126 REII'RIGBRATING MAOHIN RY.

There has also to be considered, in discussing the different

agents a point whioh is of some importanoe, namely, the effeot
on the metals employed in the oonstruction of the maohines
which use them. The sulphurous acid in the Piotet, and the
sulphurio ether machines, forms sulphuric acid if by any ohance
even a sm&li quantity of water is present, and this will rapidly
corrode any metal.
Ordinary ether will nC't attaok the ordinary mets.ls, so that
copper or brass oan be freely used, but the agent itself will
readily deteriorate chemic&liy if air or any lubrioant enters the
machine.
Oarbonio a.oid also does not a.ffeot ordinary metals, and
copper or brass oa.n be utilized for pipes, &0. , but the vory high
pressure it works under makes the use of steel for the compre~er
judioious. Ammonia rapidly eats away copper, so that neither
copper, brass, or any &lioy containing copper oan be used in con-
nection with it. Iron and steel, however, 8ol'e not in the least
a.ffeoted by it, provided the liquid is "anhydrous." This requires
the exolusive use of these two metals in an ammonia. mo.ohine,
and may at first sight appear a disa.dva.nt&ge, but in reality is a
gua.ra.ntee that only materials of the best desoription oa.n be
used for its ma.nipula.tion.
The faot s.lso of the gas being of any extremely pungent
na.ture ensures ilia, the leakage oa.n be quiokly discovered and
reotified before any 10s8 of efficienoy takes pla.oe.
Taking el'erything into aooount, the moderate preBSure at
which liquifa.otion takes pla.oe, the constancy of the latent heat
for temperatures, the low ratio between its speoifio and latent
heats, the chemical stability of the agent itself, all indicates that
ammonia is the bee, of all the agents now before UB, and the mo t
suitable for mechanioa.l refrigerating purpo
There are two systems of processes employed in the use of
ammonia. for refrigerating purposes. but 80 far as the mere
prinoiple of the evaporating and refrigerating pal t of the
pr0ce88 is concerned, it is the same in both. the objeci
 RI!:1IRIGFlRATING MACHINERT. 127
both aim at being to evaporate the liquid anhydrous
ammonia at suoh pr ssures and quantity as will produce
the required oooling ' effeot ; the actua.! pressure under
which the evaporation ought to be effected in any particular
case depends entirely on the temperature of the material or room
to be cooled. of course the higher this temperature, the higher
may be the evapora.ting pressure, and therefore the higher is the
density of the vapour and the greater weight ofliquid that can be
evaporated in a given time, resulting in a greater amount of
heat being extracted, showing that the higher the temperature
the greater is the efficiency of ammonia for extracting heat.
It is in the method of again bringing the ammonia into ita
liquid state, and getting rid of its heat during condensation that
the two systems diverge. Thll systemll are called 1/ absorption"
and II compression" systems.
l ST.-THE A BSORPTION PROCESS.
The absorption process was introduced by Oa.rre in the
yea.r 1850, and the principle h80ll not been altered since; the
process i physica.l rather . than mechanica.l, and takes
advantage of the fact already mentioned that ammonia gas is
readily absorbed by water, and that it can be separated from it
by the applica.tion of heat to the mixture; the boiling or
evaporating point of ammonia. being 80 much lower than water
for equaJ. pre sare, 8011 shown on Diagram 2, allows t~e
ammonia. to be drained off in the form of gas before the water
will evaporate. But in aotuaJ. work it has been found practi.
caUy impo 'ble to prevent aqueous vapour from passing over
with the gas, whioh greatly interferes with the working of the
apparatus. In the most modern machines of this olaas ordinary
ammoniaioal liquor, containing about 38 per cent. pure
ammonia and 62 J:er 08nt. of water, is charged into a generator,
which is usually heated by means of a steam coil, and a mixed
nopov of water and ammonia driven off, into a special form of
oondenaer, where the action of cooling water, owing to the
clijf between the boiling points of the water and ammonia,
128 REIl'RIGEBATING )uOHINERY.

oa.uses the former to condense first, it being oa.ught and run

back to the generator; the ammonia gas is then condensed
nearly anhydrous, and colleoted in a lower part of the vessel,
from where it is drawn off to the refrigerator and allowed to
evaporate, usually through ooils of iron pipe, whioh at the
other end are in communioation with a. vessel or absorber con-
taining oold water or weak ammoniaical liquor. The rewness
with whioh the water absorbs the gas, maintains a. sufficiently
low pressure in the coils of the refrigera.tor t.() a.llow of this
evaporation taking pla.ce at a suffioiently low temperature to
produce the desired cooling effect, the heat required during
this evaporation being abstracted either from the brine, or
other liquids surrounding the evaporating coils, or the coils
themselves are pla.ced in the room to be cooled. The wa.ter or
weak liquor in the absorber gets strengthened in the process
of a.bsorbing the ammonia, and is then passed back into the
generator, to be again subjeeted to heat, the whole process
being continuous.
It has been found in pra.otioa.l working that these machines,
while being very simple in design, and with very little
machinery, allowing their construotion to entail only ~ small
first CO t, are not sufficiently reliable for general use, and that
their effioienoy falls considerably below tha.t of the compression
system, this being ohiefly due to the fact that the heat of
vaporisation extracted in the refrigerator is rejected in the
absorber, so that the whole heat of vaporisation required to
drive oft the ammonia. gas in the generator has to be snpplied
by the steam, also that the cooling water has to take np nearly
twice as muoh hea.t from the condenser and absorber as in the
other system.
But there is also another important point to bo taken into
consideration, namely, that the hot mixture of ammonia. and
ater has a strong corrosive action on iron and steel, and this
is sufficiently serious as to entail very heavy yearly expenses
in up keep.
 REFRIGERATING MACHINERY. 129
2ND.-COMI'REBSION PROCESS.
In machines working on this proceBS only " anhydrous"
ammonia is, or should be, used, and so far as the evaporat.ion
of the liquid in the refrigerator is concerned, is the same as in
the absorption proce&s, the essential difference is, that instead
of the vaPour being absorbed by water it is drawn off by means
of a pnmp, and then compresfled and discharged inte a con-
denser, at a pressure sufficient to canse its liquifaction at tho
temperature of the available cooling water. These tempera-
tures and pressures have before been referred to, and are shown
on the cnrve in Diagram 2. but it would be as well to point out
here, that in nsing these curves for reference it must be
remembered that due allowance has to be made in practical
working for the rise in temperature of the water passing through
01' over the condenser, and also for the differenne in temperature
necessary, in order to permit of the transfer of heat through
the metal of the oondenser coils.
Tlle ammonia being condensed or liquified in the condenser,
flows into the refrigerator and is there evaporated, afterwards
being drawn back by the pump and re-compressed. Thus a
given quantity of anhydrous ammonia is continually subjected
to the same eycle of operations, and unless any escape by
leakage from joints or Jelands no renewals a.re necessary.
The power expended in driving a r.ompreBSion machine, 01'
in other words, the work applied to the pump, is accounted for
as follows ;-
a. Friction of machinery.
b. Heat rejected during the compression and discharge.
c. Heat acquired by the gas in passing through the pump.
d. Work expended in discharging the compressed vapour
from the pump.
As a set off against these mnst be reckoned the useful
mechanical work performed by the vapour from the refrigerator
entering the pump. The higher this, usually tenned, 8uction
p1"888ure can be obtained, the less will be the driving power
ISO REl'JUGlnIATl~G MAClIlNERY.

required, a.nd the greater the efficiency of t he mach ine. The

heat carried away by the cooling water in th .condenser
is the hoat of vaporisation taken up by the gaR in the
refrigerator, minus the amount due to the higher prell-
sure at which the liquifaction takes place, plus th heat
acquired in the pump itself, and les the amount due to the
difference between the temperature at which the v poor is
liquitied and that at whioh it entered the pump. Making the e
allowances, it is thus Reen that the heat carried away by the
cooling water is the measure of the refrigerating pow r of any
compressor machine, and those machines in whioh the amount
of heat acquired by the gas, in the pump, and otherwi ethan
that taken up in the refrigerator, is sma.ll, will n ce arily
give the highest economy in working a.nd consumption of
cooling water.
Raving thus briefly described the different refrigerating
processes the author will now refer to the Linde system of
refrigeration.
This was first introduced in Germany by ProfeBBOr Linde,
abont 1875, who wa.s then connected with the Munioh
University, I\nd since then over 1,750 machines have been set
to work in differsnt parts of the world, the ma.nufaoture being
conduoted by three companie , the Linde British &frigerating
CompaDY, Ltd., LoDdon; Linde Ice Machine Company, W is-
baden; a.nd the F. W. Wolf Co., Chicago.
The a.pvaratus nace ry for the Linde process conmsts
mainly of three parts, the exa.ot. a.rra.ngement of whioh h to
be de igned a.nd arranged for ea.ch case to accord with the
conditions under which the ork has to be dODe and the spa.oe
a.t disposal. These parts a.re : -
1. The compreseion pnmp, which continua.lly dra. s the
a.mmonia. gas from the refrigerator and delivers it into the
condenser.
2. The condenser, where, by the oontinno'Qs oircu1a.tion of
cooling ater, the bea.t which has been abstracted by the
 RIIlIl'BIG ERATING MAOHJN1RY. 181

ammonia. in the r frigerator is carried off, and the gas condensed

nd liqoiij d.
3. The refrigera.tor in which the liqnified ammonia is
vaporised and caused to extract heat from the substance
required to be cooled.
The general arrangement of this type is shown in Plate
XVIII., which is a plan of an ice-making plant.
THE CO)fPRBSSOR
is generally coustructed on the double acting principle. either
horizontal or vertical. and is so arrauged that the compression
of the gas is IICCOmplished with a close approxima.tion to the
isothermal line, this being brought abont through cooling the
gas during the compression period, by means of a very small
quantity of ammonia., introduced into the compressor during
each suction IItroke. 'fhis liquid evaporates during the com-
p ion, and the latent heat of this being made available, the
heat developed in the cylinder is absorbed or counterbalanced
by it.
To explain this further: a gas, as is well known. is either
dry or saturated, the former, when it is not in contact with the
liquid from which it originated, and when in this state must
be of a higLer temperature than that of its evaporation point
corre ponding to its pre88ure. Tho Ia.tter, when it is in con-
nection with its originating liquid, and then haa a temperature
exactly corresponding to a certain pre88ure. Diagram 1 will
aerve for reference.
If in separate cylinders an equal volume of these gases
are compreBSed behind a. frictionle88 piston, from the same
p ore and temperature to the same higher pre88nre, ~ it
will be found that the dry gas will compre88 along the adiabatic
curve, P.V., giving a temperature of t" while the saturated
will be compre888d along the isothermal curve, giving a
temperature of t.. the difference between these representing 80
mnch 1 work required to be exerted for the same compression
with the tllrated gas than with the dry.
132 RIPRIGRRATING MACBlNBRY.

There is thus a very great economy of power gained by

using the saturated gas, and also the temperatuUl being kept
down to nearly the liqoifying point due to the con den ing
pressure; thero is no necessity for any applia.nce for keeping
the cylinder cool when at work
This i8 exactly the conver e of what takes place in a steam
engme; there, it does not need to be explained that the perfect
en~ne would expand the steam OR the isothermal line, but on
account of the difficulties of getting and using superheated
steam, the eKpansion is invariably on the adia.batic line, but
the steam engine expa.nds t.he gllS, the ammonia ma.chiue
compresses it. In other words, we want to te ke a.s much power
as we can out of the steam while we want to pot as little a.s
possible into the a.mmonia.
In the cylinders u ing dry g the temperature due to the
compresRion is 0 muoh in exce s of thl\t due to the con-
densing pressure, that it iR nece ary to surround the oylinder
with a water jacket, or el e tbe cylinder would get excessively
heated and not. bE' properly lubrica.ted J n the Linde com-
pres or, on account of the gases being kept down to ordinary
tempera.tures, there is no uece ity for ~my water jacket round
the cylinder, and, in fact, the compressors wheu a.t work will
always be found to be covered with hoar frost . and there i no
ocoasion to introduce any Qil into the cylinder. 1108 the moi t gas
is found to be an oxcellent lubrica.tor.
This result of using atnra.ted gas i obtained by a special
a.rra.ngement of valves IIond ra.tio of refrigera.tor aud condenser
capaoities.
AB it is of the utmost importanoe to completely evaouate
the compressor on each disoharge, the clearance allowed at the
end of the cylinder is made as small as ~ to J~ of an iucb,
and the piston rod end bearing is arra.nged with adju ting
screWS,80 that at any time this can be regulated, if required,
by the wear of tbe br&M88 ca.using the clearance to be unequal.
Combined with the compressor i a v I for intercepting
 R.EfRIGERATING MAOHINI1!R.Y. 183
any oil whioh may be carried in from the gland of t,he stuffing-
box, whioh, if allowed to pass into the coilR of the condenscr,
would, by coat.ing t,he inside, reduce its efficiency; this collector
is fitted with an arrangement for automatically passing the oil
so canght into a. vessel ca.lled a rectifier, from which it can be
drawn perio ica.1ly and filtered to be used over agaiu. wing
to the compres or being double-actiug, and the strains thnR
equalised, they ca.n be rnn at a high number of revolntions per
minute; t.he larger sizes, say a 50-ton ice machine, usua.lIy
making 65 revolut.ions, and the small sizes up to 140 revo-
lution. This allows of the steam engines being of small
dim en ions; t.he I.H.P, for a 50-ton machine wonld be only 60.
CONDBNSBR.
This is made in several different forms to meet the
requirements a.nd exigencies of the work intended a.nd position
where erected, the principle being a.lways the same. The
ammonia. gas, after leaving the compressor, passes through
specially designed valves, these being for the purposo of
stopping commnnica.tion and enabling repairs to be ca.rried out
when required without loss of ammonia. The condenser ooils
1'8 made in one length, varying according to the size of
machine, from 20ft. to 500ft., without a joint, and, before leaving,
t.he manufa.oturers are always tested to 2,OOOlb. pre88ure per
square inch, the nnmber of coils .varying according to size of
machine, the ends being connected together by ca.st iron oollect-
ing pieces, to which the ends of the ooils are jointed with spigot
and faucet joints, having an india-rubber ring between, all
flanges throughout being made in this manner. The top oollect-
ing piece distributes the gas to the several coils, and the lower
oollects the liquified ammonia, from whence it is taken to the
refrigerator.
The three forms of condenser made arc the" submerged,"
«open air," and" evaporati ve." The first is generally naed
when the circulating water is not restrioted, but in this case
nomy is obtained by using the water after leaving the
134 BBP.RIGERATlNG MAOHlNBRY.

con r for d911sing tb steam of the driving enginAs. The

submerged condenser is cylindrical in form, the casing being
made of wrought iron and the coils bent to suit; the cooliug
water enters a.t bottom a.nd overflows on top into a tank, from
whence it is aga.in drawn through ngine condenser.
OPIIN AlR C ONDBNSER.
This form is best suited for warm climates ; the coilll re t
on suitable bmes outside of the building, usua.l1y overhead, the
circulating water being pumped up, and allowed to flow through
perforatod holes in circulating pipes, and ~rickles over he
condenser coils.
EVAPORATIVE CONDBNSER.
This form is designed specially when the amount of
circulating water is restricted, a.nd a{)cording to quantity avail.
able j tbe system is the sa.me a.s the open air condenser, but the
ooils are ca.sed in with timber, and a fan drives a strong current
of air from the bottom upwards, causing a rapid evnporation
which increa.ses the efficiency.
I n this way tho same water is used over a.nd over again, it
only being necessary to make up the qua.ntity 10 t by evapora·
tion, this being about 500 gallons only per hour for a 50.too ice
mhChiue j for a obmel'ged condenser the qua.ntity of cooling
water required to do the Rame work would be about 6,400
ga.llons per hour.
THE RURlGJliRATOR
In which the cooling process is performed of extracting
the heat from the surrounding bodies, which are generally
brine, water, or air, the process being the reverse of the con·
denser, the ammonia gas being allowed to expa.nd a.s before
explained. This i accompli hed in strong wrought iron pipes
of long length , suitably placed, either in a tank containing
brine or in a room.
In ice.making, the tanks containing the briDe are rec-
tangular in form, the expansion coils being placed either in the
bottom or at the sides, and completely immersed in the brine,
 RIU'Rt GRRATtNG MACHINER.Y. 135
th beat being extracted from the brine by t he plloBsage of the
ammonia ga.s throngh the coils. Into this cold brine any
nnmber of pans containing water are immersed , called the can
system. or the brine is circulated throngh cells, intermedia.te
cells holding the water to be frozen. The brine extraots the
beat from tbe water contained in the moulds, until it is frozen
into a solid block. In the largeT plants thelle moulds arc
et in frames, and these are kept constantly travelling from
the back end of the brine tank towards the front, each
row of moulds when frozen is mechanically lifted out of the
brine, immersed in a bath of slightly warm water to loosen the
ice from the sides of the Cl\.ns, again lifted Dp and canted, when
the blocks of ice fall out on a table. So complete are the
mechanical arrangements for this operatiou that only one man
is required to manipnlate the whole, and ordinary ice can thu!!
be made at 3s. 6d. per ton. When pUl'e crystal ice is required,
the water hBB either first to be evaporated and condensed, or
filtered and kept in constant agitation either by paddles kept
moving back and forwards in the water, or by the Barmister
procesa, by which the water is intermittently sucked np and
dropped a.ga.in by the action of a pump, the air in the water
being liberated and carried off by the suction pump performing
the operation. For transmitting the cold produced to re-
frigerating chambers, four methods are employed and used
a.ccording to conditions.
(a) The brine pipe s~tem, in which the brine a.fter being
cooled in the refrigerator is constantly circulated through
pipes pla.ced in the rooms to be cooled, and retnrned to the
refrigerator to be re-ooolOO.
(b) The direct expansion system. Instead of using brine
&8 bearer of cold, the refrigerator is placed directly in the
room to be cooled, in the form of nests of pipes pla.ced either in
the ceilings or at the sides, and the ammonia. tIa.shed through
these direct from the liquid receiver, being drawn back to the
compressor direct.
136 BEFRIG!RATING MACHINF.RY.

Both of thel'e systems have their advantages and dis-

advantages. In the briue pipe system the dangers from leakages
are small, as a.t the most only a little inconvenience frOm
dropping of brine would result, and the brine in the pipes a.cts
at a storage of cold represented in B.T.U., multiplied by the
weight of brine conta ined in the pipes, multiplied by the specific
heat, multiplied by the difference in temperature of the brine
and the room to be cooled. On the other hand, the direct
expansion system hRos the advantages that it dispenses with the
intermedia.t.e brine, thns redncing the mechanism necessary;
there is a slightly higher efficiency gained by the higher sllction
pressure which ca.n be worked with, buHhere is no store of cold
in the pipes in case of a stoppage, aud should a leak occur in
the numerous pipes and joints in the rooms, the result is
disa.strous from many points.
Both th eso methods also labour und?r the disadvantages of
the moisture in the rooms collecting on the pipes in the form of
snow, or hoar frost, and this a.cting as a. non-condnctor, inter-
feres with their refrigerating power.
The circulation of air is also very moderate, depending
entirely on "he natural tendency of cold air falling and warm
air rising on the pipes.
This is not, in tho case of storage rooms or rooms where a
temperature above treo~ing is wanted, of so much importance,
but where dealing with ' provisions, fre h meat, or perishable
articles, is not satisfa.ctory. To overcome this, the I.Jinde
Oompany have brought out an improved method on ea.ch of
thes(l.
(0) The brin(l is cooled in a shallow rectangular open
tank containing the evaporator coils. 0n the tank is mounted
a numbel' of slowly-revolving transverse shafts, and on ea.ch
shaft i fixed a number of parallel discs, partly immersed in the
brine, the entire apparatus being pla.ced in an insnlated passage
through which an air current is continually p sed. by a fan, in
a direction parallel to the revol ving diHos. It will be seen that
 l!.r.FRIGI!:RA'l'lNG MACHINERY. 137
80S the disos revolve and are kept covered by a film of t he
refrigerated brine, the air passing between the disc-spaces
becomes cooled, and produces a low temperature in any
ohamber or room into which it may be conducted through
properly arranged air-trunks. As a rule the air is always taken
back from the cold rooms, passed over the diRcs and returned
to the cold rooms, and any rcquired amount of fresh air is
introduced by means of adjustable openings in t.he air trunks
communicating with the outer atmosphere. In this iustance,
also, moisture may be removed from the refrigerated rooms and
deposited in the brine contained in the trough . No a.ccumula-
tion of frost oan take place, and the refrigerating surfa.ces are
always perfectly a.ctive. The circumstance of all moisture
being deposited in the brine necessitates either a periodioalloss
of the same or its re-concentration. The fan produces a very
effective air circulation within the rooms to be cooled. This, in
most cases. is extremely desirable, and, as will be readily
understood, produces the most beneficial results.
Cel) The refrigerator coils in which the vaporisation of the
liquid anhydrous ammonia takes pJa.ce are sometimes con-
structed with extra Ip,rge surfa.ces, and pla.ced in a separate
chamber. In the latter case, a fan constantly circulates the
air between this chamber and the refrigerated rooms. This is
the system generally adopted on boa.rd ships, Ilond it has been
found to be, in all respects, most satisfactory. In cases where
the air temperature is not sufficiently high to cause a complete
removal of the snow deposited on the ammonia-coils, the snow
is thawed by the ammonia vapour, the evaporator coils being,
for the time being, used as a condenser. Occasionally the
snow is thawed by a current of hot air taken from the outside.
Thongh all the foregoing systems and apparatus have
been applied on an extensive scale in actual practice for the
refrigeration of storage and freezing rooms. the sJl:Item moat
strongly reoommendQd. in cases where the application is
possible. is the combination of revolving discs immersed in
 •
138 RBPRIGERATING MAOHINERY.

brine. It is a. very simple a.nd compact a.rra.ngement, involving

no expensive repa.irB.
The rapid ciroula.tion of the fa.n is easily ma.na.ged, and ha.s
been foond , where applied, to give perfectly dry a.nd pure a.ir
in the rooms, no frost or snow a.ccnmnla.ting in the a.ir ducts or
passages. his is simila.r to tha.t erecte a.t North ydney.
The great importance of dry freezing rooms in the fr ezing
of meat ca.nnot be too well understood, as it is of pa.ra.mount
importance to the producer, who ha.s to rely on the realized
prices in foreign markets for his profits. It also reduces the
risk of the tainted mea.t by gradually. althongh rapidly, ex-
tracting the beat from the ca.rcass and allowing th freez ing
operation to be ca.rried on by a continued cha.ngina of th air
in the chamber, oa.rrying with it the moisture and heat
extract.ed from the meat. By this means, in place of the meat
being frozen on the outside, or, in other words. covered with a
film of ice, the sorface is kept dry and the heat from the
interior allow&d to escape. Aga.in, this system has the advan-
tage that meat, after it is killed, can be at once run into the
ohBomber, IIJ.ld the Bomount of a.ir regula.ted to allow of a.uy
reqoired degree of temperature for gmdua.lly chilling the
ca.rca.s before freezing.
Eor the preservation of fruit, a strong circula.tion of air is
nece sa.ry, Bond to this want ma.y be attributed the non-succa s
of much of our fruit thBot has perished during transit.
Remarkably good results have been obtained in ca.rrying
the cold air to long distances. I n the case of the installa.tion of
the new Melbourne Markets, the air being delivered into the
cool ohambers in Flinders treat, a distance of 450ft from the
coolel'll, leaving the cooler at 2" E., has .. tempera.tnreof loo F.,
or a. rise only from 8" to 9" F. from delivery ~t cooler end into
chamber, and this is due to the friotion of the air round the
many a.ngles which it has to pass in its course. In the straight
length from cooler, a. distanoe of 140ft, the lOBS is nil. It
might be mentioned that under the contract it was only required
 RRFRIG lUTING MAOlTlNBRY. 189
to keep t hese ohambers at a temperature of 40" F. and like the
ohambers on the other side was never intended to do freezing
work, but the suooess has been so great that the whole are now
utilized for fre&zing operations.
As showing the great advance meohanioal refrigeration ha.s
reoently made in economy, it may be mentioned that the two
machines at Melwurne, having a oapaoity of 60 tons of ioe
made, 01' 120 tons melted, per day, do the equivalent of this
work in freeziug ou tt. consumption of only 4f tons of ga.s-?Oke,
inoluding the driving of the eleotrio lighting plant. .
An installation of Lind.e machines is now being rooted in
Manohester, England, where 400,000 oubio feet of freezing
storage space will be cooled by four compressors with a power
equal to the produotion of 150 tons of ice per 24 hours, driven
by triple expansion steam engine. on a consumption of fiv tons
of ordinary steam coal per day. To do this with compressed
air machines would require a consumption of about 35 tons of
coa.l per da.y.
The author regrete that time will not allow of going more
minutely into this most interesting subjeot, and has to apologise
for the rather elementary nature of the paper, but press of
business prevented prepa.rs.tion of extended da.ta as to efficiency
and results that would havo been of perhaps more value to the
institution, and he would ha.ve liked a.lso to prepare more
eularged diagrams for this meeting. but trusts that the drawings
submitted, being actual working pla.ns, will be satisfactory.
140 REFRIGERATING MACHI RBY

DESORIPTION OF PLATES.

Diagram I -Showing the curves of temperatures and

pressures during comprossion and expansion of a permanent
gas.
iagram II.-Showingthecnrves of pres ur scorre ponding
to tbe temperatures of different gases.
Diagram IlL-Curves, showing the variations in latent
beat of different liquids.
Plate XVI.-Is a plan of a compressed air refrigerating
ma.chine-Lightfoot's system.
Plato XVII.-Plan of a compressed air refrigerating
maohine--Haslam's system.
Plate XVII .-P~an of small size, Lind,e system, ammonia
maobine combined with steam engine and a.mmonia. condenser,
80S usually fitted for small land installations.

Pla.te XIX.-Plan of refrigerating installation at Municipal

Markets, Woolloomooloo, ydney, showing arrangement of
Linde !Daohine, with coolers and rooms for fi h and moot.
Pla.te XX.-PJan of refrigerating installation at Municipal
Markets, Melbourne, showing general arrangement of Linde
maohinery, coolers, and rooms
Plate XXI.-Plan . of refrigerating installation of the
Wellington Bacon Curing Co., showing Linde machinery with
brine pipe installa.tion for coOling the rooms.