developments can also have a major impact on
the election discourse and the priorities of voters. For example, a global
economic recession or a natural disaster in another country could shift the
focus of the election away from domestic issues and towards international
relations. In conclusion, international relations will likely play a crucial role
in determining the outcome of the 2024 general election, as it can greatly
impact voters' perceptions of political parties and their priorities.

8. POTENTiAL OUTCOMES AND CONSEQUENCES

A. Overview of possible election outcomes: The 2024 general election in
Pakistan will determine the composition of the country's National
Assembly and the four provincial assemblies. The election is likely to be a
major event in Pakistani politics, with high stakes for both the ruling party
and the opposition. The two main political parties, the PTI and the PML-N,
21
i, have contrasting ideologies and approaches to governance. The PTI, led
by Prime Minister Imran Khan, came to power in13 2018 and has promised to
reform the country's economy, improve governance, and fight corruption.
The PML-N, on the other hand, is a centre-right party that has a strong base
of support in the country's largest province, Punjab. The party has promised
to address the country's economic challenges and improve the standard of
living for ordinary Pakistanis. Other smaller parties, such as the Pakistan
Peoples Party (PPP) and the Awami National Party (ANP), may also have a
significant impact on the election's outcome. These parties have a history of
electoral success and have significant support in certain regions of the
country. Additionally, there may also be independent candidates who run
for office and have a significant impact on the election results. The outcome
of the 2024 general election in Pakistan will depend on several factors,
including voter turnout, political alliances, and the ability of the parties to
mobilize their supporters. The electoral process is likely to be closely
watched by domestic and international observers to ensure a fair and
transparent election. In conclusion, the 2024 general election in Pakistan is
likely to be a highly competitive and closely watched event. The outcome
will have significant implications for the future of the country and will
determine the direction of Pakistani politics for the next five years.

B. The impact of the election outcome on 14 the political stability: The 2024
general election in Pakistan will have a crucial impact on the nation's
political stability. The outcome of the election and the manner in which it is
conducted will significantly influence the perceptions of different political
actors and the general public, which will, in turn, determine the country's
stability. A peaceful, credible and transparent election process, which
results in a widely accepted outcome, will serve as a foundation for stability
and help in strengthening the democratic institutions in the country. On the
other hand, if there are allegations of electoral fraud, disputes over the
results or any other form of manipulation, it will lead to political unrest,
erode public trust in the democratic process and potentially destabilise the
country. It is essential that the election process is conducted in an impartial
and fair manner to ensure that the outcome reflects the true will of the
people. Moreover, the new government's ability to address the pressing
issues of the economy, security, and governance will also play a crucial role
in maintaining political stability. If the government fails to address these
issues effectively, it will lead to a decline in public support and increase the
risk of instability. In conclusion, the outcome of the 2024 general election in

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Pakistan will have far-reaching implications for the nation's political
stability, and it is crucial that all parties work together to ensure that the
election process is free, fair and transparent.

C. The impact of the election outcome on the economic stability: The 2024
general election in Pakistan has the potential to greatly influence the
nation's economic stability, with the election outcome likely serving as a key
determinant for the direction of future economic policies. The successful
implementation of these policies can play a pivotal role in catalysing or
hindering economic growth, creating jobs, and attracting foreign
investment. The political stability of the government and the strength of the
nation's institutions are also key components that can shape the economic
outlook. A stable government, with strong institutions and favourable
economic policies, can create a conducive environment for businesses to
thrive and encourage foreign investment, thereby boosting economic
growth. Conversely, political instability, weak institutions, and unfavourable
economic policies can discourage investment, stifle economic growth, and
increase unemployment. Moreover, the ability of the winning party to
effectively implement its economic policies will be critical. This includes the
ability to navigate domestic and international economic challenges, such as
inflation, fiscal imbalances, and trade tensions. The government's capacity
to effectively manage the economy and make strategic investments can
also positively impact the nation's economic stability. In conclusion, the
impact of the 2024 general election outcome on the economic stability of
Pakistan will be shaped by a complex interplay of various factors, including
the policies of the winning party, the strength of the nation's institutions,
and the government's ability to effectively implement these policies. It is
crucial for the nation to closely monitor and evaluate the policies of the
winning party to ensure that they foster economic growth and stability in
the long run.

9. CONCLUSiON
A. The future prospects for stability and growth in Pakistan: Pakistan is a
country with great potential for stability and economic growth in the future,
but it also faces a number of significant challenges that must be overcome
in order to achieve these goals. Some of the most pressing obstacles
include rampant corruption, political instability, security concerns,
widespread energy shortages, and a struggling economy. Despite these

23
challenges, there are several reasons for optimism about Pakistan's future
prospects. In recent years, the government has taken steps to address
some of these challenges and create a more favorable business
environment. For example, it has improved relations with neighboring
countries, attracted increased foreign investment, and undertaken
structural reforms to improve the economy. Additionally, there have been
positive developments in the areas of infrastructure, technology, and
education that have the potential to drive future growth. However, there is
still much work to be done in order to ensure long-term stability and growth
in Pakistan. Sustained and effective efforts are needed to address
corruption, improve the political and security environments, and
implement economic reforms that will help spur job creation, increase
productivity, and boost the standard of living for the population. The future
prospects for stability and growth in Pakistan will depend on a number of
interrelated factors, including effective governance, resolution of regional
conflicts, and sustained economic reforms. The success of these efforts will
hinge on the ability of the government, civil society, and the private sector
to work together to overcome the challenges and create a stable,
prosperous future for the people of Pakistan.

B. The importance of a free and fair election for the future of the
country: The 2024 general election in Pakistan holds tremendous
significance for the future trajectory of the country. A free and fair election
is an essential hallmark of a thriving democratic society and serves as a
reflection of the people's trust in the government. Such an election process
must be transparent, allowing for the results to accurately reflect the will of
the people. The stability that arises from a free and fair election has the
potential to foster political stability, which in turn can lead to economic
growth, job creation, and increased foreign investment. Furthermore, a free
and fair election promotes social justice by ensuring equal access to the
political process for all citizens, allowing for their participation in the
decision-making that shapes their future. As such, it is imperative that all
stakeholders work together to ensure that the 2024 general election in
Pakistan is conducted in a manner that is fair, transparent, and in line with
democratic principles.

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