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2.3 Linear Equations
Example
Determine
1 1 2 x
1 3 −1 y
2 −1 4 z
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Example
Convert the following linear equations into
matrix equations
(a)
3x + y = 1
x − 3y = 7
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(b)
x−y−z =2
x + y + 3z = 7
9x − y − 3z = −1
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2.3.1 Linear Equations
In general, m linear equations
a11x1 + a12x2 + · · · + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + · · · + a2nxn = b2
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
am1x1 + am2x2 + · · · + amnxn = bm
for n unknowns x1, x2, . . . , xn and real
coefficients aij and bi, for 1 ≤ i ≤ m and
1 ≤ j ≤ n, can be written as
Ax = b
or in augmented matrix form as
[ ]
A|b
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Geometric Interpretation
x
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2.3.2 Elementary Row Operations
Given a system of linear equations in augmented matrix form
[ ]
A|b
we can apply elementary row operations:
1. Interchange two rows.
2. Multiply a row by a non-zero constant α.
3. Add a multiple of one row to another row.
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2.3.3 Gauss–Jordan Elimination Example
Apply elementary row operations to the The following linear systems are in RREF
augmented matrx form
[A | b] (a)
until the matrix A is in reduced 1 0 0 2
row-echelon form (RREF): 0 1 0 6
0 0 1 4
1. The first non-zero coefficient in each
row is 1.
(b)
2. Each leading entry is in a column to the
right of the leading entry in the previous 1 0 0 1
row. 0 1 0 4
0 0 0 0
3. The leading entry in each row is the
only non-zero entry in its column.
4. Zero rows are at the bottom.
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Example
Solve the linear system using
Gauss–Jordan elimination
3x + y = 1
x − 3y = 7
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Example
Solve the linear system using
Gauss–Jordan elimination
x − 3y = 7
−3x + 9y = −21
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