Quality in Construction
Chapter 2: Quality Management System
Date : 2080/05/10
Chapter 2
Quality Management Systems (4 hrs)
1. 1. Roles and responsibilities of a quality manager
2. Introduction and Implementation of QMS in construction projects
1. Total Quality Management (TQM): Overview, principles and its
application in construction projects
Roles and Responsibilities of Quality Manager
Quality Manager has the following roles & responsibilities
Preparation & implementation of quality mgmt. plan (project-
specific) in coordination with PM
Effective interaction with other departments and suppliers
Inspection of raw material & review of materials test certifications
(70% from raw material & 30% is from design & workmanship
Deployment of eligible, qualified QA/QC staff for the project
Teamwork within & outside the organization
Effective communication & active listening is essential during
teamwork
He should have sound technical knowledge on the subject matter
He should have knowledge bank & it should be open to everyone
of the project
Roles and Responsibilities of Quality Manager
Inspect and supervise all inspection activities like civil and
structure tests, inspection such as soil compaction, moisture
content, gradation, concrete slump, concrete compression, survey
line and grades etc
Ensure the requirements of the company QMS in accordance with
ISO 9001:2015
He must encourage education & training for his staffs
He should obey/adhere to the concept of “do right the first time”
No scope should be left for repair or re-do
He must have sound judgment and decision-making capacity
Frequent site visit to ensure the compliance of QAP/PQP
Effective use of data analysis tools eg root cause analysis, pareto
chart
Ability to manage multiple priorities
Roles and Responsibilities of Quality Manager
QMS in the construction industry refers to
Quality Planning
Quality assurance
and
Quality Control
QMS structure is based largely on the plan-do-check-act
(PDCA) cycle and allows for continuous improvement to both
the product and the QMS.
Benefits of QMS
• Meeting the customer’s requirements,
• Meeting the organization's requirements,
• Defining, improving, and controlling processes
• Reducing waste
• Preventing mistakes
• Lowering costs
• Facilitating and identifying training opportunities
• Engaging staff
• Setting organization-wide direction
• Communicating a readiness to produce consistent results
4 steps of Quality Planning
Identify your customers
Determine costumer’s need
Develop/design activity/product to meet the customer’s need
Establish quality goals that meet the needs of the customer
Basic steps to implement QMS
Design and Build
The design and build portions serve to develop the structure of a
QMS, its processes, and plans for implementation.
Senior management should oversee this portion to ensure the
needs of the organization and the needs of its customers are a
driving force behind the systems development.
Deploy
Deployment is best served in a granular fashion by breaking
each process down into subprocesses and educating staff on
documentation, education, training tools, and metrics.
Basic steps to implement QMS
Control and Measure
Control and measurement are two areas of establishing a QMS that
are largely accomplished through routine, systematic audits of the
QMS
The specifications vary greatly from organization to organization
depending on size, potential risk, and environmental impact
Review and Improve
Review and improve in detail how the results of an audit are handled.
The goals are to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of each
process toward its objectives and
to develop new best practices and processes based on the data
collected during the audit
Quality Assurance (QA) in construction projects
Quality Assurance (QA) is a systematic approach that determines
if a product meets specific requirements and specifications
It also focuses on improving processes
It gives confidence of both customer & manager that all quality
requirements are made
so that the organization can deliver better-quality products to its customers
ISO 9000 defines Quality Assurance as: “Part of quality management
focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled.”
Aim of Quality Assurance (QA)
the aim of QA is to ensure that mistakes are not passed on to the
customer.
The responsibility of the QA team is to find and report any problems or
issues within the process
Quality Assurance (QA) tools
QA Vs QC
• Quality assurance is a way to avoid mistakes in the product or service whereas
Quality Control is the capacity to achieve the goal
• QA is software QC is hardware
• QA is process-oriented on the other side QC is a work-oriented
• The difference between quality assurance and quality control is subtle (thin)
but significant
• There are two principles of quality assurance:
One is “Fit for purpose,” which means the product or service meets its
intended purpose. The other is “Right first time,” in which any mistakes are
immediately dealt with.
Quality Assurance(QA) in Construction
It includes
• Training Programs for Workers and Employees
• Efficient Safety Program
• Effective Procurement system to obtain quality resources & suppliers
• Reward scheme for innovative works
• A competitive career progress scheme
Quality Control(QC) in Construction
Quality control focuses on
• Setting and Practicing specific standard for construction
• Determining the deviations from the standards
• Bringing and taking corrective measures to reduce variation
• Standard Improvement with time
Elements of Quality in Construction
The basic elements of quality in construction are:
• Quality characteristics
• Quality of design
• Quality of conformance
Quality characteristic is related to the parameters w r t which quality–control
processes are judged. Quality characteristic includes strength, colors, texture,
dimension, height etc.
Examples are compressive strength of concrete, setting time of cement,
usability of concrete in slump, etc.
Quality of Design: It refers to the quality with which the design is carried out
It is primarily related to meeting the requirement of the standard, functionally
efficient system and economically maintainable system
Quality of conformance
• It is referred to the degree to which the constructed facility conform the
design and specification
• Quality of conformance is affected by field construction methodology and
Inspection
Quality Management System (QMS)
Inspection
In general
inspection involves checking against what is required
(for any parameters) it could be strength, it could be
geometrical tolerance, it could be roughness, it could be
setting time of cement or whatever
A clear procedure for measuring and determining the
characteristics (of a product or service). Only then a
comparison with the requirement can be made
Audit
It is another important aspect of QC & QA
It is a systematic & independent examination to determine
Whether the quality activities comply with the planned
arrangements, that is they meet the expected values
Whether these arrangments are implemented effectively & are
suitable to achieve objectives &
Whether the quality policy is understood & implemented properly
This is mandatory requirement laid down in ISO 9000
Types of Audit
First party audit
This is conducted by, or on behalf of, the organization itself for an
internal purpose (internal audit)
Second party audit
Conducted by customers of the organization or by other persons
on behalf of the customer
Third-party audit
The customer may hire an independent audit, which is called 3rd
party audit
3rd party audit is conducted by external independent organizations
& provided certification or registration of conformity with
requirements such as ISO 9001 (more common in construction
projects)
Types of Audit
So clients & contractors agreed there will be a mutually agreed third
party that will
Inspect the works regularly
Submit its report &
These reports will become the feedback to both of them to improve
the quality further as the project progress
Cost of Quality
Quality of cost
Quality control cost Failure cost
Prevention Appraisal External Internal
cost cost Failure cost Failure Cost
Quality control office: They will be given salary
Cost of Quality
Failure cost decreases as quality level increases & finally, we
have zero defects
prevention cost will increase if we move to the zero defects
Now it is us to decide what is quality level we want to keep
Quality control tools
7 basic tools of Quality control
1. Checklist
2. Cause & effect diagram
3. Pareto’s Chart : It is a graph that indicates frequency of defects
as well as their cumulative impact, It is useful to find the defects
to prioritize improvement
4. Stratification
5. Scatter Diagram
6. Histogram
7. Control Charts
Assignment2
Classroom Presentation on 2080/05/11, Monday by
Roll No 1,2,3 and 4 on the following tools of QC
Checklist & Cause & Effect diagram : RN 1 &2
Stratification & Scatter diagram : RN 3 & 4
Histogram & Control Chart : RN 5 & 6
