CO4

fire; all of
the fuel in
the area is
Fire Hazards burning)

Fire Heating Fuel- Ventilation Fuel-

Fire Hazards Behavior fuel controlle Controlled controlled
- Any act/ condition that may cause an increase in the d burning
probability of the occurrence of fire burning
- May obstruct, delta, hinder, or interfere with
Prevent Extinguis Death
firefighting operations and safeguarding of life and Fire hed by
property hand,
escape
Fire
Smoke Smoke External smoke and
- Active principle of burning Detectors and heat flames
- Characterized by heat and light of combustion Detector
s
Fire Triangle
- Extinguis Control by fire service
1. Oxygen - Normal air - 21% → Fire needs - 16% h by
2. Fuel - combustible materials (solid, liquid, gas) sprinkler
3. Heat - energy needed to increase the temperature of s or fire
service
the fuel for ignition to occur; friction can produce heat
between woods Control of Flamma Fire resistance,
materials bility, containment, prevent
How to put out a fire surface collapse
spread
- If you remove (oxygen, heat, or fuel) for fire to not of flame
exist
1. Cloth - removes oxygen that limits the air supply
2. Water - removes heat inhibiting the combustion Incipient stage
reaction (H2O) - Pre ignition stage
3. Fire extinguisher - may be CO2 (limitation % of - Heating of potential fuel takes place
oxygen suffocating the fire, diluting the oxygen) - Often produces smoke
4. Close of LPG, keeping flammable materials in a safe - Heat produced is not enough to trigger heat detector
place - Removing its fuel supply or a sprinkler system

Fire spreads through Fire growth stage

● Conduction - Governed by geometry, combustibility, and
- Passage of heat energy through or within a arrangement of fuel until the fire size is limited by the
material because of direct contact surface area of the fuel or by restricted air supply
- Fire near/ with contact with a combustion - Heat produce is enough to trigger heat detector or a
material it can cause fire sprinkler system
- Domino effect (fire in contact with - Fire develops and spread to adjacent fuel
combustible materials and will spread to
other combustible materials) Flashover
● Convection - Transition between the growth and fully developed
- Heat transfer through air medium from stage
hotter to cooler areas - Fire continues to develop
- Heat goes up cool goes down - Temperature rises
- Heat smoke goes up and travels across the - Shortest in time (biglaan and explosive and severe
ceiling that can burn the ceiling and instant combustion of materials around the fire)
● Radiation - Ignite rapidly and burn fiercely (pak ganern)
- Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves
without objects or gases carrying it along Fully developed stage
- Radiated heat goes out in all directions, - Burning stage
unnoticed until it strikes an object - Characterized by a very high heat release rate and
- Burning buildings can radiate heat high temperatures
surrounding structures - Maximum fire size is limited by available ventilation
- Can pass through windows igniting objects - The fire is consuming the oxygen, as it consumes the
oxygen, we are left with nothing if we need to breathe
Fire Development
Decay stage
- Burnout stage
- Usually starts when 80% of the total fuel is consumed
Stage Incipient Growth Burning Decay - Fuel control because it is now consuming all of the
(marked (flashover
by stage - fire
Ignition) exponential - Intensity of the fire decreases until all fuels are fully
growth of consumed and fire goes out
 Key provisions:
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE ● Building Design and Construction Standards
- Classification of fires is depending on its fuel ● Fire-resistant materials and features
- According to fuel ● Provision of fire protection systems
● Escape routes and emergency exits
Class A: Ordinary Combustibles (ash) ● Regular inspection and maintenance
- Burn with an ember (nagbabaga) and leave ash when
they are fully consumed Fire Extinguishment theory
- Ordinary combustible materials HEAT
Ex. wood, cloth, paper, rubber, plastics OXYGEN FUEL
Class B: Flammable and Combustible Liquids (butane) CHAIN REACTION
- Flammable liquids (Burn at room temperature)
- Combustible liquids (require heat to ignite) HEAT - Cooling
Ex. (liquid) OXYGEN - Smothering (suffocate)
Petroleum greases, oil, alcohol, solvents, oil-based FUEL - Starvation (ilayo sa iba pang fuel)
paint, tars, lacquers C.R. - Inhibition ( introduce chemicals to stop combustion
Ex. (gas) reactions)
Propane and butane
Class C: Electrical Fires (circuit) Basic Fire fighting tools
- Fuels from class A or B that involve energized or live - Fire extinguisher
electrical equipment - Water supply
Ex. - Fire blanket
Computers, servers, motors, transformers, and - Bucket of sand
appliances
Class D: Combustible Metals Portable Fire extinguisher
- Have extremely high flame temperature when burning - A handy first aid fire fighting equipment
- Higher temp when water comes contact with it, it will 3 types
completely vaporize (intro gas) RED FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Ex. ● Class A, B, C
Magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, ● Dry powder fire extinguisher
potassium BLUE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Class K: Cooking Fires (kitchen) ● Class A, B
- Fires in cooking appliances ● Aqueous film forming fire extinguisher
- Combustible cooking media ● With water
- Volatile to high temperature GREEN FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Ex. ● Class C only
Cooking oil, animal and vegetable fats (HOT OIL ● For circuits
+COOKING POTS + WATER = disaster) ● Most eco-friendly; HCFC fire extinguisher

FIRE PROTECTION Types of FE

RA 9514 Section 7(D): Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008 AFFF (Aqueous Film forming foam) / pressurized water
All structures should contain all of these or malalagot sa BFP - Class A, B
SIGE KA: - Extinguishes fire by taking away heat
1. Fire protection features such as sprinkler systems, - Foam agents separate oxygen from other elements
hose boxes, hose reels, or standpipe systems and - Used for class a fires only
other fire fighting equipment (under high pressure - Could spread flammable liquid in Class B
because of high amount of water) - Could create shock hazard on class C fires
2. Fire alarms systems CO2
3. Fire walls to separate adjoining buildings, or - Takes away oxygen (diluting oxygen/ temporarily
warehouses and storage areas from other changing the atmosphere)
occupancies in the same building - Can also remove heat due to cold discharge
4. Fire resistive materials (tiles, walls) - Used for B and C
5. Termination of all exists in an area affording safe - Usually not effective for class A (because of the
passage to a public way or safe dispersal area ember that can reignite to new fire)
6. Stairway, vertical shafts, horizontal exist Dry Chemical
7. A fire exit plan for each floor of the building showing - Interrupts the chemical reaction
the routes from each other room to appropriate exists - Creating a barrier between oxygen and fuel on Class
8. Self-closing door fire resistive doors leading to A fires
corridors - Multipurpose Dry Chemical
9. Fire dampers in centralized ac ducts ● Most widely used Fire Extinguisher
10. Roof vents for use by firefighters ● For A, B, C
11. Properly marks and lighted exists with provision for - Ordinary Dry Chemical
emergency lights to adequately illuminate exit ways in ● B, C
case of power failure Halon Substitute
- Halogenated or clean agent
- Interrupting chemical reactions / removing heat
 - Halon agents are newer and less ozone depleting
halocarbon agents
- Most eco-friendly
- Expensive
- Effective for all classes

Wet Chemical
- Kitchen fires/ class A but mostly CLASS K
- Removing heat
- Prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between the
oxygen and fuel elements
- Developed for modern, high efficiency deep fat fryers
Rules for fighting fires
in commercial cooking operations
NEVER FIGHT A FIRE IF:
Anatomy of FE
- You don’t know what is burning
- The fire is spreading rapidly
- Inhale toxic smoke
- If instincts tell you not to
- You don’t have to adequate or appropriate equipment

REMEMBER
- Fires are very dangerous
- Be certain you will not endanger yourself or others
when attempting to put out a fire

Fire prevention

Proclamation NO 115-A Fire prevention Month

- The month of march was declared fire prevention
month

Steps
1. Identify the most likely causes of fire
2. Eliminate or reduce these fire causes

CAUSES OF FIRES
a. Faulty electrical wiring or connection
b. LPG- related
c. Neglected cooking or stove
d. Cigarette butt
e. Unattended open flame: torch or sulo
f. Unattended open flame: gasera or candle
g. Matchstick or lighter
h. Direct flame contact or static electricity
i. Electrical machineries
j. Chemicals
k. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid
l. Spontaneous combustion
m. Fireworks
n. Bomb explosion
o. Lightning
p. Forest or vehicular fire

FIRE PREPAREDNESS
Fire Drills
- Exercise or practice that teach people on how to
leave the building safely

Purpose
- Ensure efficient and safe exits
- Prevent panic
- Learn to:
● Locate fire exists of the building
● Leave the building/ house in a smooth,
orderly manner
● Recognize actual sound of fire alarm system
● Assemble at the designated evacuation area

Phase 1: Alarm - initiate the drill

Phase 2: Response - learners will have to be alert for fire and
smoke
Phase 3: evacuation - all building occupants evacuate,
following pre-determined routes to the evacuation areas
Phase 4: Assembly - at the designated evac area learners are
grouped together
Phase 5: Head count - ensures all participants are accounted
for
Phase 6: Evaluation - eval of the drill is conducted to identify
porblems during the drill and how these be corrected