DIGITAL SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
BAU
Digital Signal
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To process an analog signal using a digital signal
processor:
Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) must take place
Then the digital signal is processed via DSP algorithm(s).
Common Digital Sequences
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Unit-impulse sequence (digital unit-impulse function):
Unit-step sequence (digital unit-step function):
Shifted unit-impulse and unit-step
sequences.
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Sinusoidal sequences
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𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.125𝜋𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 10
Exponential sequence
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𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴(0.75)𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 10
EXAMPLE 3.1
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Generation of Digital Signals
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To generate the digital sequence from its analog signal
function, we substitute time t by nT into the analog
signal x(t):
EXAMPLE 3.2
Solution Example 3.2
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Solution Example 3.2
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Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou
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LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT, CAUSAL
SYSTEMS
Linearity
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y1(n) is the system output using an input x1(n)
y2(n) is the system output using an input x2(n)
the system output due to the weighted sum inputs
⍺x1(n)+βx2(n) is equal to ⍺y1(n)+βy2(n)
Check the linearity of:
y(n)=10x(n)
y(n)=x2(n)
Given that x1 is multiplied by 2 and x2 is multiplied by 4 and
x1[n]=u[n] and x2[n]=δ[n]
Example: Linear Systems
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y(n) = 10.x(n)
x1(n) = u(n); x2(n) = δ(n)
y1(n) = 10.u(n) and y2(n) = 10.δ(n)
Linear system
Example: Linear Systems
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Inputs:
Non-Linear
system
Time invariance
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Time invariance
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Example: Time Invariance
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Given the linear systems
y(n) = 2.x(n-5)
y(n) = 2.x(3n)
determine whether each of the following systems is time
invariant.
Example: Time Invariance
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Example: Time Invariance
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Causality
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A causal system is one in which the output y(n) at time n
depends only on the current input x(n) at time n, its
past input sample values such as x(n-1), x(n-2), . . .
if a system output depends on the future input values,
such as x(n + 1), x(n + 2), . . . , the system is non-causal
The non-causal system cannot be realized in real time.
Example: causality
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Difference Equations and Impulse
Responses
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A causal, linear, time-invariant system can be described by a
difference equation having the following general form:
Where a1, …, aN, and b0, … , bN are the coefficients of the
difference equation:
y(n) depends on the past output samples y(n-1), . . . , y(n-N),
the current input sample x(n), and the past input samples,
x(n-1), . . . , x(n-M).
Example: Difference Equation
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System Representation Using Its
Impulse Response
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A linear time-invariant system can be completely
described by its unit-impulse response
It is defined as the system response due to the impulse
input δ(n) with zero initial conditions
Example
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Example: Solution
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FIR System
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if the difference equation without the past output terms,
y(n-1), . . . , y(n-N), that is, the corresponding coefficients
a1, . . . , aN, are zeros, the impulse response h(n) has a
finite number of terms
We call this a finite impulse response (FIR) system
The output sequence of a linear time-invariant system
from its impulse response (digital convolution sum)
Example
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Bounded-in-and-Bounded-out Stability
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A stable system is one for which every bounded input
produces a bounded output (BIBO)
consider a linear time-invariant representation with all
the inputs reaching the maximum value M for the worst
case
Using the absolute values of the impulse response leads
to:
If the absolute sum is a finite number, the product of the
absolute sum and the maximum input value is therefore
a finite number
Bounded-in-and-Bounded-out Stability
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a linear system is stable if the sum of its absolute
impulse response coefficients is a finite number
Example
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Given the linear system
Determine whether this system is stable or not.
Solution
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Digital Convolution
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A linear time-invariant system can be represented by
using a digital convolution sum
Digital Convolution
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Note that for a causal system, which implies its impulse
response:
the lower limit of the convolution sum begins at 0
instead of ∞
Digital Convolution
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The convolution sum requires the sequence h(n)
to be reversed and shifted.
Example
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Solution
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Example
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Evaluate the digital convolution of the following signals
Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Tabular Method
Solution
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The convolution operation can be viewed in the bloc
diagram as follows:
Properties of the Convolution
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Duration of LTI Systems Impulse
Response
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We can subdivide the class of linear time-invariant
systems into two types:
Those that have a finite-duration impulse response widely
called FIR
Those that have an infinite-duration impulse response
widely called IIR
